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T&T CLARK HANDBOOK OF
THE EARLY CHURCH
Forthcoming titles in this series include:
T&T Clark Handbook of Christology, edited by Darren O. Sumner and Chris
Tilling
T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Prayer, edited by Ashley Cocksworth and John
C. McDowell
T&T Clark Handbook of Public Theology, edited by Christoph Hübenthal and
Christiane Alpers
T&T Clark Handbook of Election, edited by Edwin Chr. van Driel
T&T Clark Handbook of John Owen, edited by Crawford Gribben and John W.
Tweeddale
T&T Clark Handbook of Anabaptism, edited by Brian C. Brewer
T&T Clark Handbook of Modern Theology, edited by Philip G. Ziegler and R.
David Nelson
T&T Clark Handbook of the Doctrine of Creation, edited by Jason Goroncy
Titles already published include:
T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Theology and Climate Change, edited by Ernst
M. Conradie and Hilda P. Koster
T&T Clark Handbook of Political Theology, edited by Rubén Rosario Rodríguez
T&T Clark Handbook of Pneumatology, edited by Daniel Castelo and Kenneth M.
Loyer
T&T Clark Handbook of Ecclesiology, edited by Kimlyn J. Bender and D. Stephen
Long
T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Theology and the Modern Sciences, edited by
John P. Slattery
T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Ethics, edited by Tobias Winright
T&T Clark Handbook of Analytic Theology, edited by James M. Arcadi and James
T. Turner, Jr
T&T Clark Handbook of Theological Anthropology, edited by Mary Ann Hinsdale
and Stephen Okey
 T&T CLARK HANDBOOK OF
THE EARLY CHURCH

Edited by
Ilaria L. E. Ramelli, John Anthony McGuckin
and Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski
 T&T CLARK
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
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BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the T&T Clark logo are trademarks of
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First published in Great Britain 2022

Copyright © Ilaria L.E. Ramelli, John Anthony McGuckin and Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski and
contributors, 2022

Ilaria L. E. Ramelli, John Anthony McGuckin and Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski have asserted
their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as
Editors of this work.

Cover image: Christ the High Priest by Eileen McGuckin.

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Names: Ashwin-Siejkowski, Piotr, 1964- editor. | McGuckin, John Anthony, editor. |
Ramelli, Ilaria, 1973- editor.
Title: T&T Clark handbook of the early church / edited by Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski,
John Anthony McGuckin and Ilaria L.E. Ramelli.
Description: London ; New York : T&T Clark, 2021. | Series: T&T Clark handbooks |
Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2021011806 (print) |
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Classification: LCC BR165 .T27 2021 (print) | LCC BR165 (ebook) | DDC 270.1—dc23
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 CONTENTS

List of Figures viii

Notes on Contributors x
Abbreviations xx

1 Introduction: On studying the early church 1

Rowan Williams

Part I Emerging Christian identity – First century ce

2 Jewish-Christian relations: A painful split 19

Markus Vinzent

3 Graeco-Roman culture and Christians: Good neighbours? 65

Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski

4 What was the role of women in the churches? 81

Ilaria L. E. Ramelli

5 To what extent were children and slaves welcomed in the early church? 106
Ville Vuolanto

6 Disability in the early church 124

Monica Tobon

7 Eschatology in the early Christian thought-world 142

John A. McGuckin

Part II Diversity and unity in the second century

8 Christianity and Christianities 159

Mark Edwards

9 The church’s unity around the bishop: Ignatius of Antioch and

Irenaeus of Lyons 176
Allen Brent

10 Unity around a teacher: Clement and Origen of Alexandria 191

Ilaria L. E. Ramelli
vi CONTENTS

11 Diversity around a prophet: The case of Montanism 224

William Tabbernee

12 Unity around a martyr: Perpetua and Felicity 243

Sarah Parkhouse

Part III Worship and faith

13 Community and liturgy: Emerging of the Trinitarian formula baptism 261

Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski

14 The community’s commemoration of Jesus in the Eucharist 280

John A. McGuckin

15 Prayer and poetry in the early Christian community 297

Paul F. Bradshaw

16 The Christian community and its structure: Deacons, priests and bishops 312
Paul van Geest and Bart J. Koet

17 Dismissal from the clerical state and its consequences in the early church 337
Henryk Pietras

18 Graeco-Roman and Christian art in late antiquity 349

Jaś Elsner

19 The community’s hope: Soteriology in the early church 385

Robert J. Daly, SJ

Part IV Under Christian emperors

20 From the community of martyrs to the church of the empire 401

Giulio Maspero

21 Doctrine: Why were Christians obsessed with dogmas? 420

Ilaria L. E. Ramelli

22 Councils: The path towards an agreement in faith 448

Henryk Pietras

23 ‘Light from light’: The metaphysics of light of the early church 466
Isidoros Charalampos Katsos

24 The origins of monasticism 483

Tim Vivian

25 Persecution of heretics 501

Marcin Wysocki
CONTENTS vii

26 The Western church and its thought-world (major Latin Fathers) 517
John A. McGuckin

27 The Eastern church and its thought-world (major Greek Fathers) 538
John A. McGuckin

28 The Coptic church: Faithful to its roots 556

Mark Sheridan

29 The Syriac Orthodox Church 572

Saliba Er

Part V The early church and systematic theology

30 Does Jerusalem still need Athens? 597

György Geréby

31 Is the Canon of the Scriptures closed?: Recent interest in the Nag

Hammadi Codices 620
Paula Tutty

32 The early church’s developing theology of (new) creation 645

Paul M. Blowers

33 Suffering of Christ: Suffering of people 661

Stefano Salemi

34 The Church: One, holy, catholic, apostolic 676

Nicholas Sagovsky

Index 691
 FIGURES

11.1 Map showing location of Pepouza, Tymion and related sites 226
18.1 Casa dei Cubicoli floreali, Pompeii (1.9.5). Cubiculum 8,
west wall 354
18.2 Two sides of a marble altar dedicated to Isis from the Isaeum
Campense in Rome 355
18.3 Gold glass medallion depicting Jonah resting beneath the
gourd-vine358
18.4 White marble relief of Mithras killing the bull with a
dog and snake licking the blood, a scorpion at the bull’s
testicles, the sun, moon and a raven at the top, and other
accompanying figures and scenes from Mithraic mythology
to the sides 360
18.5 Dura Europos in Syria 361
18.6 Marble tomb portrait of a gallus, a priest of Cybele, in female
dress and with various cult accoutrements 362
18.7 Marble sarcophagus from Rome, showing Dionysus between
nude male personifications of the seasons and figures of Tellus
and Oceanus 363
18.8 Marble sarcophagus from Sta Maria Antiqua, Rome,
showing Jonah and the whale, a female Orant, a
reading philosopher figure, the good shepherd, the baptism
of Christ 364
18.9 Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter, Rome  366
18.10 Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter, Rome 367
18.11 Praetextatus Catacomb, Rome 368
18.12 Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from the Vatican, Rome 369
18.13 Apse mosaic from the church of Hosios David in
Thessalonike, representing Ezekiel’s vision with Christ
as its apogee (Ez. 1.4-28) 371
FIGURES ix

18.14 Detail of a relief panel from the wooden doors of the church of
St Sabina in Rome, showing one of the earliest representations
of the Crucifixion 372
18.15 Detail from an illumination in the Sinope Gospels (BN Suppl.
Gr. 1286), fol. 29r 375
 CONTRIBUTORS

Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski is a senior visiting research fellow in the Department of

Theology and Religious Studies at King’s College London. His research is focused
on Christian origins and the formation of Christian doctrine in the period from
the first to the later third century ce, particularly in the Alexandrian milieu.
Among his recent publications are ‘Clement of Alexandria’ in The Wiley Blackwell
Companion to Patristics, edited by K. Parry (2015), 84–97; ‘Creeds, Councils and
Doctrinal Development’ in The Christian Early World, edited by Ph. F. Esler (2017),
631–46; ‘Alexandria ad Aegiptum. The City That Inspired a Polyphony of Early
Christian Theologies’ in The Urban World and the First Christians (2017), 205–15;
‘The Image of the Feminine in the Gospel of Philip: An Innovative Assimilation of
Paul’s Gender Legacy in the Valentinian Milieu’, in Patterns of Women’s Leadership
in Early Christianity, edited by J. Taylor and I. Ramielli (2021), 96–108; and ‘What
Did Paul Hear in the Third Heaven? The Second-Century Christian Debate on
Paul’s Mystical Vision and Its Consequences’, in Interactions and Interpretations,
edited by J. Roskovec and V. Husek (2021), 37–49.

Paul M. Blowers (PhD, University of Notre Dame, 1988) is the Dean E. Walker
Professor of Church History and Historical Theology in the Emmanuel Christian
Seminary at Milligan University (Tennessee). A former president of the North
American Patristics Society (2008–9), Blowers is a scholar especially of Greek
and Byzantine patristics. Among his books are Visions and Faces of the Tragic: The
Mimesis of Tragedy and the Folly of Salvation in Early Christian Literature (2020),
Maximus the Confessor: Jesus Christ and the Transfiguration of the World (2016) and
Drama of the Divine Economy: Creator and Creation in Early Christian Theology
and Piety (2012). He is also the co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian
Biblical Interpretation (2019), and has edited and translated Moral Formation and
the Virtuous Life (2019) and The Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ: Selected Writings
from Maximus the Confessor (2003). Professor Blowers has published numerous
essays in journals such as Studia Patristica, Journal of Early Christian Studies, Vigiliae
Christianae, Studies in Christian Ethics, International Journal of Systematic Theology
and Modern Theology.

Paul F. Bradshaw is Emeritus Professor of Liturgy at the University of Notre Dame,

having taught there from 1985 to 2013. He received his BA and MA in theology from
the University of Cambridge and his PhD in liturgical studies from the University
of London, and in 1994 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the
University of Oxford for his published works. He has also received an honorary
CONTRIBUTORS xi

DD from the General Theological Seminary, New York. He has written or edited
more than thirty books, together with over 130 essays or articles in periodicals. His
major books include The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship (1992, 2nd ed.
2002 and translated into French, Italian, Japanese and Russian); (with Maxwell E.
Johnson) The Origins of Feasts, Fasts and Seasons in Early Christianity (2011); and
(with Anne McGowan) The Pilgrimage of Egeria (2018). He is a former president of
the North American Academy of Liturgy and of the international Societas Liturgica,
and from 1987 to 2005 he was the editor-in-chief of the scholarly journal Studia
Liturgica.

Allen Brent (MA, DD, Cantab.) is former professor of Early Christian History
and Iconography, King’s College London, on a British Academy-funded (BARDA)
project (with Markus Vinzent), ‘Early “Christian” Art and Iconography after
Dölger’. He was Visiting Professor, Augustinianum, Rome, and is a fellow of St
Edmund’s College, Cambridge. His published research focuses on the interface
between early Christianity and classical culture, with a focus on the development
of church order and non-literary epigraphic and iconographic sources for the
transformation of classical culture. He is current joint editor of Studia Patristica and
Studia Patristica Supplements with Markus Vinzent (King’s College London). His
earlier work focused on the development of church order in the Roman community
in the late second century, in particular, in Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the
Third Century: Communities in Tension before the Emergence of a Monarch-Bishop
(Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, 31: 1995). His most recent books are Ignatius
of Antioch and the Second Sophistic (2006); A Political History of Early Christianity
(2009); and Cyprian and Roman Carthage (2010).

Robert Daly S. J is Emeritus Professor of Early Christian Theology at Boston

College, Massachusetts, and a world renowned expert in Early Christian thought.
He is the author of classic and seminal studies on sacrifice (1978) and eschatology
(2009) in the early Christian communities and numerous scholarly articles on wide-
ranging matters of Catholic dogmatics. For many years he has contributed to the
international research efforts on Origen of Alexandria, and as a board member,
latterly Chair of the Board, of the Pappas Patristic Institute attached to Holy Cross
College Brookline, he has helped in providing research support in early Christianity
for many younger scholars. Among many of his publications are ‘Robert Bellarmine
and Post-Tridentine Eucharistic Theology’ in From Trent to Vatican II: Historical and
Theological Investigations, edited by Raymond F. Bulman and Frederick J. Parella
(2006), 81–101; ‘On the Biblical Concept of Creation’ in The Dialogue between
Science and Religion: What We Have Learned from One Another, edited by Patrick
H. Byrne (2005), 85–112; and ‘Eucharistic Origins: From the New Testament to the
Liturgies of the Golden Age’, in Theological Studies 66 (2005): 3–22.

Professor Mark Edwards completed his doctoral thesis (DPhil Literae Humaniores,
Oxon), ‘Plotinus and the Gnostics’, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1988. He
held a junior research fellowship in Classics at New College, Oxford, from 1989 to
xii CONTRIBUTORS

1993, and since 1993 has been University Lecturer (now Associate Professor) in the
Faculty of Theology (now Faculty of Theology and Religion) at the University of
Oxford. During this period he has held concomitantly the post of Tutor in Theology
at Christ Church, Oxford. Since 2014 he has also held the title Professor of Early
Christian Studies. His books include Neoplatonic Saints (2000), Origen against
Plato (2002), John through the Centuries (2003), Culture and Philosophy in the Age
of Plotinus (2006), Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church (2009), Image, Word
and God in the Early Christian Centuries (2012), Religions of the Constantinian
Empire (2015) and Aristotle and Early Christian Thought (2019).

Jaś Elsner FBA is Humfry Payne Senior Research Fellow in Classical Art and
Archaeology at Corpus Christi College Oxford and Professor of Late Antique Art at
the University of Oxford. He is also Visiting Professor of Art and Religion in the
University of Chicago and External Scientific Member of the Kunsthistorisches
Institut in Florenz. He was Senior Research Keeper at the British Museum from
2012 to 2018. He works on all areas of art and religion in antiquity and the early
middle ages across Europe and Western Asia, including pilgrimage, travel-writing
and the description of art in texts. His books include Art and the Roman Viewer:
The Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity (1995), Pilgrimage
Past and Present with Simon Coleman (1995), Pilgrimage in Greco-Roman and Early
Christian Antiquity: Seeing the Gods edited with Ian Rutherford (2005), Roman
Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text (2007), Saints: Faith at the Borders
edited with Françoise Meltzer (2011), Imagining the Divine: Art and the Rise of
World Religions with Stefanie Lenk and others (2017), The Art of the Roman Empire
ad100–450 (2018). His most recent edited book, Empires of Faith in Late Antiquity:
Histories of Art and Religion from India to Ireland (2020), is on the birth of the
iconographies of the religions of late antiquity across Eurasia and the historiographic
and methodological problems associated with the comparative study of this issue.

Saliba Er, born in Tur‘Abdin (Southeast Turkey), earned his bachelor’s (BA) at the
University of Chichester (2011), master’s at the University of Cardiff (2012) and PhD
at the University of Vienna 2019. Since 2016 he has been Visiting Lecturer at the
Department of Biblical Studies and Ecclesiological History, University of Salzburg.
He teaches courses on the Syriac language, the Syriac liturgy and pastoral theology.
He moved to Aleppo (Syria) in 2007, where he studied Arabic literature and served
under the omophorion of Archbishop Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim (kidnapped since
2013), and after accomplishing his studies in the UK and in Vienna, he moved
recently to Salzburg as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Salzburg. He
has published several articles about the Syriac liturgy and sacramental theology.

Paul van Geest is Professor of Church History and the History of Theology in Tilburg
University (2007); Professor of Economy and Theology at Erasmus University,
Rotterdam (2018); and Visiting Professor of Theology at Leuven’s Catholic
University (2019). He obtained his doctorate in philology at Leiden University
(1986), his STL at the Pontifical Gregorian University (1991) and his PhD at
CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Utrecht (1996). After a senior research fellowship in the Netherlands (NWO), he

was appointed to the endowed chair of Augustinian Studies at Utrecht (2001) and
at VU University, Amsterdam (2006). In 2007 he became Full Professor at Tilburg
University, and from 2008 to 2020 he was the director of the Centre for Patristic
Studies (Tilburg and VU). In 2010 he was appointed Pro-Decanus of the Theological
Faculty at Tilburg. He has been Visiting Professor at several universities and is
a member of the Royal Dutch Society of Sciences and Humanities, as well as a
member of the Pontifical Academy of Theology. He is the editor-in-chief of the Brill
Encyclopedia of Early Christianity and Brill Studies in Catholic Theology. He has
published and edited more than twenty books, including The Incomprehensibility of
God: Augustine as a Negative Theologian (2010) and has numerous studies in such
publications as Journal of Early Christianity, Augustinian Studies, Augustinianum,
Augustiniana, Gregorianum and Revue d’Etudes Augustiniennes.

György Geréby is Associate Professor at the Medieval Studies Deparment in Central

European University, Vienna-Budapest. He delivered the Isaiah Berlin lectures, Oxford,
2018, and has been a Keeley visiting fellow, Wadham College, Oxford, 2013/14 and
a Fulbright teaching fellow at Rutgers University, 2004. Areas of specialization
are the history of late antique and medieval philosophy and theology, including
political theology. Recent articles include, ‘The Nation, the Nations, and the
Third Nation: The Political Essence of Early Christianity’, in Theology and World
Politics Metaphysics, Genealogies, Political Theologies, edited by Vassilios Paipais
(2020), 181–210; ‘The Angels of the Nations: Is National Christianity Possible?’ in
Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and
Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday,
2 vols., edited by Tamás A. Bács, Ádám Bollók and Tivadar Vida (2019), 819–
48; ‘A Supremely Idle Question? Issues of the Beatific Vision Debate between
1331–1336’, Przegląd Tomistyczny 24 (2018): 487–529; ‘Hidden Themes in
Fourteenth-Century Byzantine and Latin Theological Debates: Monarchianism
and Crypto-Dyophysitism’, in Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204–1500,
edited by Martin Hinterberger and Chris Schabel (2011), 183–211; and ‘Political
Theology versus Theological Politics: Erik Peterson and Carl Schmitt’, in New
German Critique 105 (2008): 7–33.

Fr. Isidoros (Charalampos) Katsos, born in Athens, read Theology in Athens (BTh
Hons) and Philosophy of Religion at Cambridge (MPhil), where he obtained his
PhD (Cantab.) under the supervision of Rowan Williams. He is a Greek-Orthodox
priest bearing the rank of Archimandrite. Prior to his ordination he studied
extensively Law in Athens (LLB), Paris (LLM) and Berlin (PhD, Freie Universität)
and worked as a lawyer (Athens Bar; European Commission). He is Postdoctoral
Fellow at the Center for the Study of Christianity, Hebrew University (Jerusalem);
Research Associate at the VHI, St Edmund’s College (Cambridge); and Fellow of
the Centre for the Study of Platonism (Cambridge). His research interests are on the
intersection of philosophy and theology, with a focus on ancient sources (the theology
of the early Church; late antique philosophy and hermeneutics; and Greek patristics). In
xiv CONTRIBUTORS

addition, his research engages with contemporary debates pertaining to the analytic-
continental divide, constructions of the person and the theological justification of
human rights. He is currently preparing a monograph on ‘The Metaphysics of Light
in the Hexaemeral Literature’.

Bart J. Koet is ordinary professor of New Testament and extraordinary professor of

Early Christian literature and Dean of Research at the Catholic Faculty of Theology
at Tilburg University. He read theology and biblical exegesis in Amsterdam and
Rome and philosophy in Amsterdam and has taught at several universities in the
Netherlands and at the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany. He is the chairman
of the Dutch/Belgian Studiosorum Novi Testamenti Conventus and Director of
the Centre for the Study of Early Christianity (Netherlands; Free University and
Tilburg University). His research focuses on the interpretation of Scripture and the
phenomenon of dreams; see, for example, Bart J. Koet, Dreams and Scripture in
Luke-Acts: Collected Essays and Idem (ed.), Dreams as Divine Communication in
Christianity: From Hermas to Aquinas. He also writes about leadership and ministry
in the early church; see, for example, The Go-Between: Augustine on Deacons
(2019), and Bart J. Koet, Edwina Murphy and Esko Ryökäs (eds), Deacons and
Diakonia in Early Christianity: The First Two Centuries (2018).

Giulio Maspero is Full Professor at the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical

University of Holy Cross (Rome). He is member of the Association Internationale des
Etudes Patristiques (AIEP) and a full member of the Pontifical Academy of Theology
(PATH). He has published mainly on Gregory of Nyssa, Trinitarian theology and
the relationship between philosophy and theology. In particular, he has published
Trinity and Man (2007) and has directed, together with L. F. Mateo-Seco, The
Brill Dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa (2009) and, together with R. Wozniak, Re-
thinking Trinitarian Theology (2012). His most recent monographs are Uno perché
trino (2011), Essere e relazione (2013) and Dio trino perché vivo (2018), the latter
devoted to the pneumatology of the Greek Fathers. He also edited with Pierpaolo
Donati and Antonio Malo the volume Social Science, Philosophy and Theology in
Dialogue (2019).

The Very Revd. John A. McGuckin is currently a professor in the Faculty of Theology
at the University of Oxford and the Nielsen Emeritus Professor of Church History at
UTS and Columbia University, New York. He is an orthodox archpriest and rector
of St Gregory’s Chapel in St Anne’s on Sea. He has taught in many universities,
as Visiting Distinguished Professor or as Visiting Scholar, including Kiev, Sibiu,
Bucharest, Oslo, Iasi, Cambridge, Belfast, Oxford, Yale, Sydney and Moscow. He
was elected a fellow of the British Royal Society of Arts in 1986 and a fellow of
the Royal Historical Society in 1996, and was the Luce Fellow in Early Christianity
in 2006. In 2008 he was awarded the Order of St Stephen the Great, the Cross of
Moldavia and Bukovina, by the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. He is
the recipient of Honorary Doctorates from St Vladimir’s Orthodox School in New
York (2013) and from the University of Sibiu in Romania (2014). He has written
CONTRIBUTORS xv

thirty-one books and over 150 research articles in scholarly journals. The central
focus of his work has revolved around the thought of the Christian Fathers, the
Byzantine mystical writers, and the culture of the Eastern Church.

Sarah Parkhouse is a British academy postdoctoral fellow at King’s College London.

She specializes in early Christianity and is particularly interested in Coptic apocrypha
in the local contexts of Egypt and North Africa. She has held research posts at
Australian Catholic University (ACU), Melbourne, and the Warburg Institute,
London, after completing a PhD at Durham University in 2017. Her publications
include articles and chapters on early Christian gospel texts, Coptic literature and
gender in early Christian literature, and a monograph titled Eschatology and the
Saviour: The Gospel of Mary among Early Christian Dialogue Gospels (2019).

Henryk Pietras SJ is Professor of Patrology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in

Rome and at the Collegium Bobolanum in Warsaw. His recent publications include
Acta synodalia a. 553-600, Synodi et Collectiones Legum XII (2020); Escatologia
patristica. Alcuni tratti, PATH 18 (2019): 269–89; ‘La speranza escatologica di
Origene’, in Nadzieje upadającego świata. Nadzieja w chrześcijańskiej epistolografii
łacińskiej IV i V wieku (Ambroży, Augustyn, Hieronim, Paulin z Noli), M. Wysocki et al.
(eds), (2019), 199–216; ‘Leone Magno retractavit? Il cambiamento del linguaggio
cristologico del papa dopo il concilio di Calcedonia’, OCP 84, no. 1 (2018): 82–97;
‘La guerra di Costantinopoli. La posizione politico dottrinale dei vescovi alessandrini
dopo il Concilio di Calcedonia’, OCP 82 (2016): 307–51; Council of Nicaea (325):
Religious and Political Context, Documents, Commentaries, trad. M. Fijak, 2016.

Professor Ilaria L. E. Ramelli, FRHistS, holds two MAs, a PhD, a doctorate h.c.,
a postdoctorate and various habilitations to Ordinarius. She has been Professor of
Roman History, Senior Visiting Professor of Greek Thought at Harvard and Boston
University, of Church History at Columbia and of Religion at Erfurt MWK, Full
Professor of Theology and Endowed Chair at the Angelicum, and Senior Fellow
at Durham University (twice), at Princeton (2017–), at Sacred Heart University
and at both Corpus Christi and Christ Church in Oxford. She is also a senior
member of the Centre for the Study of Platonism at the University of Cambridge
a Humboldt Forschungspreis fellow at Erfurt, MWK, elected Senior Fellow at
Bonn University and Professor of Theology (Durham University, hon.) and of
Patristics and Church History (KUL). Her recent books include The Christian
Doctrine of Apokatastasis (2013), Evagrius’ Kephalaia Gnostika (2015), The Role
of Religion in Shaping Narrative Forms (2015), Social Justice and the Legitimacy
of Slavery (2016), Evagrius, the Cappadocians, and Neoplatonism (edited,
2017), Bardaisan of Edessa (2019), Patterns of Women’s Leadership in Ancient
Christianity with J. Taylor (2021), Lovers of the Soul, Lovers of the Body (co-edited,
2021) and Eriugena’s Christian Neoplatonism and Its Sources (edited, forthcoming).

Nichlas Sagovsky is a visiting professor at King’s College London. He has held

professorial posts at the University of Roehampton, University of Liverpool
xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Hope, Newcastle University and Durham University, and taught Theology at the
University of Cambridge where he was Dean of Clare College. From 2004 to 2011,
he was Canon Theologian at Westminster Abbey. He is the author of a number of
articles and books on ecumenism, ecclesiology and social justice, including Christian
Tradition and the Practice of Justice (2009) and Ecumenism, Christian Origins and
the Practice of Communion (2000). With Peter McGrail, he co-edited Together for
the Common Good (2015). He has been a member of the Anglican-Roman Catholic
International Commission (1991–2017) and the Inter-Anglican Theological and
Doctrinal Commission (2001–8). He is a member of the Malines Conversations
Group, an informal international Anglican-Roman Catholic Ecumenical Group.

Stefano Salemi (University of Oxford) read theology and biblical studies in Italy,
Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom. He has been a postdoctoral fellow
at Harvard and held visiting scholar and research fellow posts at Yale, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Oxford, Sheffield and more. His interests lie broadly in
biblical studies, biblical languages and also theology. He is particularly interested in
intertextual studies, use-reception-transformation of the Hebrew Bible in the New
Testament, biblical languages and semantics, biblical and systematic theology (esp.
Christology), reception history, exegesis and Scriptural hermeneutics. In addition to
various standing research grants and positions, he currently teaches in biblical and
theological studies at the University of Oxford. He has taught also at King’s College
London, the University of London, the University of Chichester and elsewhere.
Besides various articles and chapters, he authored a book on Christ’s death and
Passion narrative in John’s Gospel and Early Christianity (2014), and on Hebrew
semantics and theology in Ezekiel (2021). He has currently several contributions
in contract in the field of biblical studies, early Christianity, theology, linguistic and
textual studies.

The Revd. Professor Mark Sheridan, OSB, is a Benedictine monk. Born in

Washington, DC, USA, he received the degree of AB in Philosophy from
Georgetown University (1960), the Licentiate in Sacred Theology (STL) from the
Catholic University of America (1966), the Licentiate in Sacred Scripture (SSL)
from the Pontifical Biblical Institute (1971) and his PhD in Coptic Language
and Literature from Catholic University of America (1990). In 1982 he took up
residence in Rome and served there as the Prior of the Collegio S. Anselmo, Dean
of the Faculty of Theology and Rector Magnificus of the Pontifical Athenaeum
San Anselmo. He has been a member of the International Joint Commission for
Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Oriental
Orthodox Churches since 2004. He first visited the Holy Land in 1971, but in
2010 he moved there to become a monk of the Jerusalem Dormition monastery
and resident of Bethlehem. He is a world-leading expert in Monastic and Coptic
culture, among his many publications are Rufus of Shotep: Homilies on the Gospels
of Matthew and Luke. Introduction, Text, Translation, Commentary (1998) and
From the Nile to the Rhone and Beyond: Studies in Early Monastic Literature and
Scriptural Interpretation. Studia Anselmiana, 156 (2012).
CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Professor William Tabbernee, PhD, LittD, DD, was President and Stephen J. England
Distinguished Professor of the History of Christianity at Phillips Theological
Seminary in Tulsa, Oklahoma, until his retirement. Most recently he has taught in
the Religious Studies Department of the University of Oklahoma. He is a fellow
of the Melbourne College of Divinity and a past president of the North American
Patristics Society. His scholarship and extensive publications focus on the history,
archaeology and epigraphy of Montanism in Asia Minor and North Africa. His
latest book is Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration across Cultures and
Continents (2014).

Monica Tobon has a BA in Philosophy and an MA and PhD in Classics, all from
University College London, where she holds an honorary research fellowship in
the Department of Greek and Latin. She lectured in Philosophy and the History of
Christian Spirituality at the Franciscan International Study Centre in Canterbury,
UK, from 2010 until its closure in 2017, since when she has worked mainly on
her first monograph, Apatheia and Anthropology in Evagrius of Pontus (2021). In
addition to Evagrius her research interests include the Alexandrian and Cappadocian
fathers, Plato, Cassian, Boethius, eco-theology, and philosophical and theological
anthropology. As well as intersecting the latter domains, her interest in disability
studies is motivated and informed by her own experience of disability. She has
previously published on Evagrius, Dionysius the Areopagite, Bonaventure, and
Daoism, and in addition to completing her monograph she is currently working on
Evagrius and Dionysius and supervising a graduate student at the Polis Institute in
Jerusalem. She lives with her cats as part of the extended family of the Benedictine
Nuns of St Mildred’s Priory, Minster Abbey, Kent.

Paula Tutty is a visiting research fellow at the Faculty of Theology at the

University of Oslo where she works in collaboration with the ERC-funded project,
‘Storyworlds in Transition: Coptic Apocrypha in Changing Contexts in the
Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (APOCRYPHA)’. She holds an MA in Coptic
Studies from Macquarie University and a PhD in Early Christianity from UiO
(Oslo). Working extensively with Greek and Coptic documentary papyri, she has
researched fourth-century Egyptian monastic letter collections and the insights
they can give into the embryonic monastic movement as it evolved in late antique
Egypt. Her PhD thesis, entitled ‘The Monks of Nag Hammadi: Contextualising
a Fourth Century Monastic Community’, explores one early monastic letter
collection from Upper Egypt that was discovered within the covers of the Nag
Hammadi Codices. Paula’s recent work includes a study of the interconnections
that exist between Coptic religious literature and various hagiographical writings.
Her publications include The Political and Philanthropic Role of Monastic Figures
and Monasteries as Revealed in Fourth-Century Coptic and Greek Correspondence
SP XCI, vol. 17 (2017): 353–63 and ‘Books of the Dead or Books with the Dead:
Interpreting Book Depositions in Late Antique Egypt’, in The Nag Hammadi
Codices and Late Antique Egypt (STAC 110), edited by H. Lundhaug and L. Jenott
(2018), 287–328.
xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Rowan Williams studied and taught theology at the University of Cambridge and the
University of Oxford before becoming Bishop of Monmouth in 1992 and Archbishop
of Canterbury from 2002 to 2012. He has recently retired from the Mastership of
Magdalene College, Cambridge. He has written widely on early Christian thought
and spiritual practice, including Arius: Heresy and Tradition (2002), as well as an
edition of John Henry Newman’s monograph: The Arians of the Fourth Century.
He has also published a collection of essays on Augustine and several studies of early
monastic writers.

Rev. Dr hab. Marcin Wysocki, is Professor in the University of Lublin (KUL) and
a priest of the Archdiocese of Warmia. He graduated from John Paul II Catholic
University of Lublin in Classics and Patrology (PhD in Theology-Patrology, MA in
the Classics, Habilitation in the Classics), and after his doctorate has been a member
of the Lublin faculty, becoming a full professor in 2018 in the Institute of Church
History and Patrology. His research interests include Early Christian eschatology,
relations between persecutions and the development of Christian doctrine, the
aretology of the Church Fathers and fourth- to fifth-century Latin Christian
epistolography. He is a member of the Polish Theological Society, the KUL Scientific
Society, the North American Patristic Society, the Patristic Section of the Polish
Episcopal Conference and the International Association of Patristic Studies (AIEP)
He is the author of over 200 scientific articles and encyclopedia entries.

Markus Vinzent is Professor of Church History with a special focus on Early

Christianity, Patristics and the Middle Ages at King’s College London and is a
fellow of the Max-Weber-Centre for Social and Cultural Studies at Erfurt University,
Germany. He studied Philosophy, Theology, Jewish Studies, Ancient History and
Archaeology at the Universities of Eichstaett, Paris, Munich and Heidelberg. He has
worked and published for several years on the beginnings of Christianity, particularly
on its development during the second century, but also on the creeds, the fourth
and fifth-century theologies. He has researched the Neo-Platonic tradition from
the fourth century to Friedrich Hölderlin in the nineteenth century: taking a special
interest in Meister Eckhart (early fourteenth century). Among his many books
and research articles is Writing the History of Early Christianity (2019), a critical
reflection on historiographical methodology, applied to several case studies from
the second century.

Tim Vivian is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at California State University

Bakersfield and a retired priest in the Episcopal Church. He received a BA in English
(UC Santa Barbara), an MA in American Literature (Cal Poly San Luis Obispo),
an MA in Comparative Literature (Greek, Latin, German and Spanish) (UC Santa
Barbara), an interdisciplinary PhD (History, Classics and Religious Studies) (UC
Santa Barbara) and an MDiv (CDSP). For his scholarship and work for social justice,
in 2018 he received a honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the Church Divinity
School of the Pacific (CDSP, Episcopal). Professor Vivian is the author of numerous
books, articles and book reviews on early Christian monasticism; most recently he
CONTRIBUTORS xix

has published Sayings and Stories of the Desert Fathers and Mothers (2021) and, with
Maged S. A. Mikhail, he is editor and translator of The Life of Bishoi: The Greek,
Arabic, Syriac, and Ge’ez (Ethiopic) Lives (2021). He has published two books of
poems: Other Voices, Other Rooms: Reflections on Scripture (2020) and Poems
Written in a Time of Plague: Further Reflections on Scripture (2020).

Ville Vuolanto is Senior Lecturer in history and Latin language at Tampere University,
Finland. He has specialized in the history of children, studying the social and cultural
history of families in Roman, early Christian and late antique contexts. In many of
his journal articles and book chapters he has integrated the perspectives of sociology
(especially on agency, experience and life strategies) into the study of ancient history,
paying special attention to issues of gender and age, social status, as well as the
interplay of ideological changes and everyday life. Ascetics, grandparents and the
city of Oxyrhynchos are also near to his heart professionally. His publications
include Children and Asceticism in Late Antiquity: Continuity, Family Dynamics
and the Rise of Christianity (2015).
 ABBREVIATIONS

ANCIENT SOURCES
Acta Synodalia (ab anno 431 ad annum 504)
Acta Synodalia (ab anno 50 ad annum 381)

App. IX Appendix IX: Epistula Constantini imperatoris ad episcopos

et plebem Africae, ut donatistas tolerant (A.D. 321). (The
Emperor Constantine’s letter to bishop and people of Africa on
toleration to be granted to Donatists)
App. X Appendix X: Rescriptum Constantini ad episcopos numidas ubi
haeretici tulerunt basilicas a catholicis ut ad aliam basilicam
faciendam sibi locum vel domum eis dent (A.D. 330) (Rescript
of Constantine to the Bishops of Numidia)
ATh Acta Theclae (Acts of Thecla)
Ambrose of Milan
Com. Luc. Commentarium in Evangelium Lucae (Commentary on the
Gospel of Luke)
De ob De obitu Theodosii (the Funeral oration for Theodosius)
Enn.Pss. Ennarationes in Psalmos. (Discourses on the Psalms)
Ep. Epistulae (Letters)
Ex.Luc Expositio in Lucam (Explanations on the Gospel of Luke)
Exp. Ps. Explanatio Psalmi (Explanation of the Psalms)
Exp​.ps​.​118 Expositio in Psalmum David CXVIII (Homilies of Saint
Ambrose on Psalm 118 (119))
Fid De fide (On the faith)
Hex Hexaemeron (Commentary on the six days of Creation)
Sacr De Sacramentis (On the Sacraments)
Spir De Spiritu Sancto (On the Holy Spirit)
Ambrosiaster
QVNT Quaestiones Veteris et Noui Testamenti (Questions on the Old
and New Testaments)
Anastasius of Sinai
Hex Hexaemeron (Commentary on the six days of Creation)
Anaxagoras
Ph Physica (Physics)
ABBREVIATIONS xxi

Andrew of Caesarea
Com.Ap Commentarius In Apocalypsin (Commentary on the
Apocalypse)
Anonim
Haer De haeresibus (On Heresies)
Praed Praedestinatus (Predestined)
Apoph Apophthegmata Patrum (Apophthegms of the Fathers)
Apuleius
Met Metamorphoses/Asinus Aureus (The Golden Ass)
Aristeas
Ep.Arist Epistula Aristeas (Epistle of Aristeas)
Aristotle
Metaph Metaphysica (Metaphysics)
Ph Physica (Physics)
Pol. Politica (Politics)
Rhet Rhetorica (Rhetorics)
Arnim, H. von (ed)
SVF Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
Athanasius of Alexandria
Apol​.se​c. Apologia secunda contra Arianos (Second Apology against the
Arians)
decr. De decretis Nicaenae synodi (On the Decrees of the Synod of
Nicaea)
Ep. VIII Epistula VIII (Letter of Eusebius 8)
Ep. Marc. Epistula ad Marcellinum (Letter to Marcellinus on the Psalms)
Gent Contra Gentes (Against the Heathen)
Inc De Incarnatione Verbi Dei (On the Incarnation of God the
Word)
Syn. De synodis Arimini in Italia et Seleuciae in Isauria (On the
Synods of Arminium and Seleucia)
Tom Tomus ad Antiochenos (Tome to the Antiochenes)
Athenagoras of Athens
Leg Legatio pro Christianis (A Plea for the Christians)
Augustine
Adv.Man De Genesi adversus Manicheos (On Genesis against Manichees)
Brev. col. Breviculus collatio cum Donatistis (A Summary of the meeting
with Donatists)
Cath. Ad catholicos fratres (To Catholic Members of the Church)
c. Adim Contra Adimantum Manichei discipulum (Against Adimantus, a
Disciple of Mani)
c. Cres. Contra Cresconium (Against Cresconius)
xxii ABBREVIATIONS

c. litt. Pet Contra litteras Petiliani (Agains the Letters of Petilianus)

c​.sec​.Iul​.​imp. Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem opus imperfectum.
(Unfinished Work Against Julian's Second Response)
Civ De Civitate Dei (The City of God)
Conf Confessiones (Confessions)
Cresc. Ad Cresconium grammaticum partis Donatis (to Cresconius, a
Donatist Grammarian)
Doc. De Doctrina Christiana (Concerning Christian Doctrine)
Ench. Enchiridion (Handbook of Doctrine)
En. Ps Enarrationes in Psalmos (Discourses on the Psalms)
Ep. Cath. Epistula ad Catholicos (Letter to the Catholics)
Ex. Prop. Rom Expositio quarundam propositionum ex epistula apostoli ad
Romanos (Commentary on Statements in the Letter to Romans)
Gn​.li​tt De Genesi ad litteram (On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis)
In Io.Ev.tr In Evangelium Joannis Tractatus (Tractates on the Gospel of John)
Jo.Tr Joannis evangelium tractatus (Tractates on the Gospel of John)
pecc. mer. De peccatorum meritis (On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins)
Serm Sermones (Sermons)
Trin De Trinitate (On the Trinity)
Barnabas
Barn. Epistle of Barnabas
Basil the Great
Adv.Eunom. Adversus Eunomium (Against Eunomius)
EpD Epistulae de decretis (Canonical Letters)
Hom Homiliae (Homilies)
Hom.Hex Homiliae in hexaemeron (Homilies on the Six days of Creation)
Hom.Jul Homilia in martyrem Julittam (Homily on the Martyr Julitta)
Hom. Ps. Homiliae in Psalmos (Homilies on the Psalms)
Spir De Spiritu Sancto (On the Holy Spirit)
Caesarius of Arles
Serm Sermones (Sermons)
Cassiodorus
Chr. Chronica (Chronicles)
Boetius
DeCon De consolatione philosophiae (The Consolation of Philosophy)
Celsus
AL. Alêthês Logos (The True Doctrine)
C-E.HET Cassiodori-Epiphanii Historia Ecclesiastica Tripartita (The
Tripartite Ecclesiastical History of Cassiodorus-Epiphanius.)
Cicero
DeLeg. De Legibus. (On the Laws)
Flac. Pro Flacco (In defence of Flaccus)
ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

Clement of Alexandria
ExTh Excerpta ex Theodoto (Excerpts from Theodotus)
Paed Paedagogus (the Instructor)
Protrep Protrepticus (Exhortation to the Greeks)
Strom Stromateis (Miscellanies)
Quis Dives Quis Dives Salvetur (Who is the Rich Man that is being
saved?)
Cod. Thds. Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code)
Const. Ap. Constitutiones Apostolorum (Apostolic Constitutions)
Const. Ep. Constantine’s Letter to Alexander the Bishop, and Arius the
Presbyter
Const. Ep. Eccl. Constantine’s Letter to the Churches Respecting the Council
at Nicaea
Clement of Rome
1Clem First Letter to the Corinthians
Cyprian of Carthage
Ep Epistulae (Letters)
Laps De Lapsis (On the Lapsed)
Unit. Eccl De unitate ecclesiae (On the Unity of the Church)
Cyril of Alexandria
Com.Jo Commentarius in Joannis Evangelium (Commentary on John)
Glaph.Ex Glaphyra in Exodum (Glaphyra – Elegant Comments – on
Exodus)
Cyril of Jerusalem
Catech. Catecheses (Catechetical Lectures)
Decretum Decretum Gratiani (The Law Book of Gratian)
Did Didache (The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)
Didas Didascalia Apostolorum (The Teachings of the Apostles)
Diogenes Laertius
VP Vitae Philosophorum (Lives of the Philosophers)
Nat De natura (On Nature)
Egeria
It Itinerarium Egeriae (The Pilgrimage of Egeria)
Ephrem the Syrian
ComGen Commentarius in Genesim (Commentary on Genesis)
Hymn Hymnus contra haereses (The Song against heresies)
Epictetus
Disc Epiktētou diatribai (Discourses)
Epiphanius of Salamis
Pan. Panarion (Treasure Chest: Against Eighty Heresies)
xxiv ABBREVIATIONS

Eunomius
Ap. Apologiae (Apologies)
Eusebius of Caesarea
ComPss. Commentarius in Psalmos (Commentary on Psalms)
Con.Marc. Contra Marcellum (Against Marcellus)
Dem.Ev. Demonstratio evangelica (Demonstration (Proof) of the Gospel)
Ec.Th. De ecclesiae theologia (On Church Theology)
Ep. Caes. Epistula Caesarianis (Letter to the Caesareans)
HE. Historia ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History)
LCons Laus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine)
Mart.Pal. De martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine)
Praep.Ev. Praeparatio evangelica (The Preparation of the Gospel)
V.C. De vita Constantini (Life of Constantine)
Eusebius of Emesa
ComGen Commentarius in Genesim (Commentary on Genesis)
Evagrius of Pontus
Cap. grad. Capitula per gradus quosdam desposita consequential (Thirty
Three Ordered Chapters)
Cap. Orat. Capitula de Oratione (Chapters on Prayer)
Eul. Ad Eulogium (To Eulogius on the Confession of Thoughts)
Keph. Gn. Kephalaia Gnostica (Gnostic Chapters)
Prakt. Praktikos (One Hundred Practical Chapters)
Re​.mon​.r​at. Rerum monachalium rationes (On Thoughts)
Sent. virg. Sententiae ad virgines (Advice to Virgins)
Evagrius Scholasticus
HE. Historia ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History)
Galen
Diff. Puls. De Differentiis Pulsuum (On the variety of the pulses)
Ord. libr. De ordine librorum proprio (On the Order of my own Books)
Georgius Monachus
Chr. Chronicon (Chronicle)
Gelasius of Cyzicus
HE. Historia ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History)
Gnostikos Gnostic Treatise (Sources Chrétiennes, 356)
Gregory of Nazianzus
Epig Epig. Epigrammata (Epigrams)
Or Orationes (Orations)
Gregory of Nyssa
Cant Commentarii in Canticum Canticorum (Commentary on the
Song of Songs)
ABBREVIATIONS xxv

Contra Eunom Contra Eunomium (Against Eunomius)

De am. paup. De amore pauperorum (On the Love of the Poor)
De hom opif De hominis opificio (On the creation of the human being)
Ep Epistulae (Epistles)
Exp​.h​ex Explicatio apologetica in hexaemeron (The Apology on the
Hexameron)
Maced Adversus Macedonianos (Against Macedonians)
Or. Catech Orationes Catecheticae (Catechetical Orations)
VMos De vita Moysis (The Life of Moses)
Gregory Thamamaturgus
Pan. Panegyris. (Panegyric Addressed to Origen)
Hermas
Shep The Shepherd
Hierocles
Prov De providentia (On Providence)
Hilary of Poitiers
Syn. De synodis seu de fide orientalium (On the Councils)
Frg. His. Fragmenta historica - Collectio antiariana Parisiana (Parisian
Anti-Arian Collection)
Trin. De Trinitate (On the Trinity)
Hippolytus of Rome
Antichr. De Christo et antichristo (On Christ and Antichrist)
Ben. Jac. De Benedictione Jacobi (On the Blessings of Isaac, Jacob, and
Moses)
Haer. Refutatio omnium haeresium (Refutation of All Heresies)
Trad.Ap. Traditio Apostolica (Apostolic Tradition)
Ignatius of Antioch
Eph Letter to the Ephesians
Mag Letter to Magnesians
Phil Lettter to the Philippians
Rom Letter to the Romans
Smyrn Letter to the Smyrnaeans
Trall Letter to the Trallians
Irenaeus of Lyons
Haer. Adversus Haereses (Against Heresies)
Dem. Demonstratio apostolicae praedicationis (The Demonstration
of the Apostolic Preaching) (also known as Epideixis)
Jacob of Sarug
Hex Hexaemeron (Commentary on the six days of Creation)
xxvi ABBREVIATIONS

Jerome
De Vir. Ill. De Viris Illustribus (Lives of Illustrious men)
Ep Epistulae (Letters)
John Cassian
Conf Conferences
John Chrysostom
Adv. Iud Adversus Iudaeos (Orations Against the Jews)
Catech. Catecheses (Catechetical Homilies)
Exp.Ps. Expositio in psalmum (Exposition of the Psalms)
H. in 1 Tim. Homiliae in epistulam primam ad Timotheum (Homilies on 1st
Timothy)
H.in Col. Homiliae in Colossenses (Homilies on the Epistle to the
Colossians)
H.in Matth. Homilae in Matthaeum (Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew)
H.in Rom. Homiliae in epistulam ad Romanos. (Homilies on the Epistle to
the Romans)
Sac De sacerdotio (On the Priesthood)
John of Damascus
Fide De fide orthodoxa (On the Orthodox Faith)
Haer. De haeresibus (On Heresies)
John Scotus Eriugena
Periph Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature)
Josephus
AJ Antiquitates Judaicae (Jewish Antiquities)
BJ De Bello Judaico (On the Jewish War)
Julius Firmicus Maternus
Error On the Error of the Pagan Religions
Justin Martyr
1 Apol. 1 Apologia (1st Apology)
2 Apol. 2 Apologia (2nd Apology)
Dial. Dialogue with Trypho
Justinian
cod. Codex Iustinianus (The Codex of Justinian)
Juvenal
Sat. Satires
Lactantius
Epit. Epitoma (Epitome)
Inst. Divinae Institutiones (Divine Institutes)
Mort. De mortibus persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors)
ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

Leo I
Ep. XV Epistula XV ad Turribium (Letter to Turribius)
Leontius of Byzantium
Nes Contra Nestorianos (Against Nestorians)
Lib. Pont. Liber Pontificalis (Book of Pontiffs)
Libellus sinodicus
Liberatus
Brev. Breviarium (Breviary)
Lucretius
Rerum De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things)
LXX The Septuagint
Marcellinus Comes
Chr. Chronicon (Chronicle)
Marcus Aurelius
Med. Meditationes (Meditations)
Marius Victorinus
Ep.Eph In epistolam Pauli ad Ephesios (Commentary on the Letter to
the Ephesians)
Maximus the Confessor
Ambig. Io. Ambigua ad Johannem (Exposition to John of Difficult Passages
in the Fathers)
Ambig. Th. Ambigua ad Thomam (Exposition to Thomas of Difficult
Passages in the Fathers)
ExOr Expositio orationis dominicae (Explanation of the Lord’s
Prayer)
Mystagog Mystagogia (Mystagogy)
Schol.CH. Scholia in librum Dionysii Areopagiti de caelesti hierarchia .
(Scholia on Dionysius the Areopagite’s Celestial Hierarchy)
Schol. EH Scholia in librum Dionysii Areopagiti de ecclesiastica hierarchia .
(Scholia on Dionysius the Areopagite’s Ecclesiastical Hierarchy)
QTh Quaestiones ad Thalassium (Questions of Thalassius)
Methodius of Olympus
Symp. Symposium eu Convivium Virginum (Symposium on Virginity)
Minucius Felix
Oct. Octavius
Musonius Rufus
Disc. Discourses
xxviii ABBREVIATIONS

Nag Hammadi Library

The Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, III, 2; IV, 2
the Gospel of Philip, II, 3
Nestorius of Constantinople
Lib. Heracl. Liber Heraclidis (Book of Heracleides)
Niceta of Remesiana
Psal.B De psalmodiae bono (On the Utility of Psalmody)
Oecumenius
Com.Ap Commentarius In Apocalypsin (Commentary on the
Apocalypse)
Optatus
C. Parm. Contra Parmenianum Donatistam (Against Permenianus the
Donatist)
Origen
Cant Commentarii in Cantica Canticorum (Exposition of the Songs
of Solomon)
Cels. Contra Celsum (Against Celsus)
Com. Gen Commentarii in Genesim (Commentary on Genesis)
Com. Joh Commentarii in Ioannem (Commentary on the Gospel of John)
Com. Matt. Commentarii in Matthaeum. (Commentary on the Gospel of
Matthew)
Com. Rom Commentarii in Epistulam ad Romanons (Commentary on the
Letter to the Romans)
Ex.M Exhortatio ad martyrium (Exhortation to Martyrdom)
Frag.Luc Fragmenta in Lucam (Fragments of the Commentary on the
Gospel of Luke)
Heracl Dialogue with Heracleides
Hom Ex Homiliae in Exodum (Homilies on Exodus)
Hom.Ezek. Homiliae in Ezecheliem (Homilies on Ezekiel)
Hom.Gen Homiliae in Genesim (Homilies on Genesis)
Hom.Jer. Homiliae in Jeremiam (Homilies on Jeremiah)
Hom. Jos Homiliae in Librum Jesu Nave. (Homilies on Joshua)
Hom. Lev Homiliae in Leviticum (Homilies on Leviticius)
Hom.Luc Homiliae in Evangelium Lucae (Homilies on The Gospel of
Luke)
Hom.Num Homiliae in Numeros (Homilies on Numbers)
Hom.Ps Homiliae in Psalmos (Homilies on selected Psalms)
Mart Exhortatio ad Martyrum (Exhortation to Martyrdom)
PEuch Peri Euches (On Prayer)
Princ De Principiis (On First Principles)
Ser.Com.Matt Series commentariorum in matthaeum (Series of Commentaries
on Matthew)
ABBREVIATIONS xxix

Palladius of Helenopolis
Dial. Dialogus de vita Sancti Johannis Chrysostomi. (Dialogue on the
Life of St. John Chrysostom)
Pamphilus
Apol. Apologia (Apology)
Passio Donati The Passion of Donatus
Pass. Mar Passio Marculi (The Passion of Marculus)
Pass. Max Passio Maximiani et Isaac (The Passion of Maximian and Isaac)
Peter Chrysologus
Serm Sermones (Sermons)
Philo of Alexandria
Congr De congressu quaerendae eruditionis gratia (On The Preliminary
Studies)
Decal De Decalogo (On the Decalogue)
Heres Quis rerum divinarum heres sit? (Who Inherits Divine Blessings?)
Prov. De providentia (On Providence)
Vit. Cont De vita contemplativa (On the Contemplative Life)
Plato
Cri Crito
Gorg. Gorgias
Philb Philebus
Plt Politicus (The Statesman)
Rep. Respublica (The Republic)
Symp Symposium
Ti Timaeus
Pliny the Younger
Ep Epistulae (Letters)
Polycarp
Frg. Fragmenta (Fragments)
Phil Letter to the Philippians
Porphyry
Abst. De abstinentia (On abstinence from animal food)
Adv.Ch. Adversus Christianos (Against the Christians)
VP Vita Plotini (Life of Plotinus)
Proclus
ET Elementa Theologiae (The Elements of Theology)
in Ti. Commentarii in Platonis Timaeum (The Commentary on
Plato’s Timaeus)
Ps-Archelaeus
Acta Acta disputationis cum Manete (Records of the dispute with Mani)
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