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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...................................................................... 5

SCIENCE SECTION........................................................ 11
What is Electrogravitics and Has It Been Validated? ....... 12
Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor................................... 28
Possibility of a Strong Coupling Between Electricity and
Gravitation ........................................................................ 60

HISTORICAL SECTION................................................. 70
How I Control Gravitation ................................................ 71
Towards Flight - Without Stress or Strain or Weight ....... 77
Conquest of Gravity: Aim of Top Scientists in U.S .......... 85
Space-Ship Marvel Seen if Gravity Is Outwitted.............. 91
New Air Dream-Planes Flying Outside Gravity............... 97
Project Winterhaven - For Joint Services R&D Contract
........................................................................................ 102
Antigravity on the Rocks: The T.T. Brown Story ........... 116

TESTIMONIAL SECTION............................................ 126

Email from Richard Boylan, Ph.D ...................................127
Testimony of Dr. B., December, 2000 .............................129
Testimony of Mr. Mark McCandlish, December, 2000.. 131

PATENT SECTION ........................................................146

PUBLICATIONS - Information on Electrogravitics .......160

3
FOREWORD
Steven Greer, M.D.
New Energy Solutions and Implications
For The National Security and the Environment

The ultimate national security issue is intimately linked to the

pressing environmental crisis facing the world today: The question of
whether humanity can continue as a technologically advanced
civilization.
Fossil fuels and the internal combustion engine are non-sustainable
both environmentally and economically - and a replacement for both
already exists. The question is not whether we will transition to a new
post-fossil fuel economy, but when and how. The environmental,
economic, geopolitical, national security, and military issues related to
this matter are profound and inextricably linked to one another.
The disclosure of such new energy technologies will have far-
reaching implications for every aspect of human society and the time
has come to prepare for such an event. For if such technologies were
announced today, it would take at least 10-20 years for their widespread
application to be effected. This is approximately how much time we
have before global economic chaos begins due to demand far exceeding
the supply of oil and environmental decay becomes exponential and
catastrophic.
We have found that the technologies to replace fossil fuel usage
already exist and need to be exploited and applied immediately to avert
a serious global economic, geopolitical, and environmental crisis in the
not-so-distant future.
In summary, these technologies fall into the following broad
categories:

• Quantum vacuum/zero point field energy access systems and

related advances in electromagnetic theory and applications
• Electrogravitic and magnetogravitic energy and propulsion
• Room temperature nuclear effects
• Electrochemical and related advances to internal combustion
systems which achieve near zero emissions and very high
efficiency

5
 A number of practical applications using such technologies have
been developed over the past several decades but such breakthroughs
have been either ignored due to their unconventional nature or have
been classified and suppressed due to national security, military
interests, and 'special' interests.

Let us be clear: the question is not whether such systems exist and can
be viable replacements for fossil fuels. The question is whether we
have
the courage to allow such a transformation in world society to occur.

Such technologies - especially those which bypass the need to use an

external fuel source such as oil or coal - would have obvious and
beneficial effects for humanity. Since these technologies do not require
an expensive source of fuel but instead use existing quantum space
energy, a revolution in the world's economic and social order would
result.

Implications of Applying Such Technologies

These implications include:

• The removal of all sources of air pollution related to energy

generation, including electric power plants, cars, trucks,
aircraft and manufacturing.
• The ability to 'scrub' to near zero effluent all manufacturing
processes since the energy per se required for same would
have no cost related to fuel consumption. This would allow the
full application of technologies which remove effluent
smokestacks, solid waste, and waterways since current
applications are generally restricted by their energy costs and
the fact that such energy consumption - being fossil fuel-based
- soon reaches the point of diminishing returns
environmentally.
• The practical achievement of an environmentally near-zero
impact yet high tech civilization on earth, thus assuring the
long-term sustainability of human civilization.
• Trillions of dollars now spent on electric power generation,
gas, oil, coal and nuclear power would be freed to be spent on
more productive and environmentally neutral endeavors by
both individuals and society as a whole.
• Underdeveloped regions of the earth would be lifted out of
poverty and into a high technology world in about a generation
but without the associated infrastructure costs and
6
 environmental impact related to traditional energy generation
and propulsion. Since these new systems generate energy from
the ambient quantum energy state, trillion dollar infrastructure
investments in centralized power generation and distribution
would be eliminated. Remote villages and towns would have
the ability to generate energy for manufacturing,
electrification, water purification etc. without purchasing fuels
or building massive transmission lines and central power grids.
• Near total recycling of resources and materials would be
possible since the energy costs for doing so - now the main
obstacle would be brought down to a trivial level.
• The vast disparity between rich and poor nations would
quickly disappear and it much of the zero-sum-game mentality
which is at the root of so much social, political, and
international unrest. In a world of abundant and inexpensive
energy, many of the pressures which have led to a cycle of
poverty, exploitation, resentment, and violence would be
removed from the social dynamic. While ideological, cultural
and religious differences would persist, the raw economic
disparity and struggle would be removed from the equation
fairly quickly.
• Surface roads - and therefore most road building - will be
unnecessary as electrogravitic antigravity energy and
propulsion systems replace current surface transportation
systems.
• The world economy would expand dramatically and those
advanced economies such as in the US and Europe would
benefit tremendously as global trade, development and high
technology energy and propulsion devices are demanded
around the world. Such a global energy revolution would
create an expanding world economy which would make the
current computer and Internet economy look like a rounding
error. This really would be the tide which would lift all ships.
• Long term, society would evolve to a psychology of
abundance, which would redound to the benefit of humanity as
a whole, a peaceful civilization and a society focused
increasingly on creative pursuits rather than destructive and
violent endeavors.
Lest all of this sound like a pipe dream, keep in mind that such
technological advances are not only possible, but they already exist.
What is lacking is the collective will, creativity and courage to see that
they are applied wisely. And therein lies the problem.

7
 As an emergency and trauma doctor, I know that everything can be
used for good or for ill. A knife can butter your bread - or cut your
throat. Every technology can have beneficial as well as harmful
applications.
The latter partially explains the serious national security and military
concerns with such technologies. For many decades, these advances in
energy and propulsion technologies have been acquired, suppressed and
classified by certain interests who have viewed them as a threat to our
security from both an economic and military perspective. In the short
term, these concerns have been well-founded: Why rock the global
economic boat by allowing technologies out which would, effectively,
terminate the multimillion dollar oil, gas, coal, internal combustion
engine and related transportation sectors of the economy? And which
could also unleash such technologies on an unstable and dangerous
world where the weapons applications for such technological
breakthroughs would be a certainty? In the light of this, the status quo
looks good.
But only for the short term. In fact, such national security and
military policies - fed by huge special interests in obvious industries
and nations - have exacerbated global geopolitical tensions by
impoverishing much of the world, worsening the zero-sum-game mind
set of the rich versus poor nations and brought us to a world energy
emergency and a pending environmental crisis. And now we have very
little time to fix the situation. Such thinking must be relegated to the
past.
For what can be a greater threat to the national security than the
specter of a collapse of our entire civilization from a lack of energy and
global chaos as every nation fights for its share of a limited resource?
Due to the long lead-time needed to transform the current industrial
infrastructure away from fossil fuels, we are facing a national security
emergency which almost nobody is talking about. This is dangerous.
It has also created a serious constitutional crisis in the US and other
countries where non-representative entities and super-secret projects
within compartmented military and corporate areas have begun to set
national and international policy on this and related matters - all
outside the arena of public debate, and mostly without informed consent
from Congress or the President.
Indeed this crisis is undermining democracy in the US and
elsewhere. I have had the unenviable task of personally briefing senior
political, military, and intelligence officials in the US and Europe on
this and related matters. These officials have been denied access to
information compartmented within certain projects which are, frankly,
unacknowledged areas (so-called 'black' projects). Such officials
8
include members of the House and Senate, President Clinton's first
Director of Central Intelligence, the head of the DIA, senior Joint Staff
officials and others.
Usually, the officials have little to no information on such projects
and technologies - and are told either nothing or that they do not have a
'need to know' if they specifically inquire.
This presents then another problem: these technologies will not be
suppressed forever. For example, our group is planning a near term
disclosure of such technologies and we will not be silenced. At the time
of such a disclosure, will the US government be prepared? It would
behoove the US government and others to be informed and have a plan
for transitioning our society from fossil fuels to these new energy and
propulsion systems.
Indeed, the great danger is ignorance by our leaders of these
scientific breakthroughs - and ignorance of how to manage their
disclosure. The advanced countries of the world must be prepared to
put systems in place to assure the exclusive peaceful use of such energy
and propulsion advances. Economic and industrial interests should be
prepared so that those aspects of our economy which will be adversely
affected (commodities, oil, gas, coal, public utilities, engine
manufacturing, etc.) can be cushioned from sudden reversals and be
economically 'hedged' by investing in and supporting the new energy
infrastructure.

New Energy Solutions

A creative view of the future - not fear and suppression of such

technologies - is required. And it is needed immediately. If we wait 10-
20 more years, it will be too late to make the needed changes before
world oil shortages, exorbitant costs and geopolitical competition for
resources causes a melt-down in the world's economy and political
structures.
All systems tend towards homeostasis. The status quo is comfortable
and secure. Change is frightening. But in this case, the most dangerous
course for the national security is inaction. We must be prepared for the
coming convulsions related to energy shortages, spiraling costs and
economic disruption. The best preparation would be a replacement for
oil and related fossil fuels. And we have it. But disclosing these new
energy systems carries its own set of benefits, risks and challenges. The
US government and the Congress must be prepared to wisely manage
this great challenge.

Recommendations for Congress:

9
 • Thoroughly investigate these new technologies both from
current civilian sources as well as compartmented projects
within military, intelligence and corporate contracting areas.
• Authorize the declassification and release of information held
within compartmented projects related to this subject.
• Specifically prohibit the seizing or suppression of such
technologies.
• Authorize substantial funding for basic research and
development by civilian scientists and technologists into these
areas.
• Develop plans for dealing with disclosing such technologies
and for the transition to a non-fossil fuel economy. These plans
should include: military and national security planning;
strategic economic planning and preparation; private sector
support and cooperation; geopolitical planning, especially as it
pertains to OPEC countries and regions whose economies are
very dependent on oil exports and the price of oil;
international cooperation and security; among others.

I personally stand ready to assist the Congress in any way possible to

facilitate our use of these new energy sources. Having dealt with this
and related sensitive matters for over 10 years, I can recommend a
number of individuals who can be subpoenaed to provide testimony on
such technologies, as well as people who have information on
Unacknowledged Special Access Projects (USAPs) within covert
government operations which are already dealing with these issues.
If we face these challenges with courage and with wisdom together,
we can secure for our children a new and sustainable world, free of
poverty and environmental destruction. We will be up to this challenge
because we must be.

Steven Greer, M.D.

Crozet, Virginia

10
 SCIENCE SECTION

J. L. Naudin's latest electric field gradient shaping, asymmetric

capacitor lifters from his website www.jlnlabs.org

11
 What is Electrogravitics and Has It Been Validated?

Thomas Valone, PhD, PE

This book offers an updated viewpoint on the confusing and often

misinterpreted concept of electrogravitics or electrogravity, compared
to electrokinetics. It is now time to set the record straight for the sake of
all of the researchers who have sought to learn the truth behind a
propulsion mystery spanning almost a century. It is helpful if the reader
has already familiar with the first volume, Electrogravitics Systems: A
New Propulsion Methodology "Volume I", which has been in print for
over ten years. However, Volume II both predates and postdates the
first volume, thus giving a wider historical perspective.

What is Electrogravitics
When asked, "What is electrogravitics?" a qualified answer is
"electricity used to create a force that depends upon an object's mass,
even as gravity does." This is the answer that I believer should still be
used to identify true electrogravitics, which also involves the object's
mass in the force, often with a dielectric. This is also what the "Biefeld-
Brown effect" of Brown's first patent #300,311 describes. However, we
have seen T. Townsend Brown and his patents evolve over time which
Tom Bahder emphasizes. Later on, Brown refers to "electrokinetics" (a
subset of electrogravitics), which requires asymmetric capacitors to
amplify the force. Therefore, Bahder's article discusses the lightweight
effects of "lifters" and the ion mobility theory found to explain them.
Note: electrogravitics includes electrokinetics.
To put things in perspective, the article "How I Control Gravitation,"
published in 1929 by Brown,1 presents an electrogravitics-validating
discovery about very heavy metal objects (44 lbs. each) separated by an
insulator, charged up to high voltages. T.T. Brown also expresses an
experimental formula in words which tell us what he found was directly
contributing to the unidirectional force (UDF) which he discovered,
moving the system of masses toward the positive charge. He seems to
imply that the equation for his electrogravitic force might be F =
Vm1m2/r2. But electrokinetics and electrogravitics also seem to be
governed by another equation (Eq.l).

Reprinted on p. 71 of this book.

12
Zinsser Effect versus the Biefeld-Brown Effect
There is another very similar invention which has comparable
experiments that also involve electrogravity. It is the discovery of
"gravitational anisotropy" by Rudolf G. Zinsser from Germany. I met
with Zinsser twice in the early 1980's and corresponded with him
subsequently regarding his invention. He presented his experimental
results at the Gravity Field Conference in Hanover in 1980, and also at
the First International Symposium of Non-Conventional Energy
Technology in Toronto in 1981.2 For years afterwards, all of the
scientists who knew of Zinsser's work regarded his invention as a
unique phenomenon, not able to be classified with any other discovery.
However, upon reading Brown's 1929 article on gravitation referred to
above, I find striking similarities.
Zinsser's discovery is detailed in The Zinsser Effect book by this
author.3 To summarize his life's work, Zinsser discovered that if he
connected his patented pulse generator to two conductive metal plates
immersed in water, he could induce a sustained force that lasted even
after the pulse generator was turned off. The pulses lasted for only a
few nanoseconds each. Zinsser called this input "a kinetobaric driving
impulse." Furthermore, he points out in the Specifications and
Enumerations section, reprinted in my book, that the high dielectric
constant of water (about 80) is desirable and that a solid dielectric is
possible. Dr. Peschka calculated that Zinsser's invention produced 6
Ns/Ws or 6 N/W.5 This figure is twenty times the force per energy input
of the Inertial Impulse Engine of Roy Thomson, which has been
estimated to produce 0.32 N/W.6 By comparison, it is important to
realize that any production of force today is extremely inefficient, as
seen by the fact that a DC-9 jet engine produces only 0.016 N/W or 3
lb/hp (fossil-fuel-powered land and air vehicles are even worse.)

2
Zinsser, R.G. "Mechanical Energy from Anisotropic Gravitational Fields"
First Int'l Symp. on Non-Conventional Energy Tech. (FISONCET), Toronto,
1981. Proceedings available from PACE, 100 Bronson Ave #1001, Ottawa,
Ontario KIR 6G8
3
Valone, Thomas The Zinsser Effect: Cumulative Electrogravity Invention of
Rudolf G. Zinsser, Integrity Research Institute, 2005, 130 pages, IRI #701
4
Cravens, D.L. "Electric Propulsion/Antigravity" Electric Spacecraft Journal,
Issue 13, 1994, p. 30
5
Peschka, W., "Kinetobaric Effect as Possible Basis for a New Propulsion
Principle," Raumfahrt-Forschung, Feb, 1974. Translated version appears in
Infinite Energy, Issue 22, 1998, p. 52 and The Zinsser Effect.
6
Valone, Thomas, "Inertial Propulsion: Concept and Experiment, Part 1" Proc.
of Inter. Energy Conver. Eng. Conf., 1993, See IRI Report #608.
13
 Let's now compare the Zinsser Effect with the Biefeld-Brown Effect,
looking at the details. Brown reports in his 1929 article that there are
effects on plants and animals, as well as effects from the sun, moon and
even slightly from some of the planetary positions. Zinsser also reports
beneficial effects on plants and humans, including what he called
"bacteriostasis and cytostasis."7 Brown also refers to the "endogravitic"
and "exogravitic" times that were representative of the charging and
discharging times. Once the gravitator was charged, depending upon
"its gravitic capacity" any further electrical input had no effect. This is
the same phenomenon that Zinsser witnessed and both agree that the
pulsed voltage generation was the main part of the electrogravitic
effect.8
Both Zinsser and Brown worked with dielectrics and capacitor plate
transducers to produce the electrogravitic force. Both refer to a high
dielectric constant material in between their capacitor plates as the
preferred type to best insulate the charge. However, Zinsser never
experimented with different dielectrics nor higher voltage to increase
his force production. This was always a source of frustration for him
but he wanted to keep working with water as his dielectric.

Electrically Charged Torque Pendulum of Erwin Saxl

Brown particularly worked with a torque (torsion) pendulum
arrangement to measure the force production. He also refers the
planetary effects being most pronounced when aligned with the
gravitator instead of perpendicular to it. He compares these results to
Saxl and Allen, who worked with an electrically charged torque
pendulum.9 Dr. Erwin Saxl used high voltage in the range of +/- 5000
volts on his very massive torque pendulum.10 The changes in period of
oscillation measurements with solar or lunar eclipses, showed great
sensitivity to the shielding effects of gravity during an alignment of
astronomical bodies, helping to corroborate Brown's observation in his
1929 article. The pendulum Saxl used was over 100 kilograms in

7
See "Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Health Effects" IRI Report #418 and
Bio electromagnetic Healing book #414 by this author, which explain the
beneficial therapy which PEMFs produce on biological cells.
8
Mark McCandlish's Testimony (p. 131) shows that the Air Force took note in
that the electrogravitic demonstration craft shown at Norton AFB in 1988 had a
rotating distributor for electrically pulsing sections of multiply-layered
dielectric and metal plate pie-shaped sections with high voltage discharges.
9
See Saxl patent #3,357,253 "Device and Method for Measuring Gravitational
and Other Forces" which uses +/- 5000 volts.
10
Saxl, E.J., "An Electrically Charged Torque Pendulum" Nature, July 11,
1964, p. 136
14
mass. Most interesting were the "unexpected phenomena" which Saxl
reported in his 1964 Nature article (see footnote 10). The positively
charge pendulum had the longest period of oscillation compared to the
negatively charged or grounded pendulum. Dirunal and seasonal
variations were found in the effect of voltage on the pendulum, with the
most pronounced occurring during a solar or lunar eclipse. In my
opinion, this demonstrates the basic principles of electrogravitics: high
voltage and mass together will cause unbalanced forces to occur. In this
case, the electrogravitic interaction was measurable by oscillating the
mass of a charged torque pendulum (producing current) whose period is
normally proportional to its mass.

Electrogravitic Woodward-Nordtvedt Effect12

Fig. 1 Force (10-5 N = dynes) output vs. capacitor voltage (V)

input of a Woodward force transducer "flux capacitor"

Referring to mass, it is sometimes not clear whether gravitational mass

11
Saxl & Allen, "Observations with a Massive Electrified Torsion Pendulum:
Gravity Measurements During Eclipse," IRI Report #702.(Note: 2.2 lb = 1 kg)
12
Graph of Fig. 1 from Woodward and Mahood, "Mach's Principle, Mass
Fluctuations, and Rapid Spacetime Transport," California State University
Fullerton, Fullerton CA 92634
15
or inertial mass is being affected. The possibility of altering the
equivalence principle (which equates the two), has been pursued
diligently by Dr. James Woodward, whose patents can be reviewed in
the Patent Section of this book. His prediction, based on Sciama's
formulation of Mach's Principle in the framework of general relativity,
is that "in the presence of energy flow, the inertial mass of an object
may undergo sizable variations, changing as the 2nd time derivative of
the energy."13 Woodward, however, indicates that it is the "active
gravitational mass" which is being affected but the equivalence
principle causes both "passive" inertial and gravitational masses to
fluctuate.14 With barium titanate dielectric between disk capacitors, a 3
kV signal was applied in the experiments of Woodward and Cramer
resulting in symmetrical mass fluctuations on the order of centigrams.15
Cramer actually uses the phrase "Woodward effect" in his AIAA paper,
though it is well-known that Nordtvedt was the first to predict
noticeable mass shifts in accelerated objects.16
The interesting observation which can be made, in light of previous
sections, is that Woodward's experimental apparatus resembles a
combination of Saxl's torsion pendulum and Brown's electrogravitic
dielectric capacitors. The differences arise in the precise timing of the
pulsed power generation and with input voltage. Recently, 0.01 uF
capacitors (Model KD 1653) are being used, in the 50 kHz range (lower
than Zinsser's 100 kHz) with the voltage still below 3 kV. Significantly,
the thrust or unidirectional force (UDF) is exponential, depending on
the square of the applied voltage.17 However, the micronewton level of
force that is produced is actually the same order of magnitude which
Zinsser produced, who reported his results in dynes (1 dyne =10"
Newtons).18 Zinsser had activators with masses between 200 g and 500
g and force production of "100 dynes to over one pound."19 Recently,
Woodward has been referring to his transducers as "flux capacitors"
(like the movie, Back to the Future).

13
Cramer et al., "Tests of Mach's Principle with a Mechanical Oscillator"
AIAA-2001-3908 email: [email protected]
14
Woodward, James F. "A New Experimental Approach to Mach's Principle
and Relativistic Gravitation, Found. of Phys. Letters, V. 3, No. 5, 1990, p. 497
15
Compare Fig. 1 graph to Brown's ONR graph on P. 117 of Volume I
16
Nordtvedt, K. Inter. Journal of Theoretical Physics, V. 27, 1988, p. 1395
17
Mahood, Thomas "Propellantless Propulsion: Recent Experimental Results
Exploiting Transient Mass Modification" Proc. of STAIF, 1999, CP458, p.
1014 (Also see Mahood Master's Thesis www.serve.com/mahood/thesis.pdf)
For comparison, 1 Newton = 0.225 pounds - Ed. note
19
Zinsser, FISONCET, Toronto, 1981, p. 298
20
Woodward, James "Flux Capacitors and the Origin of Inertia" Foundations
16
 Jefimenko's Electrokinetics Explains Electrogravitics
Known for his extensive work with atmospheric electricity,
electrostatic motors and electrets, Dr. Oleg Jefimenko deserves
significant credit for presenting a valuable theory of the electrokinetic
field, as he calls it.21 A W.V. University professor and physics purist at
heart, he describes this field as the dragging force that electrons exert
on neighboring electric charges. He identifies the electrokinetic field by
the vector Ek where

It is one of three terms for the electric field in terms of current and
charge density. Equations like F = qE also apply for calculating force.
The significance of Ek, as seen in Eq. 1, is that the electrokinetic field
simply the third term of the classical equation for the electric field:
This three-term

equation is a "causal" equation, according to Jefimenko, because it

links the electric field E back the electric charge and its motion
(current) which induces it. This is the essence of electromagnetic
induction, as Maxwell intended, which is measured by, not caused by, a
changing magnetic field. The second electric field term, designated as
the electrokinetic field, is directed along the current direction or parallel
to it. It also exists only as long as the current is changing in time. Lenz'
Law is also built into the minus sign. Parallel conductors will produce
the strongest induced current.
By examining the vector potential A equation which depends upon
the current density J, he finds that Ek can be expressed as the time
derivative of A, which leads to

of Physics, V. 34, 2004, p. 1475. Also see "Tweaking Flux Capacitors" Proc.
of STAIF, 2005
21
Jefimenko, Oleg Causality, Electromagnetic Induction and Gravitation,
Electret Scientific Co., POB 4132, Star City, WV 26504, p. 29
17
The significance of Eq. 2 is that the magnetic vector potential is seen to
be created by the time integral which amounts to an electrokinetic
impulse "produced by this current at that point when the current is
switched on" according to Jefimenko.22 Of course, a time-varying
sinusoidal current will also qualify for production of an electrokinetic
field and the vector potential. An important consequence of Eq. 1 is that
the faster the rates of change of current, the larger will be the
electrokinetic force. Therefore, high voltage pulsed inputs are favored.
However, its significance is much more general. "This field can exist
anywhere in space and can manifest itself as a pure force by its action
on free electric charges." All that is required for a measurable force
from a single conductor is that the change in current density (time
derivative) happens very fast, to overcome the c2 in the denominator.
The electrogravitics experiments of Brown and Zinsser involve a

dielectric medium for greater efficacy and charge density. The

electrokinetic force on the electric charges (electrons) of the dielectric,
according to Eq. 1, is in the opposite direction of the increasing
22
Jefimenko, p. 31
18
positive current (taking into account the minus sign). For parallel plate
capacitors, Jefimenko explains that the strongest induced field is
produced between the plates and so another equation evolves.

Electrokinetic Force Predicts Electrogravitic Direction

Can Jefimenko's electrokinetic force predict the correct direction of
the electrogravitic force seen in the Zinsser, Brown, Woodward as well
as the yet-to-be-discussed Campbell, Serrano, and Norton AFB craft
demonstrations?
1) Starting with Zinsser's probe diagram (Fig. 2) from Peschka's
article, it is purposely put on its end for reasons that will become
obvious. Compare it with an equivalent parallel plate capacitor (the
plates are x distance apart) from Jefimenko's book:23

23
Jefimenko, p.
47 19
We note that the current is presumed to be the same in each plate but in
opposite directions because it is alternating. Using Eq. 2, Jefimenko
calculates the electrokinetic field, for the AC parallel plate capacitor
with current going in opposite directions, as

Of course, in vector calculus, i, j, and k are the unit vectors for the x, y,
z axis directions seen in Fig. 3, respectively. It is clearly seen that the y-
axis points upward in Fig. 3 and so with the minus sign of Eq. 3, the
electrokinetic force for the AC parallel plate capacitor will point
downward. Since Zinsser had his torsion balance on display in Toronto
in 1981, I was privileged to verify the direction of the force that is
created with his quarter-wave plates oriented as they are in Fig. 2. The
torsion balance is built so that the capacitor probe can only be deflected
downward from the horizontal. The electrokinetic force is in the same
direction.
2) Looking at Brown's electrogravitic force direction from the Fig. 1

in his 1929 article "How I Control

Gravitation," we see that the positive
lead is on the right side of the
picture. Also, the arrow below points
to the right with the caption, "Direction of movement of entire system
toward positive." Examining the electrokinetic force of Eq. 1 in this
article, we note that the increasing positive current comes in by
convention in the positive lead and points to the left. Therefore,
considering the minus sign, the direction of the electrokinetic force will

20
be to the right. Checking with Fig. 4 of the 1929 Brown article, the
same confirmation of induced electrokinetic force direction24 Thus,
with Zinsser's and Brown's gravitators, the electrokinetic theory
provides a useful explanation and it is accurate for prediction of the
resulting force direction.
It is also worthwhile noting that Brown also indicates in that article,

"when the direct current with high voltage (75 - 300 kilovolts) is
applied, the gravitator swings up the arc ... but it does not remain
there. The pendulum then gradually returns to the vertical or
starting position, even while the potential is maintained...Less than
five seconds is required for the test pendulum to reach the
maximum amplitude of the swing, but from thirty to eighty seconds
are required for it to return to zero."

This phenomena is remarkably the same type of response that Zinsser

recorded with his experimental probes. Jefimenko's theory helps
explain the rapid response, since the change of current happens in the
beginning. However, the slow discharge in both experiments (which
Zinsser called a "storage effect") needs more consideration.
Considering the electrokinetic force of Eq. 3 and the +/- derivative, we
know that the slow draining of a charged capacitor, most clearly seen
Fig. 4
Woodward's
#6,098,924
patented impulse
engine, also
called a flux
capacitor. The
PZT provides
nanometer-sized
movements that
are timed to an
AC signal input.
A torsion balance
has been used
with a pair of
force transducers
in other designs.
24
Brown's second patent #2,949,550 (see Patent Section: two electrokinetic
saucers on a maypole) has movement toward the positive charge, so the same
electrokinetic theory explained above works for both. - Ed note
21
in Fig. 1 of Brown's 1929 article, will produce a decreasing current out
of the + terminal (to the right) and in Eq. 3, this means the derivative is
negative. Therefore, the slow draining of current will produce a
weakening electrokinetic force but in the same direction as before! The
force will thus sustain itself to the right during discharge.
3) It is very likely that the electrokinetic theory will also predict the
direction of Woodward's UDF but instantaneous analysis needs to be
made to compare current direction into the commercial disk capacitors
and the electrokinetic force on the dielectric charges. In every
electrogravitics or electrokinetics case, it can be argued, the
"neighboring charges" to a capacitor plate will necessarily be those in
the dielectric material, which are polarized. The bound electron-lattice
interaction will drag the lattice material with them, under the influence
of the electrokinetic force. If the combination of physical electron
acceleration (which also can be regarded as current flow) and the AC
signal current flow can be resolved, it may be concluded that an
instantaneous electrokinetic force, depending on dl/dt, contributes to
the Woodward-Nordtvedt effect.

4) The Campbell and Serrano capacitor modules seen in the Patent

Fig. 5 Capacitor
module from
Campbell's NASA
patent #6,317,310
which creates a thrust
force. Disk 14 is
copper; Struts 16 are
dielectrics; Cylinder 15
is a dielectric; Cylinder
12 is an axial capacitor
plate; Support post 11
is also dielectric.

Section, as well as the Electrogravitic Craft Demonstration unit (Norton

AFB), can also be explained with the electrokinetic force, in the same
way that the Brown gravitator force was explained in paragraph (2)
above. The current flows in one direction through the capacitor-
dielectric and the force is produced in the opposite direction. The
Norton AFB electrogravitic craft just has bigger plates with radial
sections but the current flow still occurs at the center, across the plates.
The Serrano patent diagram is also very similar in construction and
operation.

22
 Fig. 6
Capacitor propulsion
device with
alternating metal and
dielectric layers from
Serrano's PCT
patent WO 00/58623
with upward thrust
direction indicated
and + and - polarity
designated on the
side.

Electrokinetic Theory Observations

For parallel plate capacitor impulse probes, like Zinsser, Serrano,
Campbell, the Norton AFB craft and both of Brown's models, the
electrokinetic field of Eq. 3 provides a working model that seems to
predict the nature and direction of the force during charging and
discharging phases. More detailed information is needed for each
example in order to actually calculate the theoretical electrokinetic
force and compare it with experiment. We note that Eq. 3 also does not
suffer the handicap of Eq. 1 since no c2 term occurs in the denominator.
Therefore, it can be concluded that AC fields operating on parallel plate
capacitors should create significantly larger electrogravitic forces than
other geometries with the same dl/dt. However, the current I is usually
designated as and its derivative is a sinusoid as well.
Therefore, a detailed analysis is needed for each specific circuit and
signal to determine the outcome.
Eq. 3 also suggests a possible enhancement of the force if a
permeable dielectric (magnetizable") is used. Then, the value for of
the
material would normally be substituted for .25

25
Einstein and Laub, Annalen der Physik, V. 26, 1908, p.533 and p. 541 - two
articles on the subject of a moving capacitor with a "dielectric body of
considerable permeability." Specific equations are derived predicting the
resulting EM fields. Translated articles are reprinted in The Homopolar
Handbook by this author (p. 122-136). Also see Clark's dielectric homopolar
generator patent #6,051,905.
23
 A further observation of both Eq. 1 and Eq. 3 is that very fast changes
in current, such as a current surge or spark discharge has to produce
the most dynamic electrokinetic force, since dI/dt will be very large.
The declining current surge, or the negatively sloped dl/dt however,
should create an opposing force until the current reverses direction.
Creative waveshaping seems to be the answer to this obvious dilemma.

Fig. 7 The ideal electrokinetic force current waveform is found

in Schlicher propulsion patent #5,142,861
Fortunately, a few similar inventions use pulse power electric current
generators to create propulsion. The Taylor patent #5,197,279
"Electromagnetic Energy Propulsion Engine" uses huge currents to
produce magnetic field repulsion. The Schlicher patent #5,142,861
"Nonlinear Electromagnetic Propulsion System and Method" predicts
hundreds of pounds of thrust with tens of kiloamperes input. The
Schlicher antenna current input is a rectified current surge produced
with an SCR-triggered DC power source (see Fig. 7). The resulting
waveform has a very steep leading edge but a slowly declining trailing
edge, which should also be desirable for the electrokinetic force
effect.27
Another observation that should be mentioned is that this
electrokinetic force theory does not include the mass contribution to the
electrogravitic force which Saxl, Woodward, and Brown's 1929
gravitator emphasize. A contributor to this Volume II anthology,
Takaaki Musha offers a derived equation for electrogravitics that does
include a mass term but not a derivative term. His model is based on

26
Commentary to Eq. 2 states an electrokinetic impulse is produced when the
"current is switched on," which implies a very steep leading edge of the current
slope.
27
See the Taylor and Schlicher patents in the Patent Section. - Ed note
24
the charge displacement or "deformation" of the atom under the
influence of a capacitor's 18 kV high voltage field and his experimental
results are encouraging. He also includes a reference to Ning Li and her
gravitoelectric theory?28
A final concern, which may arise from the very nature of the
electrokinetic force description, is the difficulty of conceptualizing or
simply accepting the possibility of an unbalanced force creation
pushing against space. This author has wrestled with this problem in
other arenas for years. Three examples include (1) the homopolar
generator which creates back torque that ironically, pushes against
space to implement the Lorentz force to slow down the current-
generating spinning disk.29 Secondly (2), there is the intriguing spatial
angular momentum discovery by Graham and Lahoz.30 They have
shown, reminiscent of Feynman's "disk paradox," that the vacuum is
the seat of Newton's third law. A torsion balance is their chosen
apparatus as well to demonstrate the pure reaction force with induction
fields. Their reference to Einstein and Laub's papers cites the time
derivative of the Poynting vector S = E x H integrated over all space to
preserve Newton's third law. Graham and Lahoz predict that magnetic
flywheels with electrets will circulate energy to push against space (see
Footnote 22). Lastly, for (3), the Taylor and Schlicher inventions push
against space with an unbalanced force that is electromagnetic in origin.

Historical Electrogravitics
In the Historical Section, gravity articles like the NY Herald-Tribune
series and Interavia were some of the last few public pronouncements
of the progress of this research.31 They were published in 1955 and
1956 respectively, at the same time when the British Aviation Studies
reports spanning 1954 - 56 were published (see Volume I). The
aviation industry interest in this science was at an all-time high, mostly
spurred on by Brown's gravitator experiments. After all, aircraft are
very massive and Brown's theory encourages the use of massive
gravitators with high voltage, which we find in the B-2 bomber today.

28
Ning Li was the Chair of the 2003 Gravitational Wave Conference. The CD
Proceedings of the papers is available from Integrity Research Institute.
29
Valone, Thomas, The Homopolar Handbook: A Definitive Guide to Faraday
Disk and N-Machine Technologies, Integrity Research Institute, Third Edition,
2001
30
Graham and Lahoz, "Observation of Static Electromagnetic Angular
Momentum in vacuo" Nature, V. 285, May 15, 1980, p. 129
31
See also "The Flying Saucer" by Mason Rose, PhD, Science and Invention,
Aug. 1929 and Psychic Observer, Vol. XXXVII, No.l
25
 A fascinating article at the end of this surge in gravity research is the
report from 1961 in Missies and Rockets,32 which identifies a 389-page
study released by the Office of Technical Services at the US Dept. of
Commerce (may possibly be OTS #61-1187). The study however, sadly
relates that disagreements among experts were becoming unyielding
without more experimental proof.
Today, experimental proof seems to be in abundance. However, the
prevailing trend by the government still fails to acknowledge the
historical pioneering work of Biefeld and Brown, as well as any small
inventor who is successful in this area. Take for example, Hector
Serrano, who was interviewed in 1998 by NASA scientist Jonathan
Campbell on video, about his electropropulsion invention. Within two
years, Campbell started filing for a series of patents "on similar
technology" and not referencing T.T. Brown nor Serrano in any of his
US patents #6,317,310, #6,411,493, or #6,775,123.33 This type of
behavior by a government representative is unethical and fuels the
wide-spread public concern about government motives. Remarkably, it
is like history repeating the same treatment that T.T. Brown received
from the military upon demonstrating his working model to them.34

Eye Witness Testimony of Advanced Electrogravitics

Sincere gratitude is given to Mark McCandlish, who offers us the
conclusive perspective of the covert, flat-bottomed saucer hovercraft
seen by dozens of invited eye-witnesses at Norton Air Force Base in
1988. When I spoke to Dr. Hal Puthoff about Mark's story, shortly after
the famous Disclosure Event35 at the National Press Club in 2001, he
explained to me that he had already performed due diligence on it and
checked on each individual to verify the details of the story. Hal told
me that he believed the story was true. Since Dr. Puthoff used to work
for the CIA for ten years, this was quite an endorsement.

32
Beller, William "Soviet Efforts are Closely Watched" Missiles and Rockets,
Sept. 11,1961, p. 27
33
Young, Kelly "Inventor: NASA stole patent idea" Florida Today, Sept.
29,
2002 (entire article is posted on the Florida Today website - Ed. note)
34
See "The Townsend Brown Electro-Gravity Device" File 24-185, A
Comprehensive Analysis by the Office of Naval Research, Sept. 15, 1952, - IRI
report #612
35
See the authoritative book by Dr. Steven Greer, Disclosure: Military and
Government Witnesses Reveal the Greatest Secretes in Modern History,
Crossing Point, 2001. It provides the testimony of each witness who
participated in the event, plus many more.
26
 In analyzing the Electrogravitic Craft Demonstration unit (Norton
AFB 1988) diagrammed at the end of Mark's testimony, I have
compared it to Campbell's and Serrano's patented design. A lot can be
learned from studying the intricacies of this advanced design, including
the use of a distributor cap style of pulse discharge and multiple
symmetric, radial plates with dielectrics in between.
Why Americans should pay twice for the development of 21st century
energy and propulsion technology is an issue that several U.S.
Congressmen have publicly protested. We pay for the "black project
budget" (the difference between the Pentagon's defense budget and its
acknowledged expenses) in billions of tax dollars every year.36 We also
are asked to pay for DOE, NASA, AF, Navy, DARPA and other
agencies to reinvent the same technologies in an unclassified arena.
Recently, the Deputy Director of the National Reconnaissance
Office, for example, told me that it seems to be easier to direct
contractors to develop technology that he knows already exists, mainly
because declassification is very difficult. This is the main reason that
we still use World War II technology on land and in space while the
environment suffers irreparable harm. My sincere hope is that the
validating science contained in Electrogravitics II will accelerate the
civilian adaptation of this relatively simple propulsion technology.
The scientific articles in the first section of this book show the
contrasting opinion that still exists in the assessment of electrogravitics.
As inertial shielding also is reinvented by civilian scientists, I predict
that electrogravitics will become more and more useful. The reason
behind my prediction is that any force moving a mass utilizes Newton's
Second Law, F = ma, which can be very powerful when the inertial
mass m is reduced by electrogravitic shielding. Once again, to confirm
Dr. Greer's message, such a technological development already exists,
as exhibited in the night photos of right-angle turns of covert triangular
craft.

36
"The Billion Dollar Secret" narrated by defense journalist Nick Cook, aired
on TLC in 2000 about the black projects and the money spent on them. He is
now filming a follow-up show for 2005.
27
 Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor
Thomas B. Bahder and Chris Fazi
Army Research Laboratory - 2800 Powder Mill Rd - Adelphi, MD 20783
[email protected]

When a high voltage (~30 kV) is applied to a capacitor whose electrodes

have different physical dimensions, the capacitor experiences a net force
toward the smaller electrode (Biefeld-Brown effect). We have verified this
effect by building four capacitors of different shapes. The effect may have
applications to vehicle propulsion and dielectric pumps. We review the history
of this effect briefly through the history of patents by Thomas Townsend
Brown. At present, the physical basis for the Biefeld-Brown effect is not
understood. The order of magnitude of the net force on the asymmetric
capacitor is estimated assuming two different mechanisms of charge conduction
between its electrodes: ballistic ionic wind and ionic drift. The calculations
indicate that ionic wind is at least three orders of magnitude too small to
explain the magnitude of the observed force on the capacitor. The ionic drift
transport assumption leads to the correct order of magnitude for the force,
however, it is difficult to see how ionic drift enters into the theory. Finally, we
present a detailed thermodynamic treatment of the net force on an asymmetric
capacitor. In the future, to understand this effect, a detailed theoretical model
must be constructed that takes into account plasma effects: ionization of gas (or
air) in the high electric field region, charge transport, and resulting dynamic
forces on the electrodes. The next series of experiments should determine
whether the effect occurs in vacuum, and a careful study should be carried out
to determine the dependence of the observed force on gas pressure, gas species
and applied voltage.

1. Introduction

Recently, there is a great deal of interest in the Biefeld-Brown

effect: when a high voltage (30 kV) is applied to the electrodes of an
asymmetric capacitor, a net force is observed on the capacitor. By
asymmetric, we mean that the physical dimensions of the two electrodes
are different, i.e., one electrode is large and the other small. According
to the classical Biefeld-Brown effect (see Brown's original 1960, 1962,
and 1965 patents cited in Appendix A, and a partial reproduction
below), the largest force on the capacitor is in a direction from the
negative (larger) electrode toward the positive (smaller) electrode.
Today, there are numerous demonstrations of this effect on the Internet
in devices called "lifters", which show that the force on the capacitor
exceeds its weight [1]. In fact, these experiments indicate that there is a
force on the capacitor independent of polarity of applied voltage. In the
future, the Biefeld-Brown effect may have application to aircraft or
28
vehicle propulsion, with no moving parts. At the present time, there is
no detailed theory to explain this effect, and hence the potential of this
effect for applications is unknown. In Section 2 below, we describe the
history of the Biefeld-Brown effect. The effect of a net force on an
asymmetric capacitor is so surprising, that we carried out preliminary
simple experiments at the Army Research Laboratory to verify that the
effect is real. The results of these experiments are described in Section
3. Section 4 contains estimates of the force on the capacitor for the case
of ballistic ionic wind and drift of carriers across the capacitor's gap
between electrodes. In Section 5, we present a detailed thermodynamic
treatment of the force on an asymmetric capacitor, assuming that a non-
linear dielectric fluid fills the region between capacitor electrodes.
Section 6 is a summary and recommendation for future experimental
and theoretical work.

2. Biefeld-Brown Effect

During the 1920's, Thomas Townsend Brown was experimenting

with an X-ray tube known as a "Coolidge tube", which was invented in
1913 by the American physical chemist William D. Coolidge [1].
Brown found that the Coolidge tube exhibited a net force (a thrust)
when it was turned on. He believed that he had discovered a new
principle of electromagnetism and gravity. Brown applied for a British
patent on April 15, 1927, which was issued on November 15, 1928 as
Patent No. 300,311, entitled, "Method of Producing Force or Motion."
The patent and its figures clearly describe Brown's early work on forces
on asymmetric capacitors, although the electromagnetic concepts are
mixed with gravitational concepts.37
The discovery of the Biefeld-Brown effect is generally credited to
Thomas Townsend Brown. However, it is also named in honor of
Brown's mentor, Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld, a professor of physics and
astronomy at Denison University in Granville, Ohio, where Brown was
a lab assistant in electronics in the Department of Physics. During the
1920's, Biefeld and Brown together experimented on capacitors.
In order to find a technical description of the Biefeld-Brown effect,
we performed a search of the standard article literature, and found no
references to this effect. It is prudent to ask whether this effect is real or
rumor. On the other hand, the Internet is full of discussions and

37
It states, "This invention relates to a method of controlling gravitation and
for deriving power therefrom, and to a method for producing linear force or
motion. The method is fundamentally electrical." The complete patent is in the
first volume of this series. -Ed note
29
references to this effect, including citations of patents issued [1] (see
also Appendix A). In fact, patents seem to be the only official
publications that describe this effect.
On July 3,1957, Brown filed another patent entitled "Electrokinetic
Apparatus", and was issued a US Patent No. 2,949,550 on August 16,
1960. The effect in this patent is described more lucidly than his
previous patent No. 300,311, of November 15, 2928. In this 1960
patent, entitled "Electrokinetic Apparatus," Brown makes no reference
to gravitational effects:

Fig. 1 Excerpt from

Thomas Townsend
Brown US Patent No.
2,949,550 entitled
"Electrokinetic
Apparatus", issued on
August 16, 1960.

The claims, as well as the drawings in this patent clearly show that
Brown had conceived that the force developed on an asymmetrical
capacitor could be used for vehicle propulsion. His drawings in this
patent are strikingly similar to some of the capacitors designs on the
Internet today. In this 1960 patent, entitled "Electrokinetic Apparatus,"
Brown gives the clearest explanation of the physics of the Biefeld-
Brown effect. Brown makes several important statements, including:
• the greatest force on the capacitor is created when the small
electrode is positive
• the effect occurs in a dielectric medium (air)
• the effect can be used for vehicle propulsion, or as a pump of
dielectric fluid
• Brown's understanding of the effect, in terms of ionic motion
the detailed physics of the effect is not understood
Next, we reproduce Brown's first two figures and partial text explaining
the effect:
30
 Fig. 2 Excerpt from Thomas Townsend Brown US Patent No. 2949550 entitled
"Electrokinetic Apparatus", issued on August 16, 1960.

31
 Fig. 3 Figure excerpt from Thomas Townsend Brown US Patent No. 2949550 entitled
"Electrokinetic Apparatus", issued on August 16, 1960.

Soon after Brown's 1957 filing for the above patent, on May 12,
1958, A.H. Bahnson Jr. filed for an improved patent entitled "Electrical
thrust producing device," which was granted a US Patent No. 2,958,790
on November 1, 1960.
On July 3, 1957, Brown filed another patent (granted on Jan 23,
1962, as US patent No. 3,018,394) for an "Electrokinetic Transducer."
This patent deals with the inverse effect: when a dielectric medium is
made to move between high voltage electrodes, there is a change in the
voltage on the electrodes. (This is reminiscent of Faraday's law of
induction.) Quoting from the 1962 patent by Thomas Townsend Brown:

Fig. 4
Excerpt from
Thomas
Townsend Brown
US patent No.
3018394 entitled
"Electrokinetic
Transducer,"
issued on January
23, 1962.

32
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