Principles of
Communications
NOISE ANALYSIS AND DB COMPUTATION
BS Electrical Engineering
Engr. Christopher V. Maglaque, MEM, PECE
Assistant Professor 4
Noise: Any undesirable energy that falls within the
passband of the wanted signal.
Interference: This is a form of external noise and
Noise Analysis happens when an information signal from a source
produces frequencies that fall outside their allocated
and dB bandwidth and interfere with an information signal
Computation from another source.
Distortion: The alteration of information in which
the original proportions are changed, resulting from
a defect in a communication system.
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS.
1. Correlated Noise
Correlated noise is the noise that is correlated to the signal and
Noise Analysis cannot be presented in a circuit unless there is an input signal
present.
and dB
Computation
2. Uncorrelated Noise
Noise that is present regardless of whether there is a signal
present or not.
TYPES OF CORRELATED NOISE
1. Harmonic distortion
Results when unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced
through non-linear amplification (mixing).
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
Sample Problem
Calculate the total harmonic distortion if
Noise Analysis the %2nd order and %3rd order is 2.5% and
and dB 1.25 % respectively and the fundamental
amplitude of 8 V.
Computation
2. Intermodulation distortion
Noise Analysis Results when unwanted sum and
and dB difference frequencies are generated when
Computation two or more signals are amplified in a non-
linear device.
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
1. External Noise
That is generated outside the device or circuit.
i. Atmospheric noise - A naturally occurring electrical
disturbance that originates within the Earth’s atmosphere.
Noise Analysis ii. Extra-terrestrial noise - Noise that consists of electrical
signals that originate from outside Earth’s atmosphere.
and dB a. Solar noise - Noise generated directly from the sun’s
Computation activity.
b. Cosmic noise - Noise that originates from nearby stars, and
galaxies.
iii. Man-made noise - Noise generated by mankind.
iv. Impulse noise - Consist of sudden burst of irregularly
shaped pulses that generally last between a few
microseconds and a fraction of a millisecond.
2. Internal
Electrical interference is generated within a device or circuit.
i. Shot noise - Shot noise is a random fluctuation that
accompanies any direct current crossing a potential barrier
caused by the random arrival of the carrier at the output
Noise Analysis element of electronic devices.
and dB ii. Partition noise - Partition noise occurs wherever current has
Computation to be divided between two or more electrodes and results
from the random fluctuation in the division.
iii. Flicker noise - Flicker Noise is associated with crystal
surface defects in semiconductors and also found in vacuum
tubes. Flicker noise is almost exactly 1/f for low frequency. It is
often referred to as pink noise because most of the power is
concentrated at the lower end of the frequency spectrum.
iv. Burst noise - Burst noise is another low-frequency
noise that seems to be associated with heavy metal ion
contamination. Burst noise produces a popping sound if
amplified in an audio system, hence the name popcorn
noise or 1/f2.
Noise Analysis
and dB v. Transit-time noise - Transit-time noise occurs when the
time taken by the charge carrier to cross a junction is
Computation comparable to the period of the signal.
vi. Thermal noise - Thermal noise is associated with the
rapid and random movement of electrons within a
conductor due to thermal agitation.
NOISE CALCULATION
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
Sample Problem
Calculate the spectrum density and
Noise Analysis thermal noise power for a certain
and dB communication system with an IF bandwidth of
10.7 MHz.
Computation
NOISE ANALYSIS
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
Sample Problem
An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz bandwidth has a
Noise Analysis 100 ohms input resistance. It is operating at 27 degrees
and dB Celsius, and has a voltage gain of 200 and an input
Computation signal of 6 μVrms. Calculate the output rms noise.
ADDITION OF NOISE DUE TO SEVERAL SOURCES
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
DECIBEL & NEPER
1. Decibel (dB)
A unit of measure (abbreviated dB) originally used to
compare sound intensities and subsequently electrical or
electronic power outputs; now also used to compare
Noise Analysis voltages. An increase of 10 dB is equivalent to a 10-fold
and dB increase in intensity or power, and a 20-fold increase in
Computation voltage.
2. Neper (Np)
A transmission unit used in Northern European countries
originally used to express the attenuation of current
along a transmission line, using natural logarithm.
Noise Analysis
and dB
Computation
Noise Analysis
and dB QUESTIONS???
Computation
Noise Analysis THANK YOU & GOD BLESS
and dB
Computation STAY SAFE!!!
