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 STRENGTH of
A
MATERIALS
S E C O N D E D I T I O N

DEBABRATA NAG • ABHIJIT CHANDA

STRENGTH of
MATERIALS
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
STRENGTH of
MATERIALS
S E C O N D E D I T I O N

Dr. Debabrata Nag

Reader
Mechanical Engineering Department
Jadavpur University, Kolkata

Dr. Abhijit Chanda

Reader
Mechanical Engineering Department
Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Strength of Materials, Second Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 4435-36/7, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or scanning without the written permission of the
publisher.

Limits of Liability: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, Wiley and
the author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
book, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. There are
no warranties which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or
extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The accuracy and completeness of the information provided
herein and the opinions stated herein are not guaranteed or warranted to produce any particular results, and the advice
and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every individual. Neither Wiley India nor the author shall be liable
for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or
other damages.

Disclaimer: The contents of this book have been checked for accuracy. Since deviations cannot be precluded entirely,
Wiley or its author cannot guarantee full agreement. As the book is intended for educational purpose, Wiley or its author
shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in the
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covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.

Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade
names of their respective holders. Wiley is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Other Wiley Editorial Offices:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappellaee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany
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John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 1 Fusionopolis Walk #07-01 Solaris, South Tower Singapore 138628
John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, M9W 1L1

First Edition: 2010

Second Edition: 2012
ISBN: 978-81-265-3487-6
ISBN: 978-81-265-8111-5 (ebk)
www.wileyindia.com

Printed at: Ar Emm International, Delhi

 Preface to the Second Edition

We are immensely happy and proud to present before our readers the second edition of our book
“Fundamentals of Strength of Materials”. In this edition also we have tried to maintain same the approach
to this fundamental subject of engineering science which we had followed earlier. Meanwhile, we have
received an overwhelming response (both appreciation and criticism) on our first edition from the various
corners of the country. We are extremely thankful to all of them. Our sincere thanks also go those who did
not directly provide us their feedback but otherwise had shown their confidence in using our book as their
text reference.
In this present edition, we tried to incorporate some of the comments and suggestions made by our
respected readers. A fresh appendix (Appendix E) on the strain bridge circuit has been added to facilitate the
reading of strain analysis in Chapter 9. Also, some inevitable typos which had been inadvertently crept in
the first edition have been removed in this present version.
We sincerely hope that like our previous edition, this present version will also be received by our readers
with the same cordiality and enthusiasm. We also believe that our valued colleagues of different institutes
will also welcome this new edition and they will continue to show their confidence in us as they had done
in the past.
Finally, we once again thank profusely our publisher, Paras Bansal, and our editor, Meenakshi Sehrawat,
of Wiley-India for their untiring effort to bring out this edition in record time.
Debabrata Nag Abhijit Chanda
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:v 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:vi 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM
 Preface to the First Edition

“. . . the development of railroad transportation and the introduction of steel as structural material . . .
had great influence on the development of strength of materials.”
—S.P. Timoshenko1

So far as the Engineering discipline is concerned, Strength of Materials is considered to be one of the fun-
damental subjects. It has also been called as Mechanics of Materials or Mechanics of Deformable Bodies or
Mechanics of Solids in various countries. This subject lays the ground for a handful of Engineering sub-
jects ranging from Machine Design, Finite-Element Analysis, Theory of Structures, Bio-Mechanics, Fracture
Mechanics, etc. Truly speaking, the development of engineering aptitude remains grossly incomplete without
a thorough understanding of this subject. That is why the presentation of the subject in the form of a text-
book for the learners has always been a very difficult and challenging task for the authors.

Organisation of the Book into Parts

In the present book, we have tried to put forward the subject matter in two parts: Elementary Strength of
Materials and Advanced Strength of Materials.

Elementary Strength of Materials

In this part, we describe the fundamentals of the subject and have carefully included those topics which
are generally taught in the various engineering disciplines ranging from Mechanical, Civil to Aeronautical,
Chemical, Metallurgical engineering departments in their sophomore levels. The chapters forming a part of
this level are:
• Stress and Strain discusses the concepts of stress, strain at a point, the one-dimensional stress situation,
statically indeterminate systems and thermal stress conditions.
• Torsion discusses about the torsion of circular shafts, gives a small description on the torsion of non-
circular shafts along with the applications of theory of torsion in close-coiled helical springs.
• Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels deals with the stress analysis of thin-walled pressure vessels.
• Biaxial Stresses deals with biaxial stress problems and Mohr’s circle.
• Shear Force and Bending Moments of Beams deals with solving problems using shear force and
bending moment representation of beams.
• Stresses in Beams deals with both normal stress and shear stress in beams.

1
From the Preface of ‘History of Strength of Materials’ by S.P. Timoshenko.

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:vii 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

 viii • P R E FA C E T O T H E F I R S T E D I T I O N

• Deflection of Beams deals with methods for calculating deflection of beams due to bending.
• Buckling of Columns deals with columns, their various types and calculation of stresses in columns.

It may seem that the above package of topics covers mostly the course curriculum requirements of the
undergraduate Strength of Materials generally followed by the various institutes for various engineering dis-
ciplines across the country. However, disciplines like Mechanical, Electrical, Aeronautical, Civil, Metallurgy
may have some additional topics in their respective curriculum. For example, certain institutes have Analysis
of Trusses also in their syllabus of Strength of Materials. However, we feel that it would be more justified
and logical to include it in the course curriculum of Engineering Mechanics as has been the age-old practice
and followed by the various engineering institutes. Consequently, we have not included this topic in our
present work.

Advanced Strength of Materials

In this part, we have endeavoured to include those topics which require a slight maturity in the subject. The
chapters forming a part of this level are:
• Analysis of Stress and Strain deals with advanced analysis of stress and strain at a point in the con-
tinuum where we attempted to put forward the theory from a matured understanding of the subject
and tried to introduce the tensorial nature of these quantities. We also introduced the various materials
constitutive equations in details while forming the stress–strain constitutive relations.
• Energy Principles deals with energy aspects of the strength of materials and energy-related
theorems.
• Theories of Failure bridges different subjects such as Machine Design in case of Mechanical Engineering
and Theory of Structures in case of Civil Engineering disciplines, which the respective students are sup-
posed to take up in their higher levels.
• Combined Loadings exploits the advantages of principle of superposition as various practical scenarios
call for the justification of the inclusion of this topic.
• Unsymmetrical Bending of Beam considers the more general theory of bending of beams.
• Shear Stresses in Thin-Walled Beams deals with analysis of thin-walled beams and designing them
against twisting.
• Axisymmetric Problems in Strength of Materials deals with stress analysis of thick cylinders and
rotating discs.
• Curved Beam Theory includes theories put forward by the German engineer Winkler (later known as
the Winkler–Bach theory).
• Leaf Springs deals with beams of uniform strength, their stress and deformation analysis.
• Beams of Composite Materials includes an introductory discussion on reinforced concrete beams.
• Statically Indeterminate Beams – Continuous Beams deals with the theory of continuous beams.

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:viii 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

 P R E FA C E T O T H E F I R S T E D I T I O N • ix

The above topics are meant for more serious and matured reading of the subject. Some of these topics
can be well-included in the undergraduate curriculum of the subject for those engineering disciplines like
Mechanical, Aeronautical, Civil, Chemical and Metallurgy. Also, the authors believe that the coverage of the
above topics will be useful for those students who are willing to study this subject in more advanced level.

Common Elements in the Two Parts

In both these levels we placed a common chapter – Stress–Strain analysis. This topic has been discussed
from its fundamental level in the most elementary way and from the standpoint of more advanced tensorial
theory. We sincerely believe that after going through this chapter a student wishing to pursue the subject
in his/her engineering courses will have a modest introduction to the more advanced level subjects such
as Theory of Elasticity, Theory of Stress and Deformation Analysis, etc. We have intentionally kept the topic
of strain energy in the advanced level as we integrated many energy-related theorems along with it. This
topic, we believe, shall certainly help students when they study Finite Element Methods or Matrix approach
of Structural Analysis.
In both levels, all the chapters have quite a large number of numerical examples completely solved to
bring out the intricacies of the relevant topics.

Bibliography and Appendices

At the end of the book, we have appended Bibliography section, where we have included a list of references.
The direct or indirect help from them is duly acknowledged here, as these classic works have great influence
on the authors while they teach the subject in their institute. Towards this end, we have included the classic
book on the History of Strength of Materials by none other than S.P. Timoshenko. We strongly believe that
everyone should go through this work to experience the feeling on the seminal growth of this subject. Also,
we have compiled a set of appendices containing:
• Short deliberation on the topic of area moment of inertia as we frequently need this concept in our
present studies. The topic in its complete detail can be found in any standard book on Engineering
Mechanics.
• Summarised results of beam deflections for various beam configurations for easy reference.
• Summarised table containing the different symbols and their units used in the book supported by a brief
discussion on various systems of units.
• Quick calculation of area under parabola and deliberation on the topic of pure bending.

To the Readers of the Book

For the benefit of the students and in order to test their understanding of the subject, we have added a series
of Model Question Papers at the end of the book. Each setup is a complete one and consists of standard

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:ix 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

 x • P R E FA C E T O T H E F I R S T E D I T I O N

questions from the relevant chapters. Attempting to answer these questions as mock tests will definitely help
them in preparing themselves for any examination.
Moreover, the book is accompanied by a CD which contains:
• Some special topics covering a short deliberation on the stress analysis of leaf springs, beams of composite
materials and continuous beams provided in form of Chapters 17, 18 and 19.
• History of the subject and its progress through various centuries.
• Lab manual containing some important experiments with detailed theory and illustrations:
Tensile test for mild steel rod
Torsion test for mild steel solid shaft
Hardness test
Izod impact test for metals and alloys
• Last 10 year’s questions of Indian Engineering Services (IES) examination and GATE including their
solutions, completely explained. The authors sincerely believe that this additional study material will
help the readers to get acquainted with the standards of questions that are usually followed in such
examinations and the model answers for them.

In spite of everything mentioned above, you will certainly find some inevitable mistakes, shortcomings
of the book, which may have been overlooked, or not sighted at all by us, despite the thorough checking of
the material. We will certainly feel more privileged, if you kindly point out our errors and omissions. Your
strong words of criticism and suggestions of any form shall immensely help us to make the book even more
perfect. We shall of course, consider our labour to be fruitful if the students, for whom this book has been
written, find it useful. We sincerely believe that those practicing engineers working in various industries and
are currently not in the field of academics may also find this book helpful for their ready reference. Their
words of criticism and helpful suggestions are also welcome.

Acknowledgements

We must express our deep senses of gratitude towards our beloved colleagues in our University who con-
stantly provide us great help and enthusiasm either in the form of mentoring or in the form of opening a
discussion on the very thorny issues of the subject. Moreover, we must express our gratitude to the anony-
mous reviewers who took their valuable times to go through the manuscript and suggested some critical
points to improve the quality of the book. We wish to thank them profusely.
Also, we must thank M/S Wiley India for publishing the book in record time schedule and in this
context, special thanks must go to Paras Bansal, Publisher, and editor Sruthi Guru for their wonderful coop-
eration and understanding while going ahead with this project. Also, we would like to thank their other
editorial team members, who took great care in persuading us on various issues to make the book even more
complete.

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:x 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

 P R E FA C E T O T H E F I R S T E D I T I O N • xi

In the end, we must express sincere thanks to our respective family members without whose constant
patience, understanding and words of encouragement, this work would never be able to see the daylight.

Debabrata Nag
Abhijit Chanda
([email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected])

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xi 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xii 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM
 About the Authors

Dr. Debabrata Nag, a graduate in Mechanical Engineering from Jadavpur

University, is presently designated as the Reader in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering in Applied Mechanics specialisation of his alma
mater. He has over 7 years of teaching experience both in Undergraduate
and Postgraduate levels and over 12 years of industrial experience in finite
element stress analysis of industrial piping systems. Credited with a number
of research papers in various International journals, his research interest
includes areas of numerical modeling of non-Newtonian fluids, biological
fluids, mathematical theories of mechanical vibration, theory of elasticity
and dynamics of engineering systems.

Dr. Abhijit Chanda, a graduate in Mechanical Engineering from Jadavpur

University, is presently designated as the Reader in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering in Applied Mechanics specialization of his alma mater. His teach-
ing experience spreads over 9 years both in Undergraduate and Postgraduate
levels. Dr. Chanda was previously associated with Research Institute and had a
brief industrial experience also. Having been a “Young-Scientist” award winner
of DST, Dr. Chanda handled number of research projects and papers in various
International and National level journals. His research interest includes Material
Science, Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Bio-Materials, etc. He is also the
Joint Director of the School of Bio-Engineering of Jadavpur University.

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xiii 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xiv 4/27/2012 5:13:43 PM
 Contents
Preface to the Second Edition v
Preface to the First Edition vii
About the Authors xiii

Part A Elementary Strength of Materials 1

Chapter 1 Stress and Strain 3
Learning Goals 3
1.1 Stress 4
Average Normal Stress 5
Average Shear Stress 7
Stresses on Inclined Plane 10
1.2 Strain 11
Normal Strain 12
Shear Strain 12
1.3 Relationship between Stress and Strain 13
Generalised Hooke’s Law 17
Relationship between Different Elastic Moduli 18
Working Stress and Factor of Safety 21
1.4 Statically Indeterminate Systems 32
1.5 Thermal Stress 33
1.6 Stress Concentration 45
Summary 47
Key Terms 47
Review Questions 48
Numerical Problems 48
Answers 52

Chapter 2 Torsion 53
Learning Goals 53
2.1 Basic Equations 53
Torsion of Thin Tubes 58
Torsion of Solid Non-circular Shafts 58
2.2 Power Transmission 67
2.3 Failure due to Torsion 75
2.4 Close-Coiled Helical Spring 76

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xv 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 xvi • CONTENTS

Summary 82
Key Terms 83
Review Questions 83
Numerical Problems 83
Answers 85

Chapter 3 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 87

Learning Goals 87
3.1 Governing Equation 87
3.2 Special Cases 90
Cylindrical Pressure Vessel 90
Spherical Pressure Vessel 92
Conical Pressure Vessel 93
3.3 Deformation Analysis of Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 95
Summary 111
Key Terms 111
Review Questions 112
Numerical Problems 112
Answers 115

Chapter 4 Biaxial Stresses 117

Learning Goals 117
4.1 Fundamental Equations: Derivation and Discussion 117
4.2 Mohr’s Circle for Biaxial Stress 120
4.3 General Biaxial Stress Situation 121
4.4 Graphical Representation by Mohr’s Circle of Stresses 122
4.5 Principal Stresses and Principal Planes 124
Maximum Shear Stress 125
4.6 Steps for Drawing the Mohr’s Circle 126
Summary 141
Key Terms 142
Review Questions 142
Numerical Problems 142
Answers 143

Chapter 5 Shear Force and Bending Moment of Beams 145

Learning Goals 145
5.1 Relationship between Shear Force and Bending Moment 146
5.2 Fundamental Equations of Shear Force and Bending Moment 148
5.3 Alternate Method for Finding Shear Force and Bending Moment 158

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xvi 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 CONTENTS • xvii

Summary 174
Key Terms 175
Review Questions 175
Numerical Problems 176
Answers 178

Chapter 6 Stresses in Beams 181

Learning Goals 181
6.1 Bending of Beams 181
6.2 Governing Equations for Bending Stress 183
6.3 Governing Equation for Shear Stress 187
Summary 208
Key Terms 209
Review Questions 209
Numerical Problems 210
Answers 213

Chapter 7 Deflection of Beams 215

Learning Goals 215
7.1 Derivation of Differential Equation of Elastic Line or Elastica 215
7.2 Methods for Solving Differential Equation of Elastic Line 217
Double Integration Method 217
Another Form of Deflection Equation 223
7.3 Moment-Area Method or Mohr’s Theorems 227
7.4 Discontinuity Functions 237
Macaulay’s Function 238
7.5 Effect of Shear Force on Beam Deflection 256
Summary 259
Key Terms 259
Review Questions 259
Numerical Problems 260
Answers 262

Chapter 8 Buckling of Columns 265

Learning Goals 265
8.1 Buckling: Elastic Instability 265
8.2 Derivation of Expressions for Critical Load 267
Pinned–Pinned or Pin–Ended Column 267
Fixed–Free Column 269
Fixed–Fixed Column 271

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xvii 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 xviii • CONTENTS

8.3 Euler’s Curve 285

8.4 Eccentric Loading: The Secant Formula 287
8.5 Columns with Initial Curvature 296
8.6 Empirical Column Formulas 299
Summary 300
Key Terms 300
Review Questions 301
Numerical Problems 301
Answers 302

Part B Advanced Strength of Materials 303

Chapter 9 Analysis of Stress and Strain 305
Learning Goals 305
9.1 Ideas of Stress at a Point 305
9.2 Equations of Equilibrium and Symmetry of Stress Matrix 310
9.3 Stress Transformation Equation 313
Principal Stresses – Diagonalisation of Stress Matrix, [sij ] 319
Deviatoric Stress Matrix, Hydrostatic Stress 326
Octahedral Plane – Octahedral Shear Stress 327
9.4 Plane-Stress Formulation 330
9.5 Graphical Representation 331
9.6 Analysis of Strain 343
Strain at a Point 343
Shear Strain 347
9.7 Deformation Geometry 351
9.8 Plane-Strain Condition 354
9.9 Strain-Compatibility Relations 355
9.10 Strain Components in x–y Plane 357
9.11 Stress–Strain Relationship Based on Material Behaviours 387
9.12 Different Material Behaviours 388
9.13 Stress–Strain Relations of Hookean Materials 388
9.14 Other Stress–Strain Relations 399
Perfectly Elastic Material 399
Rigid Perfectly Plastic Material 400
Perfectly Elastic–Plastic Material 400
Viscoelastic (Linear) Materials 401
Summary 402
Key Terms 403
Review Questions 403
Numerical Problems 404
Answers 406

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xviii 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 CONTENTS • xix

Chapter 10 Energy Principles 407

Learning Goals 407
10.1 Concept of Strain Energy 407
Strain Energy due to Uniaxial Tension/Compression 413
Strain Energy due to Shear 415
Strain Energy due to Bending 416
10.2 Complementary Strain Energy 419
10.3 Energy-Related Theorems 422
Virtual Work1 Theorem 423
Total Potential Energy Theorem 427
Castigliano’s2 Theorem I 427
Complementary Virtual Work Theorem 429
Total Complementary Potential Energy Theorem 431
Crotti–Engesser and Castigliano’s Second Theorem 431
Maxwell–Betti’s Reciprocity Theorem 432
10.4 Closely Coiled Helical Spring – Revisited 503
10.5 Open-Coiled Spring 505
Summary 507
Key Terms 507
Review Questions 508
Numerical Problems 508
Answers 509

Chapter 11 Theories of Failure 511

Learning Goals 511
11.1 Failure of Materials 511
11.2 Failure Theories of Ductile Materials 513
Maximum Principal Stress Criterion (Rankine, Lame’s Theory) 514
Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint Venant’s Theory) 516
Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Beltrami–Haigh’s Theory) 516
11.3 More Accurate Yielding Criteria of a Ductile Material 519
Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca–Guest and Coulomb’s Theory) 520
Maximum Distortional Energy Density Theory or Maximum
Octahedral Shear Stress Theory (von-Mises–Maxwell–Huber–Henky’s Theory) 522
11.4 Failure Theories of Brittle Materials 532
Mohr–Coulomb Theory 533
Modified Mohr–Coulomb Theory 533
11.5 Concluding Remarks 533
11.6 Assumptions 534
Summary 552
Key Terms 552
Review Questions 553

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xix 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 xx • CONTENTS

Numerical Problems 553

Answers 554

Chapter 12 Combined Loadings 555

Learning Goals 555
12.1 Axial Load and Torsion 555
12.2 Axial Load and Bending 556
12.3 Bending and Twisting 559
Summary 581
Key Terms 581
Review Questions 581
Numerical Problems 582
Answers 582

Chapter 13 Unsymmetric Bending of Beam 583

Learning Goals 583
13.1 Unsymmetric Bending 583
Bending about a Principal Axis 583
13.2 Bending about Arbitrary Axis 589
13.3 Concluding Remarks 593
Summary 616
Key Terms 616
Review Questions 616
Numerical Problems 617
Answers 618

Chapter 14 Shear Stresses in Thin-Walled Beams 619

Learning Goals 619
14.1 Shear Stress in Symmetric Beams with Thin-Walled Open Sections 620
14.2 Shear Stress Distribution in Thin-Walled Asymmetric Open Sections 628
Summary 663
Key Terms 663
Review Questions 663
Numerical Problems 664
Answers 664

Chapter 15 Axisymmetric Problems in Strength of Materials 665

Learning Goals 665
15.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 665
15.2 Thick Cylinder Pressure Vessels 666

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xx 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 CONTENTS • xxi

Stress Equations for Thick Cylinder 668

Special Cases 674
Compound Cylinder 677
15.3 Rotating Disc with Constant Thickness 679
15.4 Rotating Disc with Variable Thickness 686
Rotating Disc of Uniform Strength 687
15.5 Concluding Remarks 702
Summary 703
Key Terms 703
Review Questions 704
Numerical Problems 704
Answers 707

Chapter 16 Curved Beam Theory 709

Learning Goals 709
16.1 Theory of Curved Beams 709
16.2 Radial Stresses in Curved Beam 722
16.3 Concluding Remarks 738
Summary 739
Key Terms 739
Review Questions 739
Numerical Problems 740
Answers 740

Chapter 17 Leaf Springs 741

Learning Goals 741
17.1 Beams of Uniform Strength 742
17.2 Deflection of Beam of Uniform Strength 743
17.3 Leaf Spring 745
Stress Deformation Analysis for Leaf Springs 746
Summary 752
Key Terms 753
Review Questions 753
Numerical Problems 753
Answers 754

Chapter 18 Beams of Composite Materials 755

Learning Goals 755
18.1 Bending Stress in a Composite Beam 755
18.2 Reinforced Concrete Beam 765

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xxi 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 xxii • CONTENTS

Summary 773
Key Terms 773
Review Questions 773
Numerical Problems 773
Answers 774

Chapter 19 Statically Indeterminate Beams – Continuous Beams 775

Learning Goals 775
19.1 Analysis of Continuous Beams 776
Second Area-Moment Theorem 776
19.2 Three-Moment Equation 777
Summary 794
Key Terms 794
Review Questions 794
Numerical Problems 794
Answers 796

Appendix A A1
A.1 Area Moment of Inertia A1
A.2 Product Area Moment of Inertia A2
A.3 Parallel-Axis Theorem A2

Appendix B A5
B.1 Deflection and Elastic Equations of Some Common Beams A5
B.2 Area, Centroid and Area Moment of Inertia for Some Common Sections A6

Appendix C A9
C.1 Symbols and Units A9
C.2 System of Units A10
C.3 Area under Parabola A11

Appendix D A12
D.1 Pure Bending A12

Appendix E A14
E.1 Working Principle of Electric Wire Resistance-Type Strain Gauge A14

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xxii 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

 CONTENTS • xxiii

Bibliography B1
Model Question Paper 1 M1
Model Question Paper 2 M3
Model Question Paper 3 M6
Model Question Paper 4 M8
Index I1

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xxiii 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM

SOM_Prelims.indd Sec1:xxiv 4/27/2012 5:13:44 PM
 PART A

Elementary Strength
of Materials

Chapter 1 Stress and Strain 3

Chapter 2 Torsion 53
Chapter 3 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 87
Chapter 4 Biaxial Stresses 117
Chapter 5 Shear Force and Bending Moment 145
of Beams
Chapter 6 Stresses in Beams 181
Chapter 7 Deflection of Beams 215
Chapter 8 Buckling of Columns 265

SOM_Chapter 1.indd 1 4/25/2012 9:23:26 AM

SOM_Chapter 1.indd 2 4/25/2012 9:23:26 AM
 ChAPTER

1 Stress and Strain

LEARning goALS
After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following:
• What is a deformable body? • Relationship between the various elastic
• Concepts of stress and strain (both normal constants.
as well as shear stresses and strains). • Concept of factor of safety and the preliminary
• Constitutive relation between stress and ideas of designing a machine or a structure.
strain of a Hookean material and generalised • What are statically indeterminate systems
Hooke’s law. and methods of their stress analysis?
• Concepts of thermal stress.

T he Deformable Body Mechanics, popularly known as Mechanics of Materials or Strength of Materials

is a branch of mechanics that deals with the external loads and moments applied to a deformable
body (i.e., whose sizes and shapes change due to the application of these external forces or moments)
and the intensity of the internal resistive forces which are developed within the body. It also involves the
study of deformation and stability when the body is subjected to external forces. The question of stability
of a body subjected to external forces has been carefully considered in Chapter 8. While designing an
engineering component, it is first essential to use the basic principles of statics to find out both external
and internal forces acting on it; however, that is not sufficient. We must know whether the material is
strong enough to withstand those loads, and even if it is capable of withstanding, how much will be its
deformation. Thus, you can appreciate that fundamental understanding of material behaviour will be of
great importance for designing components. Thus, this subject demands fundamental concept of statics
along with comprehensive understanding of material characteristics.
In statics, you can recall, there was an important assumption that ‘the bodies are rigid’; but here in
‘Mechanics of Materials’ or ‘Strength of Materials’, the bodies are considered to be deformable. Apart
from this, another important concept you must appreciate is that of ‘continuum’ which suggests that
there is no existence of discontinuity or interruption in the distribution of mass within the body. This is an
idealisation and acts as one of main fundamental pillars on which the whole subject stands.
In this chapter, we shall be dealing with the general concepts of stress and strain, mechanical
behaviour of materials and few cases of simple, axially loaded components.

SOM_Chapter 1.indd 3 4/25/2012 9:23:26 AM

 4 • C h a P T e r 1 — ST r e S S a n D ST r a i n

1.1 Stress
Let us consider an arbitrarily shaped body as shown in Figure 1.1. Here we have a number of forces
acting on the body and they are maintaining the equilibrium. Now if we cut the body into two pieces,
then each part as shown [Figure 1.1(b)] is supposed to maintain equilibrium, considering the distri-
bution of internal forces. These internal forces are reactive forces and as long as the external forces
are present, these forces will also exist within the body. However, in reality, we can appreciate their
existence only after we cut the body.
Now if we consider the lower portion, we have external forces P3 and P4 along with distributed
internal forces. The question arises: Where do these distributed internal forces act? They act on the
interface. Let us take a three-dimensional view of the lower part of the body and try to focus on the
internal forces (Figure 1.2).

P1 P2

P1 P2

A A

P3 P4 P3 P4
(a) (b)

Figure 1.1 Internal forces acting on a body.

∆P
z
∆P
∆Pz

∆Py
y
∆Px
x ∆A

P3
P4

Figure 1.2 Internal force distribution of a body.

SOM_Chapter 1.indd 4 4/25/2012 9:23:27 AM

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