Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs

2024, Volume 8, Number 1, pages 249–270

Original scientific paper
Investigating the Linkages Between Migration and Image of
the City
*1 Samruddhi Purohit , 2 Vaishnavi Shevde , 3 Prof. Dr. Shruti Joshi , 4 Prof. Dr. Amruta Garud ,
5 Prof. Surbhi Gadkari , 6 Prof. Mandar Athavale
1-6Department of Architecture, MKSSS’ Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture for Women, India
1 E-mail: [email protected] , 2 E-mail: [email protected] , 3 E-mail: [email protected] ,
4 E-mail: [email protected] , 5 E-mail: [email protected] , 6 E-mail: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO: ABSTRACT

This study explores the complex interplay between migration and the image of the city, with a
Article History:
Received: 13 March 2024
focus on the Hadapsar-Magarpatta area of Pune, India. Using Kevin Lynch's theoretical
Revised: 18 June 2024 framework of urban elements—districts, paths, nodes, landmarks, and edges—combined with
Accepted: 25 June 2024 Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis, the research investigates how migration
Available online: 30 June 2024 reshapes urban form and identity. The study employs a decadal analysis of urban
transformation, identifying key changes driven by migration patterns. Findings reveal that
Keywords:
Urban Migration Impact,
migration significantly influences the development of new urban nodes, alters paths, and
City Image Analysis, affects the overall spatial structure, leading to evolving city identities. The influx of migrants
Kevin Lynch Urban Theory, is found to enhance the functional complexity of urban districts, impact the hierarchy of nodes,
Geographic Information System and reconfigure the prominence of paths within the city's spatial organization. This
(GIS), transformation contributes to socio-economic shifts, influencing local economies, labor
Pune Urban Development.
markets, and resource distribution patterns. The study underscores the importance of
integrating migration dynamics into sustainable urban planning, promoting the need for
resilient infrastructure and inclusive policies to accommodate demographic changes. This
research contributes to urban morphology literature by providing new insights into how
This article is an open-access article migration drives urban transformation, reshaping the image and functionality of cities in a
distributed under the terms and conditions of
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
rapidly urbanizing world.
International (CC BY 4.0)
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2024), 8(1), 249-270.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2024.v8n1-14
www.ijcua.com
Publisher’s Note: Copyright © 2024 by the author(s).
Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs stays
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights: Contribution to the field statement:
- Migration drives the evolution of urban districts along the Pune-Solapur This study contributes to urban morphology literature by
Highway, altering Hadapsar's socio-economic landscape. analyzing the urban transformation of Hadapsar, Pune, through
- Kevin Lynch’s framework reveals how migration reshapes urban nodes and migration dynamics using Kevin Lynch’s framework. It reveals
paths, affecting city identity. how migration reshapes urban form and identity, highlighting
- Road hierarchy mapping reduces vehicle-pedestrian conflicts, improving
urban safety and accessibility.
new nodes and paths, thereby offering insights into sustainable
- GIS analysis offers a novel method for examining migration's impact on urban planning and the socio-economic impacts of
urban transformation. contemporary urbanization.
- Migration influences local economies by changing labor markets and
resource distribution patterns.
*Samruddhi Purohit:
Department of Architecture, MKSSS’ Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture for Women, India
Email address: [email protected]
How to cite this article:
Purohit, S., Shevde, V., Joshi, S., Garud, A., Gadkari, S., & Athavale, M. (2024). Investigating the Linkages Between Migration and Image of the
City. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 8(1), 249-270.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2024.v8n1-14
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 8(1), 249-270 / 2024
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
Cities are complex, dynamic entities that continuously evolve under the influence of social, economic,
political, and environmental factors. This evolution shapes the unique image of each city, which
emerges as an ever-changing expression of its material and immaterial conditions. As urban
populations grow and migration patterns intensify, cities undergo significant transformations in their
physical form and socio-cultural identity (United Nations, 2019). Migration, in particular, plays a
critical role in shaping urban landscapes, often driving changes in land use, infrastructure, and social
dynamics. Human activity is a primary driver of these landscape transformations, making demographic
shifts closely linked to changes in the urban environment (Egidi et al., 2021). Globalization has
accelerated these changes, leading to uneven development in many countries. Resources tend to
concentrate in a few urban centers, exacerbating regional inequalities—an issue more pronounced in
the Global South than in the Global North (Hassanzadehkermanshahi et al., 2022). Within this context,
migration can reshape the image of the city by altering its spatial, social, and economic landscapes.
The intention to migrate and residents' satisfaction levels are crucial indicators for predicting
development trends in both expanding and shrinking cities (Fu & Zheng, 2021).
In many cities, especially in the Global South, rapid urbanization has pushed development beyond
traditional urban boundaries, creating new peri-urban areas characterized by rapid physical, social, and
economic changes (Woltjer, 2014). These dynamics are particularly evident in overpopulated cities
where expansion into rural areas transforms the city-countryside relationship, creating a new kind of
peri-urbanity (Ticau et al., 2023). Concurrently, the migration of urban residents from city centers to
inner suburbs in search of improved living conditions contributes to further urban sprawl (Qin & Deng,
n.d.).
Given these transformations, the integration of migrants presents significant challenges. Rapid and
poorly managed migration can lead to social fragmentation, resource disparities, and economic
inequalities, which undermine societal stability and hinder progress towards sustainable development
goals (Zhang & Li, 2024). Shaw’s (1975) definition of migration as "the comparatively permanent
movement of individuals over a considerable distance" highlights both the spatial and temporal
dimensions of this phenomenon. Migrants often settle in peripheral urban areas, addressing labor
shortages and mitigating human capital deficits, thereby influencing the socio-economic fabric of their
new localities (Kowalewska, 2024).

1.2 Problem Statement and Research Gap

Pune, a rapidly growing city in the state of Maharashtra, India, exemplifies the complex interplay between
migration and urban development. Known as the "Oxford of the East" due to its educational institutions,
Pune is also one of the largest IT hubs in India. The city offers a combination of economic opportunities,
quality infrastructure, and a favorable living environment, making it a magnet for talent and business
operations across the country. This concentration of resources has led to rapid population growth, driven
by both in-migration from neighboring areas and the internal movement of residents within the city.
However, this growth has also exacerbated various urban challenges, including inadequate housing, traffic
congestion, pollution, waste management, and the proliferation of informal settlements or slums (Kateja
& Jha, 2021; Sorolla Edo, 2014). These issues make it difficult to maintain sustainable urban expansion
and resilience in the face of ongoing growth pressures (Garcia-López & Muñiz, 2020). Migration-driven
changes are particularly evident in areas like Hadapsar-Magarpatta, where the influx of new residents has
reshaped urban form and functionality.
Despite the significant impact of migration on the city's development, there remains a limited
understanding of how migration specifically influences the urban image and spatial structure of Pune.
While studies have explored various aspects of urban transformation, there is a noticeable gap in research
that integrates migration dynamics with urban morphology, particularly using frameworks like Kevin
Lynch's urban elements theory combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. This study

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seeks to fill this gap by examining the interplay between migration and the city's evolving image,
providing new insights into sustainable urban planning and development.
By focusing on the Hadapsar-Magarpatta area of Pune, this research aims to analyze how migration
reshapes urban nodes, paths, and overall spatial organization, influencing the city's identity and socio-
economic landscape. Through a decadal analysis of urban transformation, this study offers a novel
perspective on the role of migration in urban morphology and contributes to the broader discourse on
urban development in rapidly urbanizing contexts.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Why People Migrate
People migrate for a multitude of reasons, driven by a combination of push and pull factors. Push
factors, such as economic hardship, political instability, social discrimination, and environmental
degradation, compel individuals to leave their current locations in search of better opportunities or
safer environments. Conversely, pull factors like improved economic prospects, political stability,
social acceptance, and favorable living conditions in potential destinations attract people to new areas.
These motivations are often intertwined, with individuals weighing the challenges of their current
circumstances against the perceived benefits of moving to a new place. Migration is not solely a
response to adverse conditions; it is also a proactive choice driven by aspirations for a better life, access
to education, healthcare, and social services, or the desire to reunite with family and friends.
The dynamics of migration are complex and influenced by both long-term trends and sudden events.
For example, economic downturns, political upheavals, natural disasters, or social conflicts can create
immediate pressures for migration. On the other hand, gradual changes, such as economic development
in a destination country or demographic shifts, can encourage steady flows of migrants over time.
Additionally, migration is often a multi-stage process where initial moves may lead to subsequent
migrations as people adjust their strategies based on new experiences and information. Understanding
why people migrate requires examining these diverse factors and recognizing the fluid and evolving
nature of migration patterns.

2.1.2 Migration Theories and Models

Over the past decades, researchers have developed various theories and models to explain migration.
These theories highlight the complex interplay of multiple factors that influence migration decisions.
Neoclassical migration theory, based on (Sjaastad, 1962) cost-benefit model and Lee’s push-pull
model (Lee, 1980) suggests that individuals migrate due to economic discrepancies between their
current location and potential destinations. According to this theory, people tend to move if the
expected benefits of migrating outweigh the costs. The decision to migrate is often linked to substantial
differences in income or utility between places.
While Lee’s push-pull model and the augmented gravity model explain overall migration flows
relatively well, they have been criticized for not accounting for why the majority of people do not
migrate despite significant income disparities. One reason for immobility is that migration decisions
are influenced by individual agency and self-determination, rather than being solely driven by
economic factors.
Critics of the neoclassical migration model argue that it suffers from methodological individualism,
assuming that individuals are the main decision-makers. However, individuals are part of households
and communities that influence, or even make, migration decisions. Scholars have therefore urged a
reconsideration of migration decision-making, highlighting the role of households and families.
Two perspectives on the role of households have emerged. First, family structure and functions have
both direct and indirect effects on migration decision-making, with the individual remaining the
decision-maker. Second, the family is seen as the ultimate migration decision-making unit. Families
transmit information, shape motivations, and influence migration norms, thereby directly and

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indirectly affecting migration decisions. Structural and functional family characteristics also affect
perceptions of the costs and benefits associated with migration.

2.1.3 New Economics of Labour Migration

The new economics of labour migration, proposed by (Bloom, 1985) places households at the center
of migration decision-making. This theory argues that households can diversify income risks and
control uncertainty by allocating members to different income sources, including migration. Family
ties, representing social externalities, significantly impact migration decisions. Strong ties to the place
of origin can decrease the likelihood of migration, while connections with family and friends elsewhere
can provide valuable information that reduces migration-related uncertainty.

2.1.4 Modern Migration Models

More recent migration models combine individual factors with a focus on the family or household.
These models consider the temporality, selectivity, and geography of migration drivers. Temporality
refers to whether a driver is permanent or transitory. Selectivity acknowledges that broader social,
economic, or political transformations affect societal groups differently. Geography considers the
location and scope of migration drivers, from local to global levels. Migration is a multifaceted
phenomenon driven by a complex interplay of push and pull factors. Economic disparities, political
instability, environmental challenges, social inequalities, and lack of services push individuals to
migrate, while better economic opportunities, political stability, higher quality of life, social networks,
and cultural attractions pull them towards new destinations. Understanding the intricate dynamics of
migration requires a holistic approach that considers individual, household, and broader structural
factors.

2.1.5 Migration Driver Taxonomy: Driver Dimensions and Driving Factors

The motivations behind migration are varied and complex, influenced by an array of factors that can
be both structural and event-driven. (Czaika & de Haas, 2022) categorizes these motivations into
different dimensions and factors that drive migration. These include the quality of public infrastructure,
educational opportunities, labor market conditions, and the interrelation of migration with spatial
policy. Each of these factors can either encourage or deter migration, depending on their specific
context and impact.
The impact of public infrastructure on migration is somewhat ambiguous. On one hand, a well-
developed and efficient public infrastructure can lower transportation costs, thereby facilitating
migration and increasing overall mobility. On the other hand, improved infrastructure can also reduce
the propensity to migrate by enhancing local economic opportunities (Gachassin, 2013). For example,
educational infrastructure, particularly the quality of higher education, plays a significant role in
student mobility. Students are drawn to regions or countries with reputable universities, available
scholarships, and manageable living costs (Beine et al., 2012; Findlay & King, 2011). Cities with good
universities not only attract students but also retain graduates, partly due to job availability and strong
employer-university relationships (Ciriaci, 2014). The lack of educational opportunities in one's home
country can drive international migration for students, unaccompanied minors, and asylum seekers
(McAuliffe & Ruhs, 2018). However, educational opportunities often rank secondary to factors like
security, labor market prospects, and residency or citizenship opportunities (Dimitriadi, 2017). High-
skilled migrants, such as health professionals (Awases et al., 2004) and academics, often migrate for
professional training and career advancement (Bartolini et al., 2017).

2.1.6 Labour Migration

Labour migration is heavily influenced by economic factors. The neoclassical approach views
migration in macroeconomic terms, as a means of redistributing the workforce from low productivity
areas to high productivity ones (Lewis, 1954). This perspective sees migration as instrumental in

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balancing economic disparities on regional, national, and global scales. At the micro level, neoclassical
theory defines migration as the outcome of individual decisions based on a rational assessment of the
costs and benefits of moving, aiming to achieve higher returns (Todaro, 1970) (Sjaastad, 1962);. This
approach frames migration as an investment in human capital closely tied to labor market conditions.
Push factors in the regions of origin, such as unemployment and low incomes, combined with pull
factors in the destination areas, like job opportunities and higher wages, underscore the rational
decision-making process of migrants (Lee, 1980).

2.1.7 Migration and Spatial Policy Interrelation

Migration patterns are also shaped by spatial policies and the distribution of urban and rural
populations. Large-scale changes are occurring as households move away from rural areas plagued by
poverty, unemployment, violence, and environmental collapse, towards new localities with better
prospects. Survey data from the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) indicate that migration
is now common among the rural population of South Africa's coastal provinces. Infrastructure
development plays a significant role in these migration processes, prompting population movements
when previous livelihoods become unsustainable despite the absence of jobs. This highlights the
importance of spatial planning and infrastructure delivery in managing migration. Policies must
account for population movements to ensure effective public spending, development delivery, and
social justice. Infrastructure must be strategically placed to support these movements and ensure cost-
effective, sustainable delivery that enhances livelihoods.
Migration flows generally move from overcrowded, economically depressed rural interiors to coastal
areas with more economic activity. However, migrants tend to prefer shorter moves that maintain their
social capital and support networks. These population flows are substantial enough to reshape rural
economies and necessitate new paradigms for high-density rural settlement development. The
affordability of infrastructure for these trends poses challenges, especially for smaller towns with
deteriorating existing infrastructure. Even relatively prosperous urban centers like Cape Town struggle
to accommodate high levels of rural inflow, demonstrating that transferring rural poor to cities does
not solve housing and service delivery crises. The rural poor often do not see their future in urban
areas, and the government faces challenges in providing housing and infrastructure within budget
constraints.
Migration is driven by a multitude of factors that interact in complex ways. Public infrastructure can
both facilitate and deter migration, depending on how it impacts local opportunities. Educational
opportunities are a major driver for student mobility, but security, labor market prospects, and
residency options are often more critical factors. Labour migration is influenced by economic
disparities and labor market conditions, with individuals making rational decisions based on expected
benefits. Spatial policies and infrastructure development also play crucial roles in shaping migration
patterns, particularly in rural areas facing economic and environmental challenges. Effective
management of migration requires a comprehensive understanding of these driving factors and
strategic planning to support sustainable development and social equity.

2.2 Method
2.2.1 Districts
Figure 1 denotes the Built-Unbuilt Ratio for the city of Pune. A district's physical characteristics include
texture, space, form, detail, symbol, building type, use, activity, inhabitants, degree of maintenance and
topography. They are elements that define districts as the primary components of large urban areas. Each
element contributes to the district's identity and plays a key role in shaping the character of the place;
together they create a unique sense of place which is easily identifiable. The spatial patterns that emerge
from these elements influence how people move and interact with the district: form (which closely relates

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to space) determines the shape while building type and use define function and activity within the area.
Figure 2 includes the Building Height Mapping done using QGIS Software.

Figure 1. Figure Ground showing Built-Unbuilt Ratio.

Figure 2. Number of floors Mapping on QGIS.

Form is closely related to space; it refers to the shape and configuration of the buildings and structures
within the district. It encompasses scale, height, massing of buildings, public spaces' layout and other
urban elements that constitute it. Type of building closely relates with functional activity in the district:
different types like residential or commercial have different roles which lead them into different patterns
of use in the district area. The people living in a district are key players in defining its character— they
infuse cultural and social aspects into it which further develop its identity. The population's demography,
their ways of life, and cultural rituals that portray the people in the district are what give the place its
unique character and dynamics of activities. The degree of maintenance is an indicator showing how well
the district is taken care of in terms of keeping the built environment. The upkeep on public spaces plus

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buildings besides other urban materials significantly contributes to establishing a safe, friendly, and
attractive district. Figure 3 maps the Building Age within the selected District consisting of four spans.

Figure 3. Building Age Mapping on QGIS.

Ultimately, land topography is pivotal in defining physical characteristics for any district including
building arrangements intertwined with streetscapes; it also dictates what should be incorporated into the
landscape design due to natural features within an area. Districts may have different kinds of boundaries,
including hard, definite, and precise boundaries that create clear edges, or soft, uncertain boundaries that
gradually fade away into surrounding areas. Some districts may stand alone, while others are connected
to each other, creating a complex network of interconnected urban areas. In conclusion, districts are
complex and multifaceted urban areas defined by a range of physical characteristics that create a unique
and recognizable sense of place. These features are shaped by the built environment, the people who live
and work within the district, and the cultural and social practices that define the community.
Understanding these elements is essential for creating vibrant and sustainable urban areas that meet the
needs of residents and visitors alike.

2.2.2 Path
Paths play a significant role in urban design by influencing how people move through the city and interact
with its built environment. As Kevin Lynch suggests, paths are channels along which the observer moves
either customarily, occasionally, or potentially. In Hadapsar, certain paths have gained importance due to
the concentration of special use or activity along them, which gives them prominence for observers. The
development of the IT hub of Magarpatta in Hadapsar has been a driving factor for the area's population
growth over the last two decades, leading to changes in the urban environment and the paths people use
to move through it. As the population has grown, the paths people take have become more diverse and
complex. In some cases, customary travel patterns have emerged along certain paths, while in others,
potential paths have been created to accommodate new developments. Figure 4 highlights the identifiable
Paths according to Kevin Lynch’s theory within the Hadapsar-Magarpatta area.

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Figure 4. Paths Mapping on QGIS.

In Hadapsar, paths leading to the IT hub of Magarpatta have become more important due to the
concentration of technology-related businesses in the area. Similarly, paths leading to parks, schools, or
other amenities can gain increased importance due to their proximity. Paths with clear and well-known
origins and destinations tend to have stronger identities. In Hadapsar, paths leading to major landmarks or
transportation hubs such as bus stops or train stations tend to have more defined identities, while other
paths that lead to more generic destinations may be less well-defined. Overall, the growth of the population
in Hadapsar has had a significant impact on the city's paths and urban environment. Figure 5 highlights
customary travel paths identified after interviewing the residents of Hadapsar.

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Figure 5. Interviews with Residents regarding paths.

As the city continues to evolve, it will be important for urban designers and planners to consider the role
of paths in shaping the city's character and identity, and to ensure that the paths people take are safe,
accessible, and well-connected to the rest of the urban fabric. Figure 6 highlights actively used paths by
the immigrants of Hadapsar city.

Figure 6. Activity path used by Immigrants.

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2.2.3 Nodes
Understanding the hierarchy of nodes and the order in which they occur is important for architects and
planners when creating a functional and visually appealing space. Different nodes will have different
levels of importance and their design will vary depending on their functions and the density of people
using them. For example, bus stops may require a different design than residential or commercial areas.
In order to create a space that meets the needs of its users, the type, importance and hierarchy of the nodes
were taken into account and their effects on local behaviour and the physical characteristics of the area
were determined. Figure 7 highlights identifiable Nodes according to Kevin Lynch's theory within the
Hadapsar-Magarpatta area.

Figure 7. Nodes Mapping on QGIS.

To do this, designers need to consider important factors such as mobility and infrastructure, hierarchical
and cross-sectional structures, the influence of the surrounding environment, and model work and
operation. A variety of tools, including Google Maps and QGIS, as well as interviews and questions with
local residents and immigrants of varying ages, can help map and understand walkable and walkable
communities. By identifying and analyzing important and unimportant areas and their impact on society,
designers can make informed decisions about their design and development. Street classes are an
important part of city planning that separates streets according to their functions and capacities. Generally,
it divides the road into three classes according to its width: primary, secondary and secondary. Figure 8
highlights changes in local nodes over the time span of the last two decades.

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Figure 8. Distinction of Nodes.

2.2.4 Edge
In Hadapsar, the edge can be seen as the riverside and expressway which mark the urban boundary from
a macro perspective. From a micro perspective, the edge space refers to the transition space between
buildings, and between buildings and roads. Edge space is a crucial component of urban public space as
it serves as an intermediate space for various social activities. Over time, the nature of the edges has
gradually transitioned due to the upcoming developments and modifications. Magarpatta is a unique
project in India, where farmers pooled their land to build a township instead of selling it to a developer. It
is located in the eastern part of the city and is characterized by a prominent bus route.
The proximity to businesses in Magarpatta is the main factor driving the expansion of the residential
sector. Magarpatta is well known for its IT park and connectivity to other major areas in Pune, such as
Kharadi IT Park and Koregaon Park, within a radius of 2 km only. The edges in Magarpatta are
characterized by buildings (shops) on the plinth level and a pedestrian walkway with trees, food stalls,
and parking on the side. The area under the bridge is also used for parking. Due to the limited space of
land and increasing land prices, there are also shops below ground level. Figure 9 denotes the condition
of edges according to the number of people using it and in correlation their street sections.

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Figure 9. Edge Condition Mapping on GIS and Corresponding Street Sections.

2.2.5 Landmarks
Over the past few decades, the area of Hadapsar has undergone significant developments. Before 1985,
there were only a few main landmarks in Hadapsar, such as Hadapsar Gaon Tal, Hadapsar Post Office,
and Hadapsar Vegetable Market. During this time, religious structures, including Dutta Mandir and Vittal
Mandir, were also built. Between 1985 and 2002, new landmarks emerged in the area, such as hospitals,
shopping centres, and schools. These landmarks played a vital role in the development of the region and
made it more attractive for residents and visitors. This period marked a significant shift in the urbanization
of Hadapsar. Between 2002 and 2012, several other significant landmarks were established in Hadapsar,
including hospitals, institutes, malls, and the Magarpatta chowk.
The Magarpatta chowk is a bustling area in the locality that is home to several commercial establishments,
such as shops and restaurants. In the past ten years, i.e., between 2012 and 2022, there have been further
developments in Hadapsar, with the establishment of more hospitals, institutes, and amenity places. These
developments have made Hadapsar an attractive destination for both residents and visitors. Overall, the
development of Hadapsar has been significant over the past few decades. The area has transformed from
a quiet, residential locality to a bustling commercial centre. The establishment of new landmarks has
contributed to the growth of the area and has attracted more people to the locality. The timeline of
landmark development in Hadapsar reflects the changes and development of the locality over the years.
Figure 10 highlights different landmarks which are segregated by the typology of the buildings.

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Figure 10. Landmarks Identification and Segregation.

3. Results
3.1 Districts
The Pune-Solapur Road region has undergone significant architectural development over the past few
decades. In the 1980s, there was limited development on the outskirts of the road and a surplus of
agricultural land away from it. However, since the arrival of IT industries in 2002, there has been
intensified settlement on both sides of the road. The construction of Magarpatta city in 2003 acted as a
catalyst for the growth of Hadapsar, leading to the emergence of many townships, IT industries, and
commercial spaces. This trend has continued, with several proposed residential and commercial
developments planned for the future.
The architectural development of the region emphasises sustainability and eco-friendliness, with many
new developments incorporating green spaces, solar panels, and other environmentally friendly features.
The focus is also on creating vibrant and liveable communities, with new townships featuring parks,
recreational facilities, and shopping centres. This creates a sense of community and enhances the quality
of life for residents.
The building use plan of the Pune-Solapur Road region includes a mix of residential and commercial
structures. Commercial buildings along the main road are designed to be functional and efficient, with
multi-story structures, modern facades, and ample parking facilities. They house a range of businesses,
from small shops to large corporate offices. Residential buildings are designed to provide comfortable and
safe living spaces, ranging from high-rise apartments to spacious bungalows. Landscaped gardens, parks,
and other amenities are designed to enhance the quality of life for residents.

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The region also includes several amenities, such as educational institutions, hospitals, and health centres.
Educational institutions are located among residential settlements, while hospitals and health centres are
situated near commercial and residential zones to provide easy access to medical care when needed. The
architectural language of the buildings in the region reflects a blend of modernity and functionality, with
a focus on creating efficient and comfortable living and working spaces. The buildings along the main
road feature sleek, modern facades, while the residential buildings in the interior are designed to be more
traditional and comfortable, with spacious balconies and open living spaces. Figure 11 highlights the two
different districts identified according to its image.

Figure 11. Difference in development pattern within the identified district.

3.2. Paths
An activity mapping exercise was conducted in Hadapsar to better understand the behaviour patterns of
migrants. This exercise involved tracking and locating frequently visited buildings and spaces such as
commercial spaces, eateries, and hospitals, which were mainly concentrated along the primary routes.
Consequently, these areas experienced heavy traffic and high pedestrian footprints. On the other hand, the
secondary and tertiary routes were mostly residential spaces interconnected in smaller groups and accessed
through smaller roads and pathways. By understanding the migration pattern of residents and visitors,
architects and urban planners can design and plan the city better to accommodate their needs. The heavy
influx of migrants in Hadapsar has led to the development of a dense road network, including flyovers
and the widening of roads to reduce the increasing vehicular density. However, the lack of a
distinguishable road hierarchy and pedestrian paths has created heavy traffic and high pedestrian
footprints.
During peak hours, the central road experiences significant traffic congestion, while the flyovers provide
parking spaces near commercial spaces, reducing traffic congestion. The higher frequency of permanent
and temporary migrants settled nearby has reduced travel distances, resulting in higher use of the main
road and causing traffic congestion at the Hadapsar Saswad junction. The visible traffic and pedestrian
congestion on the main road is due to the segregation of residential and commercial spaces, leaving
emptier branched paths. Figure 12 highlights major and minor paths within the district.

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Figure 12. Major and minor paths affecting the district.

3.3. Nodes
During the mapping and analysis of the nodes in the study area, several types of nodal activities were
observed. Small public squares and community facilities were identified as vital nodes for pedestrian
movement and social interaction. These places provide opportunities for people to meet and interact,
contributing to the social fabric of the community. Bus transit junctions and depots were also identified
as significant nodes for pedestrian and transit-oriented communities. These nodes allow for easy
movement between different parts of the city and provide access to public transportation. As a result, they
are essential for improving the overall mobility of the area. Another important nodal activity observed
was the Mantri Market, which is a hub for commercial and retail activity. This node attracts people from
all over the area and offers a diverse range of goods and services, contributing to the local economy. The
combination of community facilities and local vendors is another important nodal activity observed in the
study area. These nodes offer a mix of community services and local vendors, including small shops and
food stalls. Figure 13 highlights the nodes identified within the studied district.

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Figure 13. Nodes identified according to QGIS mapping.

The road hierarchy was observed as a nodal activity for reducing vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. This nodal
activity is essential for ensuring the safety of pedestrians and cyclists and improving the overall quality of
life in the area. The road hierarchy includes measures such as traffic calming, pedestrian crossings, and
bike lanes to encourage non-motorized forms of transportation. The observations made during the
mapping of nodes revealed several inferences about the surrounding areas. The streets were found to be
dominated by vehicles, indicating that the pedestrian infrastructure is inadequate. The neighboring areas
are a mix of commercial, residential, and mainly transit activity, highlighting the need for transit-oriented
communities. The population has increased, and as a result, the neighborhood has evolved. This can be
seen in the diverse range of activities and facilities available at the nodes. The study also revealed that
there has been migration to the area due to inadequate or limited urban services and infrastructure such as
healthcare, education, utilities, and transport.
This has resulted in an increase in the population and the need for better facilities and services. The streets
were widened to accommodate vehicles, which has negatively impacted the pedestrian movement. The
study highlighted the need to reduce vehicle-pedestrian conflicts by redesigning the road hierarchy.
Overall, the inferences suggest that the area is in need of better pedestrian infrastructure and transit-
oriented communities. The study recommends that urban services and infrastructure be improved to meet
the needs of the growing population, and the road hierarchy be redesigned to prioritize pedestrian
movement. After studying the nodes in detail, their types were further analyzed, including cross T-
junctions, Y-junctions, L-junctions, and four-way junctions. Among these, T-junctions were found to be
the most common type on internal roads and near the main road, while L-junctions were the least common.
Four-way junctions were identified as playing a crucial role in the minor node category. This information
can aid architects and urban planners in understanding the spatial configuration of the area and its potential
for future development.

3.4. Edges
Figure 14 highlights the edges developed in the study area according to the landmarks identified.

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The population density of edges in this area has been categorized. The edges located along the primary
road, from Noble Hospital in the north to Magarpatta Chowk in the south, and from Hadapsar Gadital in
the east to Karnabadhir Vidyalaya in the west, have the highest population density. This is because they
have easy access to transportation, major landmarks, infrastructure, and amenities such as bus and
rickshaw stands, food stalls, temples, and streetlights. Due to the increased density caused by migration,
street vendors can be observed sitting along the edges and under the Inder bridge. As the width and length
of roads decrease towards the interior, the density also decreases. The edges along the canal are
unoccupied due to the unhygienic environment caused by the disposal of waste by pedestrians.

Figure 14. Edges developed according to the Landmarks identified.

3.5. Landmarks
A study was conducted on the site to classify landmarks based on their function. The major landmarks
such as the gadital, vegetable market, post office, and cremation ground create nodes in the area and are
considered important landmarks. These landmarks were present in the area before 1985 and have become
essential for people to navigate and conduct daily activities. Hospitals and clinics are mostly located on
the main roadside, indicating that the area is well-equipped with medical facilities for the residents.
Educational institutions, on the other hand, are primarily located along the inner roads, indicating that the
area has a good education system in place for the locals. This suggests that the area has a robust educational
infrastructure. There are only a few parks located on the main road and one on the internal road, indicating
that the area has limited open spaces for recreational activities. This can affect the well-being of the locals.
Shopping centers are mostly located on the main road and have developed in the area in the past few years,
indicating that the area has experienced commercial development, and the residents have access to
shopping centers for their daily needs. Religious buildings such as temples are old structures located in
the area before 1985.
These religious buildings serve as important landmarks in the area and contribute to the cultural and
religious practices of the locals. In conclusion, the study conducted on the site revealed that the landmarks
in the area are primarily focused on meeting the basic needs of the residents, such as medical facilities,
educational institutes, and shopping centers. The lack of open spaces for recreational activities and the
presence of religious buildings contribute to the cultural and social practices of the locals.

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4. Discussion
4.1 Interpretation of Key Findings
Addressing rural infrastructure bottlenecks from the standpoint of migration directs attention to the
process by which households move, where they are trying to go and what resources and expectations they
have to work with. Migration flows respond rapidly to incentives. Extreme unemployment rates are
creating a context of migration to second-best or default incentives where jobs are not available and
infrastructure access is pivotal to household migration decisions. At the same time, migration also flows
to areas with higher cash incomes and more economic options. Infrastructure delivery promotes the
informal sector, carrying potential multiplier effects. Households dismissed or expelled from farms or
elsewhere are often forced into the migration stream with only the default option of the nearest farm town.
This concentrates on poverty and need around failing small towns. Urban and rural income sources can
probably no longer be brought into balance for most of the rural poor: it appears that urban planners can
no longer rely on the rural sector to absorb urban unemployment, as rural communities can no longer
count on wage work in the urban areas to support families unable to live off the land economy. Migration
to advantaged areas or at a minimum to centres that offer access to services and mass transport may not
provide an optimum income, but it allows the household to cut its transport costs and its labour time loss
so as to put more resources into cash earning.
Planning for spatial development in a context of high migration levels and an unstable population needs
to build livelihood priorities actively into delivery, and cannot concentrate narrowly on housing and
infrastructure. Migration findings suggest that the infrastructure delivery problematic has two axes: first,
how to formulate spatial policy and structure delivery of infrastructure in relation to rural-to-rural
migration, and particularly for the dense destination areas; and second, how to look at re-establishing
rural/urban linkages through policies that will minimise rural exclusion if not immediately increase access
to jobs. An ancillary question is how to increase developmental response from the grass roots, by enlisting
the individual mobile household’s capacity to invest and to generate income for its own members. Rural
exclusion exacerbates both poverty and out-migration. Migration characteristically flows along transport
corridors connecting source areas as catchments to destinations, and can be expected to orient quickly
toward any areas that begin to receive infrastructure on scale. This approach to spatial policy would move
infrastructure delivery out of the reactive category as far as possible. Better rural/urban linkages could
reduce the exclusion effect of high urban unemployment on rural migration patterns, by encouraging rural
households to maintain urban access and information flows. The social capital needed to overcome rural
exclusion is maintained by people travelling back and forth regularly.
The Pune-Solapur Road region has gone through significant architectural development over the past few
decades. In 1985, there was limited and scattered development on the outskirts of the road, with
agricultural land located away from it. However, the region underwent a transformation in 2002 with the
emergence of IT industries, which led to intensified settlements on both sides of the road. The construction
of Magarpatta city in 2003 acted as a catalyst for the general growth of Hadapsar, leading to the emergence
of a large number of townships, IT industries, and other commercial spaces in the area. The building use
plan of the Pune-Solapur Road region reflects a mix of residential and commercial structures, with a focus
on creating liveable and vibrant communities. Commercial buildings along the main road are multi-story
structures with sleek, modern facades and ample parking facilities. They house a wide range of businesses,
from small shops and cafes to large corporate offices and commercial centers. Residential buildings in the
area range from high-rise apartments to spacious bungalows, each designed to meet the unique needs and
preferences of different residents.
The interior residential settlements are designed to create a sense of community, with landscaped gardens,
parks, and other amenities designed to enhance the quality of life for residents. Educational institutions,
hospitals, and health centers are also situated in the area, providing easy access to amenities such as
education, healthcare, and recreational facilities. The architectural language of the buildings in the area
reflects a blend of modernity and functionality, with a focus on creating efficient and comfortable living
and working spaces. Buildings along the main road feature sleek, modern facades with ample glass and

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metal detailing, while the residential buildings in the interior are designed to be more traditional and
comfortable, with spacious balconies and open living spaces.
Due to the heavy influx of migrants, the area has developed a dense road network, with the construction
of flyovers and the widening of roads to reduce the increasing vehicular density. The lack of a
distinguishable road hierarchy and pedestrian paths has created heavy traffic and high pedestrian
footprints, with the central road experiencing significant traffic congestion at peak hours. However, the
flyovers provide parking spaces underneath and near commercial spaces, reducing traffic congestion.
Understanding the activity patterns of migrants in the area can help architects and urban planners better
design and plan the city to accommodate the needs of its residents and visitors.

5. Conclusion
Hadapsar, a suburb in Pune, has undergone significant transformation over the years. In 2003, the
settlements primarily ran along the periphery of the Pune-Solapur Road, with very little development of
Magarpatta city. The major and a few minor connecting roads were visible throughout the area, with little
to no riverside construction. In 2010, the scenario started to change as settlements began to run along and
beyond the periphery of the Pune-Solapur Road. Magarpatta city's development progressed to about 60%,
and there was a noticeable improvement in connectivity. There was also an increase in built spaces along
both sides of the river. However, the area was still predominantly residential, with limited commercial
development. In 2022 Hadapsar transformed into a bustling commercial and residential hub, with
settlements and commercial spaces consuming most of the available land. The construction of Magarpatta
city is now fully proposed with expansion and redevelopment plans. The riverside, which was once devoid
of any construction, is now flooded with settlements and commercial development with structured
landscaping, and limited agricultural land.
The development of an urban road network is a complex process that is heavily influenced by socio-
economic and environmental factors. These factors have varying degrees of impact on different districts,
which should be considered during the planning and implementation stages to create a sustainable and
equitable urban environment. The development of roads and urban areas are crucial elements in the
process of urbanization, as they influence the patterns of growth and level of economic activity. The
creation of accessible transportation systems allows for the mobility of people and goods, which in turn
encourages development and settlement patterns. In Hadapsar, the presence of major townships like
Magarpatta city, with their IT and banking firms, has contributed to the development of the area. These
findings of this paper exemplify the excess pressure exerted on urbanised cities due to migration from
neighbouring peri-urban areas as a result of contemporary urbanisation.
As Hadapsar developed over the years, urban planners and architects played a crucial role in shaping
the area's growth. They designed and implemented plans that focused on improving connectivity,
increasing green spaces, and creating better infrastructure to support the growing population. The
transformation from a predominantly residential area to a commercial and residential hub was due to
the efforts of these planners and architects. The architectural style in Hadapsar has also undergone
significant changes over the years. In 2003, the buildings were relatively simple and functional, with
little emphasis on aesthetics. However, currently, the area boasts modern, state-of-the-art buildings
that feature innovative designs, materials, and technology. The buildings are not just functional but are
also visually appealing and sustainable. In conclusion, Hadapsar's transformation over the years is an
example of the impact of urbanization on an area's development. With the right vision, planning, and
execution, architects and planners can create vibrant, sustainable communities that meet the needs of
the growing population while preserving the area's natural resources.

Acknowledgements
We would like to express our utmost appreciation to all the people of Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan
Sanstha’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture for Women, Pune, who have been an
instrumental part while conducting this research. The authors would like to thank all the participants,

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residents and interviewees of the Hadapsar and Magarpatta region in Pune, India who provided with
the necessary data and information to aid this process. We would also like to thank the esteemed faculty
at the International Cell of MKSSS’ Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture for Women for
conducting the Joint Studio on Kevin Lynch and Application of QGIS.

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or
not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of Interest
The author(s) declare(s) no conflicts of interest.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material,
further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

CRediT author statement:

Dr. Prof. Shruti Joshi, Dr. Prof. Amruta Garud, Prof. Surbhi Gadkari, Prof. Mandar Athavale; Data
Curation: Ms. Samruddhi Purohit, Ms. Vaishnavi Shevde, Dr. Prof. Amruta Garud; Investigation: Dr.
Prof. Amruta Garud, Ms. Samruddhi Purohit, Ms. Vaishnavi Shevde; Methodology: Dr. Prof. Shruti
Joshi, Dr. Prof. Amruta Garud, Prof. Surbhi Gadkari, Prof. Mandar Athavale; Visualization: Ms.
Vaishnavi Shevde; Writing – Original Draft: Ms. Samruddhi Purohit, Ms. Vaishnavi Shevde; Writing
– Review and Editing: Dr. Prof. Amruta Garud, Ms. Samruddhi Purohit, Ms. Vaishnavi Shevde. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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How to cite this article:

Purohit, S., Shevde, V., Joshi, S., Garud, A., Gadkari, S., & Athavale, M. (2024). Investigating the
Linkages Between Migration and Image of the City. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 8(1),
249-270. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2024.v8n1-14

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