Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
EXPERIMENT -6
AIM:Estimate Reynold’s number using given test rig.
OBJECTIVE:
(1) To calculate different quantity likes discharge, velocity & Reynolds number (Re).
(2) To determine the type of flow.
SIGNIFICANCE IN PRACTICE:
When the fluid flows through a pipe, the friction between the inner surface of the
pipe and the fluid in contact offers resistance to the flow. This frictional resistance varies as
type of flow. Reynolds number (Re) varies with type of flow. Heat and Mass transfer in
equipment used in process industries depend upon the nature of the flow as indicated by the
Reynolds Number (Re).
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:
The Osborne Reynolds’ Apparatus is designed for the vertical flow of a liquid
through a precision bore glass tube. The use of a vertical direction for the flow compensates
for the effect of any small deviations of the density of dye relative to that of the working
fluid.
The flow rate of the working fluid through the test pipe is regulated by a needle valve
located in the base of the apparatus. The rate may be measured volumetrically.
When a fluid flows in a pipe, tube or conduit, the flow may be:
(1) Laminar or
(2) Turbulent depending upon the conditions of flow.
At low fluid velocities, the fluid moves without lateral mixing, as though a series of
concentric conduits are sliding into one another. In such a flow, the streamlines (defined as
imaginary lines in a mass of flowing fluid lying in the direction of flow and across which
no fluid flows) remain distinct from one another over the entire length. These types of flow
are called Laminar, viscous or streamline flow.
At high fluid velocities Eddies form in the fluid under motion causing lateral mixing
and superimposition of turbulence on the primary motion of translation, thus disrupting the
flow pattern. This type of flow is called Turbulent Flow.
The type of flow and the magnitude of turbulence is given by Reynolds Number
(Re) which is a dimensionless parameter given by VD /. When the velocity of a fluid
moving in a conduit is gradually increased, the Reynolds number (Re)increases and at a
particular value of Re, the flow changes from laminar to turbulent; this value of Re is called
upper critical Reynolds number (Re = 4000).
Similarly when the velocity of a fluid flowing at a high velocity in a conduit is
gradually decreased, Re decrease and at a particular value of Re, the flow changes from
turbulent to laminar; this value of Re is called the lower critical Reynolds number (Re
= 2000).The velocity corresponding to the critical Reynolds number (Re) is called the
critical velocity.
Re < 2000 for Laminar flow
2000 < Re > 40000 for Transient flow
Re > 4000 for Turbulent flow
TDEC MECH Page | 28
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
The experimental setup consists of a glass tube (22 mm ID, 32 mm ID and 1320 mm
long) with a side inlet for entry of water from a storage tank and with the discharge stop
cock. The assembly is suitably supported on the stand.
A dye bottle (SS-304 Bottle 750 ml capacity) feeds potassium permanganate solution
through capillary tube to the glass tube. The flow rate of the permanganate solution may be
adjusted by a pinch arrangement in the connecting plastic tube.
The flow rate of water is controlled by a stopcock. The flow rate of water can be
measured by collecting a definite quantity of water in a given time using a stopwatch and
measuring cylinder.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Regulate the valve very slowly while observing the path of color pigment or dye
along the tube.
2. Handle the glass tube carefully.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up the water in collecting tank & potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
collector.
2. Open the control valve very slowly so that a fine thread like potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) path appears in the glass tube.
3. Allow the water to fill the equipment and to flow at the lowest possible flow rate
4. Adjust the flow of permanganate solution so that its velocity is about the same as the
water in the tube.
5. Note that the color filament appears as a continuous thread without intermingling
with water.
6. Measure the volume in measuring flask for 30 sec.
7. Determine the flow rate of water.
8. Repeat the experiment gradually by increasing the flow rate of water. Observe the
flow rate at which the continuous thread just breaks up and the color gets diffused
uniformly throughout the tube.
SETUP INFORMATION:
ID (Inner Dia.) Of Glass tube (D1) Smaller = 0.022 m
ID (Inner Dia.) Of Glass tube (D2) Larger = 0.032 m
Cross sectional Area of pipe (A1) = π D12 / 4 = 3.79 X 10-4m2
Cross sectional Area of pipe (A2) = π D22 / 4 = 8.03 X 10-4m2
Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity of water (μ) = 1CP = 10-3 N sec/ m2
1 Liter = 1000 ml, 1 Liter = 10-3 m3, 1 ml = 10-6 m3.
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Smaller Tube Diameter (D1) = 0.022m
Nature of Volume of Volume of
Collection Flow Rate of
SR. Color Band Water Water
Time (t) Water (Q)
No. (Continuous collected in collected in
(Sec). (m3/Sec.)
/ Broken) flask. (ml) flask. (m3)
1
2
3
For Larger Tube Diameter (D2) = 0.032m
Nature of Volume of Volume of
Collection Flow Rate of
SR. Color Band Water Water
Time (t) Water (Q)
No. (Continuous collected in collected in
(Sec). (m3/Sec.)
/ Broken) flask. (ml) flask. (m3)
1
2
3
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
1) Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)
= Volume of Water collected in flask/ Collection Time = ______ m3/Sec.
2) Linear Velocity (V)
= Volumetric flow rate (Q) / Cross sectional Area of pipe (A)= _____ m / Sec.
3) Reynolds Number (Re)
= (ρ x V x D) / μ = _____________.
RESULT TABLE:
Tube Reading Discharge Velocity Reynolds Remarks
Dia. No. (Q) (V) No.
3
(m / Sec) (m / Sec) (Re)
D1=0.022m 1
2
3
1
D2=0.032m 2
3
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
GRAPH:
To draw the graph Velocity V/s Reynolds Number (Re).
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
1. Define Following
a) Laminar flow, b) Turbulent flow, c) Reynolds No.
2. Why turbulent takes place after certain velocity?
3. Which type of flow is preferred for the least frictional losses?
4. With a constant velocity which parameter controls the flow as laminar?
5. Write units of the following in SI System
a) Dynamic Viscosity, b) Kinematic Viscosity c) Density d) Velocity e) Reynolds No.
Assessment-Rubrics:
Practical No.: Enroll. No.
Criteria Weightage % Max Marks Obtain Marks
Knowledge 20% 2
Procedure follows 30% 3
Observation Skill 20% 2
Conclusion 10% 1
Quality of Report 10% 1
Punctuality 10% 1
TOTAL MARKS (OUT OF 10)
Faculty Sign with Date
TDEC MECH Page | 31
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
EXPERIMENT – 7
AIM: Determine Friction Factor for Pipes.
OBJECTIVES:
To investigate the
(1) Effect of change in diameter & material on frictional head loss.
(2) Frictional losses in different pipe fittings.
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -
After performing the practical you will be able to investigate the head losses in flow
through pipes due to friction. You will learn that the effect of change in the pipe diameter,
and velocity of flow on frictional head losses in flow through pipe. The significance of this
experiment is much useful in practical field for finding out the actual discharge or actual
available head after loss due to friction.
Manometer
1000 mm
Measuring Tank
Sump
Tank
Drain
Pump
(1) EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DIAMETER & MATERIAL ON FRICTIONAL
HEAD LOSS
Normally, pipes are circular in section. As it carries fluid under pressure, it always runs
full, since the fluid in a pipe is in motion, it has to overcome the frictional resistance between
the adjustment fluid layers and that at the contact surfaces of pipe which results into loss of
head due to friction known as frictional head losses and represented by ‘hf’. The total
frictional head loss depends on the diameter of pipe, length of pipe, velocity in pipe and
various pipe fittings. Theoretically it is found by using Darcy's formula,
h1 - h2 = hf = (4fLV2) / 2gD
Where, hf = Frictional head losses in meter of water column (mwc)
f = Friction factor.
V =Velocity in m/s.
L= Length of pipe in meter
D= Diameter of pipe in meter
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
PRECAUTIONS:
(1) Always check the tapping before taking reading
(2) Place the manometer at even surface & allow it to reach steady condition.
PROCEDURE:
1) Fill the sump tank with water.
2) Attach the limbs of the manometer with the help of the flexible pipe to the pressure
tapings of the pipe across which the pressure drop is to be determined.
3) Switch on the pump and adjust the flow through the pipe with the help of supply valve
and bypass valve provided.
4) Remove any air from the system by opening the valve provided on the manometer.
5) After steady state is achieved record the difference in manometer limbs.
6) Collect about known quantity (height difference) of water in the collection tank with
liquid level indicator and note down the time required for the same.
7) Repeat the above at least four - five times starting from the minimum flow rate and going
to the maximum value.
8) Select another pipe and repeat the experiment.
OBSERVATION TABLE-1:
Manometer Reading Measuring tank
Sr Pipe size (m) (m) Time
No (SS Pipe) (Sec)
Low High X Initial Final h
(X1) (X2) = X2-X1 (h1) (h2) =h2-h1
1
2 D1 =0.0064m
3
1
2 D2 =0.0254m
3
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
OBSERVATION TABLE-2:
Manometer Measuring tank
Sr. Pipe Material Reading (m) (m) Time
No (D3=0.0127m) Low High X = Initial Final h = (Sec)
(X1) (X2) X2-X1 (h1) (h2) h2-h1
1
2 G.I.
3
1
2 Brass
3
1
2 Copper
3
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
1. Head (H) = X (13.6-1) =_ _________ meter of water(mwc).
2. Volume of measuring tank = L x W x h =0.4x0.4xh =__________ m3
3. Discharge (Q) = Volume/ time = V/ t =______________ m3/s
2
D
4. Area of pipes A = 1 =__________
4
5. Velocity of fluid in pipe V = Q / A=__________
6. Velocity head in pipe Vh = V2 / (2 x g) =___________
7. Length of pipe (L) = 1 meter
8. Hydraulic Gradient of pipe (i) = H / L
9. Reynolds Number for Pipe (Re) = (ρ x V x D) / μ
Where:
Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3,
Viscosity of water (μ) = 1CP = 10-3 N s/ m2 at 20◦ C.
D 1
10. Pipe Friction Factor for pipe (f) = i = (iDg) / 2V2
4 V2
2g
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
RESULT TABLE- 1
Reynolds’s Hydraulic Friction
Discharge Velocity Velocity Number Gradient factor
Sr Pipe
‘Q’ ‘V’ Head
No size
(m3/sec) (m/sec) V2/2g Re Log Re i Log i f Log f
(m)
1
D1=
2 0.0064
3
1
D2=
2 0.0254
3
RESULT TABLE- 2
Reynolds’s Hydraulic Friction
Discharge Velocity Velocity Number Gradient factor
Sr Pipe
‘Q’ ‘V’ Head
No Mat.
(m3/sec) (m/sec) V2/2g Re Log Re i Log i f Log f
1
2 GI
3
1
2 Brass
3
1
2 Copper
GRAPH : - Plot log i and log f as a function of log Re.
CONCLUSION:
TDEC MECH Page | 35
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery DI03000171
(4341903)
QUESTIONS:
1) Explain importance of this experiment.
2) Suggest the remedies for reducing the frictional head loss in flow through
pipe.
3) Explain ‘Frictional head loss’.
4) Write Darcy’s formula to find out the frictional head loss.
Assessment-Rubrics:
Practical No.: Enroll. No.
Criteria Weightage % Max Marks Obtain Marks
Knowledge 20% 2
Procedure follows 30% 3
Observation Skill 20% 2
Conclusion 10% 1
Quality of Report 10% 1
Punctuality 10% 1
TOTAL MARKS (OUT OF 10)
Faculty Sign with Date
TDEC MECH Page | 36
