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 WALDEN
WEBSTER'S KOREAN THESAURUS
EDITION
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test Preparation

Henry David Thoreau

TOEFL, TOEIC, AP and Advanced Placement are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has
neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
 Walden
Webster's Korean
Thesaurus Edition
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test
Preparation

Henry David Thoreau

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which
has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
ii

ICON CLASSICS

Published by ICON Group International, Inc.

7404 Trade Street
San Diego, CA 92121 USA

www.icongrouponline.com

Walden: Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test
Preparation

This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005

Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws
and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please
contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants
permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and
academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group
International, Inc.

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing
Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-497-91383-6
 iii

Contents
PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1
ECONOMY ........................................................................................................................ 2
COMPLEMENTAL VERSES THE PRETENSIONS OF POVERTY ....................................... 64
WHERE I LIVED, AND WHAT I LIVED FOR..................................................................... 66
READING........................................................................................................................ 81
SOUNDS......................................................................................................................... 91
SOLITUDE .................................................................................................................... 105
VISITORS...................................................................................................................... 114
THE BEAN-FIELD ......................................................................................................... 127
THE VILLAGE ............................................................................................................... 138
THE PONDS.................................................................................................................. 143
BAKER FARM ............................................................................................................... 165
HIGHER LAWS.............................................................................................................. 172
BRUTE NEIGHBORS ..................................................................................................... 183
HOUSE-WARMING........................................................................................................ 195
FORMER INHABITANTS AND WINTER VISITORS ......................................................... 209
WINTER ANIMALS......................................................................................................... 221
THE POND IN WINTER.................................................................................................. 230
SPRING......................................................................................................................... 243
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 260
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE .................................................................... 272
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 295
 Henry David Thoreau 1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR

Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in
English courses. By using a running English-to-Korean thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this
edition of Walden by Henry David Thoreau was edited for three audiences. The first includes
Korean-speaking students enrolled in an English Language Program (ELP), an English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL), or in a TOEFL® or
TOEIC® preparation program. The second audience includes English-speaking students enrolled in
bilingual education programs or Korean speakers enrolled in English speaking schools. The third
audience consists of students who are actively building their vocabularies in Korean in order to take
1
foreign service, translation certification, Advanced Placement® (AP®) or similar examinations. By
using the Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition when assigned for an English course, the reader can
enrich their vocabulary in anticipation of an examination in Korean or English.

Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of
difficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are
given lower priority compared to “difficult, yet commonly used” words. Rather than supply a single
translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in Korean, allowing readers to
better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid them using the notes as a pure translation crutch.
Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary
retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If
a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that it has been translated on a previous
page. A more complete glossary of translations is supplied at the end of the book; translations are
extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary.

Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-online-

dictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected]

The Editor
Webster’s Online Dictionary
www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1
TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which
has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
2 Walden

ECONOMY

When%I wrote the following pages, or rather the bulk of them, I lived alone,
in the woods, a mile from any neighbor, in a house which I had built myself, on
the shore of Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, and earned my living by
the labor of my hands only. I lived there two years and two months. At present I
am a sojourner in civilized life again.
I should not obtrude my affairs so much on the notice of my readers if very
particular inquiries had not been made by my townsmen concerning my mode of
life, which some would call impertinent, though they do not appear to me at all
impertinent, but, considering the circumstances, very natural and pertinent.
Some have asked what I got to eat; if I did not feel lonesome; if I was not afraid;
and the like. Others have been curious to learn what portion of my income I
devoted to charitable purposes; and some, who have large families, how many
poor children I maintained. I will therefore ask those of my readers who feel no
particular interest in me to pardon me if I undertake to answer some of these
questions in this book. In most books, the I, or first person, is omitted; in this it
will be retained; that, in respect to egotism, is the main difference. We
commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person that is
speaking. I should not talk so much about myself if there were anybody else
whom I knew as well. Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the
narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer,
Korean
charitable: 자비로운, 자선의, 관대한, impertinent: 건방진, 무례한, 협량, 협소, 면밀, 좁음, 궁굅.
관용적인, 인애정신에 넘치는, 주제넘은, 당치 않은, 무관계한, neighbor: 이웃의, 이웃하다, 동포,
인정많은, 자선심이 많은. 부적당한, 적절하지 못한, 적절하지 이웃사람, 서로 이웃하는 것,
civilized: 교화된, 예의바른, 교양이 않은. 인접하다, 이웃해 있다,
높은, 문명화한, 개명한, 품위있는, labor: 노동, 수고, 애써 만들다, 가까운사이이다, 근처에 살고 있다,
예의 바른. 일하다, 노력, 근로, 진통, 진통으로 근처의 것, 인접한.
devoted: 헌신적인, 골몰하여, 괴로워하다, 몹시 흔들리다, 진통으로 obtrude: 떠맡기다, 주제넘게 나서다,
저주받은, 몸을 바친, 애정이 깊은, 괴로와하다, 일. 억지로 시키다.
열애하는, 골몰하는, 헌납된. lonesome: 쓸쓸한, 외로운, 고독의, pertinent: 적절한, 에 관한, 부속물,
egotism: 이기주의, 자기 중심벽, 자만, 인적이 드문, 혼자. 부속품.
자만심, 자기본위, 자기중심, 자부. narrowness: 세밀, 편협, 좁은, 궁핍, sojourner: 머무르는 사람, 체재인.
 Henry David Thoreau 3

first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he
has heard of other men's lives; some such account as he would send to his
kindred from a distant land; for if he has lived sincerely, it must have been in a
distant land to me. Perhaps these pages are more particularly addressed to poor
students. As for the rest of my readers, they will accept such portions as apply to
them. I trust that none will stretch the seams in putting on the coat, for it may do
good service to him whom it fits.%
I would fain say something, not so much concerning the Chinese and
Sandwich Islanders as you who read these pages, who are said to live in New
England; something about your condition, especially your outward condition or
circumstances in this world, in this town, what it is, whether it is necessary that it
be as bad as it is, whether it cannot be improved as well as not. I have travelled a
good deal in Concord; and everywhere, in shops, and offices, and fields, the
inhabitants have appeared to me to be doing penance in a thousand remarkable
ways. What I have heard of Bramins sitting exposed to four fires and looking in
the face of the sun; or hanging suspended, with their heads downward, over
flames; or looking at the heavens over their shoulders "until it becomes
impossible for them to resume their natural position, while from the twist of the
neck nothing but liquids can pass into the stomach"; or dwelling, chained for life,
at the foot of a tree; or measuring with their bodies, like caterpillars, the breadth
of vast empires; or standing on one leg on the tops of pillars -- even these forms
of conscious penance are hardly more incredible and astonishing than the scenes
which I daily witness. The twelve labors of Hercules were trifling in comparison
with those which my neighbors have undertaken; for they were only twelve, and
had an end; but I could never see that these men slew or captured any monster
or finished any labor. They have no friend Iolaus to burn with a hot iron the root
of the hydra's head, but as soon as one head is crushed, two spring up.
I see young men, my townsmen, whose misfortune it is to have inherited
farms, houses, barns, cattle, and farming tools; for these are more easily acquired
than got rid of. Better if they had been born in the open pasture and suckled by a
wolf, that they might have seen with clearer eyes what field they were called to

Korean
astonishing: 놀라운. 부득이, 기꺼이 하는, 기꺼이..하는. 야구장, 야구장의 외야, 풀을
breadth: 폭, 넓은도량, 나비, 넓이, inherited: 상속한는. 뜯어먹다, 방목장, 가축을 방목하다.
넓음, 외연, 전체 효과, 퍼짐, 폭으로 kindred: 유사, 혈족, 친척 관계, 일가 penance: 참회, 고행, 고해, 에게
재는 물건, 관용, 너비. 권속, 혈족의, 같은 성질의, 친척, 고행을 과하다, 에게 속죄의 고행을
downward: 아래쪽으로, 내려가는, 같은 종류의, 같은 종류, 혈연, 과하다.
이후, 이래, 쇠잔하여, 쇠미한, 혈연의. sincere: 성실한, 진실의.
내리받이의, 이후의, 아래쪽으로의, misfortune: 불행, 불운, 재난. slew: 많음, 회전, 습지, 진창,
쇠퇴하여, 아래로 향한. outward: 밖으로 향하는, 바깥쪽의, 수두룩함, 돌다, 돌리다, 늪.
dwelling: 주거, 주소, 거처. 육체의, 외부의, 밖으로, 바깥쪽에, tops: 최상의.
fain: 기꺼이, 하고 싶어하는, 쾌히, 외부, 밖에, 현세적인. trifling: 하찮은, 경박한, 시시한,
하기를 바라는, 하고싶은, 이고싶은, pasture: 방목하다, 목장, 목초, 목초지, 사소한, 게으른.
4 Walden

labor in. Who made them serfs of the soil? Why should they eat their sixty acres,
when man is condemned to eat only his peck of dirt? Why should they begin
digging their graves as soon as they are born? They have got to live a man's life,
pushing all these things before them, and get on as well as they can. How many
a poor immortal soul have I met well-nigh crushed and smothered under its
load, creeping down the road of life, pushing before it a barn seventy-five feet by
forty, its Augean stables never cleansed, and one hundred acres of land, tillage,
mowing, pasture, and woodlot! The portionless, who struggle with no such
unnecessary inherited encumbrances, find it labor enough to subdue and
cultivate a few cubic feet of flesh.%
But men labor under a mistake. The better part of the man is soon plowed
into the soil for compost. By a seeming fate, commonly called necessity, they are
employed, as it says in an old book, laying up treasures which moth and rust will
corrupt and thieves break through and steal. It is a fool's life, as they will find
when they get to the end of it, if not before. It is said that Deucalion and Pyrrha
created men by throwing stones over their heads behind them:--

Inde genus durum sumus, experiensque laborum,

Et documenta damus qua simus origine nati.

Or, as Raleigh rhymes it in his sonorous way,--

"From thence our kind hard-hearted is, enduring pain and care,
Approving that our bodies of a stony nature are."

So much for a blind obedience to a blundering oracle, throwing the stones

over their heads behind them, and not seeing where they fell.
Most men, even in this comparatively free country, through mere ignorance
and mistake, are so occupied with the factitious cares and superfluously coarse
labors of life that its finer fruits cannot be plucked by them. Their fingers, from
excessive toil, are too clumsy and tremble too much for that. Actually, the
Korean
blundering: 실수하는, 서투른, mowing: 한 번 베어들인 양, 목초지, 거기서부터, 그런고로, 그곳에서부터.
어색한, 어줍은, 투미한. 풀베기, 보리 베기, 잔디 베기, 풀 tillage: 경작, 농작물, 경지.
durum: 밀의일종, 밀의 일종. 베기. toil: 수고, 힘드는일, 그물, 수고하다,
factitious: 인공적인, 인위적인, portionless: 배당이 없는, 분배 재산이 올가미, 고생, 노고, 애써 나아가다,
겉꾸민, 부자연스러운, 부자연한. 없는. 짐승 잡는 그물, 힘써 일하다, 을 애써
immortal: 영원한, 신의, 죽지 않는, qua: 로서, 의 자격으로. 이룩하다.
불후의, 불사의, 죽지 않느 사람, sonorous: 과장된, 울려 퍼지는, tremble: 진동, 흔들리다, 조바심하다,
불후의 명성이 있는 사람, 불멸의 낭랑한, 당당한, 울리는, 격조 높은. 전율하다, 떨하다, 떨림,
불후의, 죽지않는 사람, 불멸의, subdue: 정복하다, 억제하다, 이기다, 전전긍긍하다, 전율, 떨다, 떨게 하다.
명성이 사라지지 않는 사람. 복종시키다, 누르다, 부드럽게 하다. well-nigh: 거의.
moth: 나방, 유혹의 포로, 좀벌레. thence: 그때부터, 그러므로, woodlot: 식림용지.
 Henry David Thoreau 5

laboring man has not leisure for a true integrity day by day; he cannot afford to
sustain the manliest relations to men; his labor would be depreciated in the
market. He has no time to be anything but a machine. How can he remember
well his ignorance -- which his growth requires -- who has so often to use his
knowledge? We should feed and clothe him gratuitously sometimes, and recruit
him with our cordials, before we judge of him. The finest qualities of our nature,
like the bloom on fruits, can be preserved only by the most delicate handling.
Yet we do not treat ourselves nor one another thus tenderly.%
Some of you, we all know, are poor, find it hard to live, are sometimes, as it
were, gasping for breath. I have no doubt that some of you who read this book
are unable to pay for all the dinners which you have actually eaten, or for the
coats and shoes which are fast wearing or are already worn out, and have come
to this page to spend borrowed or stolen time, robbing your creditors of an hour.
It is very evident what mean and sneaking lives many of you live, for my sight
has been whetted by experience; always on the limits, trying to get into business
and trying to get out of debt, a very ancient slough, called by the Latins aes
alienum, another's brass, for some of their coins were made of brass; still living,
and dying, and buried by this other's brass; always promising to pay, promising
to pay, tomorrow, and dying today, insolvent; seeking to curry favor, to get
custom, by how many modes, only not state-prison offenses; lying, flattering,
voting, contracting yourselves into a nutshell of civility or dilating into an
atmosphere of thin and vaporous generosity, that you may persuade your
neighbor to let you make his shoes, or his hat, or his coat, or his carriage, or
import his groceries for him; making yourselves sick, that you may lay up
something against a sick day, something to be tucked away in an old chest, or in
a stocking behind the plastering, or, more safely, in the brick bank; no matter
where, no matter how much or how little.
I sometimes wonder that we can be so frivolous, I may almost say, as to
attend to the gross but somewhat foreign form of servitude called Negro Slavery,
there are so many keen and subtle masters that enslave both North and South. It
is hard to have a Southern overseer; it is worse to have a Northern one; but worst

Korean
civility: 정중한 태도, 정중, 정중함, 찬성하다, 부탁, 각별히 보아주다, laboring: 노동하는, 노동에 종사하는.
예의바름, 공손, 예의바른말, 애호, 편애하다, 편애, 친절한 행위, nutshell: 견과의 껍질, 아주 작은
예의바른 태도, 예의바른 말, 정중한 즐겨 착용하다, 즐겨 입다. 그릇, 간결하게 하다, 요약하여
말. flattering: 아첨하는, 유망한, 실물보다 말하다, 작은것, 요약하다.
clothe: 덮다, 부여하다, 싸다, 입히다, 좋게 보이는, 알랑거리는, 빌붙는, overseer: 감독자, 감독.
표현하다, 의복을지급하다, 입다, 비위 맞추는, 기쁘게 하는, servitude: 고역, 노예 상태, 복역,
주다, 의복을 몸에 걸치다, 의복을 발림말하는. 예속, 용역권, 노예임.
걸치다, 몸에걸치다. groceries: 식료 잡화류. sneaking: 비열한, 슬금슬금하는,
enslave: 노예로만들다, 노예로 insolvent: 파산자, 지급 불능의, 살금살금 걷는, 비밀의.
만들다. 파산한사람, 지불불능자, 지불불능한, vaporous: 덧없는, 공상적인, 안개 낀,
favor: 호의를 보이다, 호의, 찬성 지불 불능의, 지불 불능의 사람. 증기 같은, 증기 비슷한.
6 Walden

of all when you are the slave-driver of yourself. Talk of a divinity in man! Look
at the teamster on the highway, wending to market by day or night; does any
divinity stir within him? His highest duty to fodder and water his horses! What
is his destiny to him compared with the shipping interests? Does not he drive for
Squire Make-a-stir? How godlike, how immortal, is he? See how he cowers and
sneaks, how vaguely all the day he fears, not being immortal nor divine, but the
slave and prisoner of his own opinion of himself, a fame won by his own deeds.
Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opinion. What a
man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates, his fate.
Self-emancipation even in the West Indian provinces of the fancy and
imagination -- what Wilberforce is there to bring that about? Think, also, of the
ladies of the land weaving toilet cushions against the last day, not to betray too
green an interest in their fates! As if you could kill time without injuring
eternity.%
The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation. What is called resignation is
confirmed desperation. From the desperate city you go into the desperate
country, and have to console yourself with the bravery of minks and muskrats.
A stereotyped but unconscious despair is concealed even under what are called
the games and amusements of mankind. There is no play in them, for this comes
after work. But it is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.
When we consider what, to use the words of the catechism, is the chief end of
man, and what are the true necessaries and means of life, it appears as if men
had deliberately chosen the common mode of living because they preferred it to
any other. Yet they honestly think there is no choice left. But alert and healthy
natures remember that the sun rose clear. It is never too late to give up our
prejudices. No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted
without proof. What everybody echoes or in silence passes by as true to-day
may turn out to be falsehood to-morrow, mere smoke of opinion, which some
had trusted for a cloud that would sprinkle fertilizing rain on their fields. What
old people say you cannot do, you try and find that you can. Old deeds for old
people, and new deeds for new. Old people did not know enough once,

Korean
betray: 나타내다, 누설하다, 배반하다, 계기반, 콘솔형 캐비닛, 캐비닛, 존엄한, 신과 같은.
저버리다, 유괴하다, 배신하다, 팔다, 제어장치, 제어 탁자, 위문하다, sprinkle: 끼얹다, 조금, 뿌리다, 비가
속이다, 무심코 드러내다, 거역하다, 소용돌이꼴 초엽. 뿌리다, 부슬비, 붓다, 뿌림, 물을
에 위배하다. divinity: 신학, 신, 신성, 신의 힘, 신의 뿌리다, 살수, 흩뿌림, 드문드문함.
bravery: 용감, 화려, 화미. 덕. stereotyped: 연판으로 인쇄한, 판에
catechism: 교리문답서, 문답식 falsehood: 허위, 거짓말, 잘못. 박은, 스테레오판에 뜬, 틀에 박힌,
교수법, 잇달은 질문, 교리문답, fertilizing: 수정시키는, 풍부하게 연판에 뜬.
문답식 교과서, 성공회 문답, 공교 하는, 비옥하게 하는. teamster: 트럭 운전기사, 두목, 왕초,
요리, 교리 문답, 교리 문답서. fodder: 마초, 가축의 먹이, 꼴, 사료, 한데 맨 짐승떼를 부리는 사람, 한데
console: 위로하다, 콘솔, 연주대, 병사들. 맨 짐승을 부리는 사람, 트럭 운전사.
소용돌이 모양의 까치발, 관제용 godlike: 신같은, 신 같은, 위엄있는, tyrant: 참주, 폭군, 폭군 같은 사람.
 Henry David Thoreau 7

perchance, to fetch fresh fuel to keep the fire a-going; new people put a little dry
wood under a pot, and are whirled round the globe with the speed of birds, in a
way to kill old people, as the phrase is. Age is no better, hardly so well, qualified
for an instructor as youth, for it has not profited so much as it has lost. One may
almost doubt if the wisest man has learned anything of absolute value by living.
Practically, the old have no very important advice to give the young, their own
experience has been so partial, and their lives have been such miserable failures,
for private reasons, as they must believe; and it may be that they have some faith
left which belies that experience, and they are only less young than they were. I
have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear the first
syllable of valuable or even earnest advice from my seniors. They have told me
nothing, and probably cannot tell me anything to the purpose. Here is life, an
experiment to a great extent untried by me; but it does not avail me that they
have tried it. If I have any experience which I think valuable, I am sure to reflect
that this my Mentors said nothing about.%
One farmer says to me, "You cannot live on vegetable food solely, for it
furnishes nothing to make bones with"; and so he religiously devotes a part of
his day to supplying his system with the raw material of bones; walking all the
while he talks behind his oxen, which, with vegetable-made bones, jerk him and
his lumbering plow along in spite of every obstacle. Some things are really
necessaries of life in some circles, the most helpless and diseased, which in
others are luxuries merely, and in others still are entirely unknown.
The whole ground of human life seems to some to have been gone over by
their predecessors, both the heights and the valleys, and all things to have been
cared for. According to Evelyn, "the wise Solomon prescribed ordinances for the
very distances of trees; and the Roman praetors have decided how often you
may go into your neighbor's land to gather the acorns which fall on it without
trespass, and what share belongs to that neighbor." Hippocrates has even left
directions how we should cut our nails; that is, even with the ends of the fingers,
neither shorter nor longer. Undoubtedly the very tedium and ennui which
presume to have exhausted the variety and the joys of life are as old as Adam.

Korean
diseased: 병적인, 병의, 병에 걸린. 지나가는, 재목 벌채업, 쿵쿵거리며 spite: 악의, 원한, 앙심으로, 에 짓궂게
earnest: 진지한, 열심인, 진지, 진심, 지나가는. 굴다, 을 돌보지 않고, 에도 불구하고,
중대한, 정식, 성실한, 성실, 엄숙한- oxen: 소의 복수형. 짓궂게 굴다, 앙갚음하다.
성실, 엄숙한, 계약금. perchance: 아마, 우연히, 어쩌면. tedium: 권태, 지겨움.
ennui: 권태. plow: 경작지, 쟁기, 두둑을 만들다, trespass: 방해, 주제넘게 굴다,
jerk: 바보, 휙 던지다, 갑자기 밀다, 홱 파도를 헤치고 나아가다, 제설기, 편승하다, 침해, 침입, 침입하다,
당기다, 포육으로 만들다, 포육, 경련, 갈듯이나아가다, 낙제시키다, 쟁기로 죽다, 불법 침해, 위법 행위를 하다,
쿡 찌르다, 꽉 비틀다, 내뱉듯이 갈다, 갈다, 북두칠성-쟁기질 하다, 죄, 폐를 끼치다.
말하다, 멍청이. 낙제시키다-쟁기로 갈다. untried: 미심리의, 해 보지 않은,
lumbering: 육중한, 제재업 religiously: 양심적으로, 신앙심깊게, 경험이 없는, 해보지 않은, 심리하지
쿵쿵거리는, 방대한, 육중하게 종교적으로. 않은.
8 Walden

But man's capacities have never been measured; nor are we to judge of what he
can do by any precedents, so little has been tried. Whatever have been thy
failures hitherto, "be not afflicted, my child, for who shall assign to thee what
thou hast left undone?"
We might try our lives by a thousand simple tests; as, for instance, that the
same sun which ripens my beans illumines at once a system of earths like ours.
If I had remembered this it would have prevented some mistakes. This was not
the light in which I hoed them. The stars are the apexes of what wonderful
triangles! What distant and different beings in the various mansions of the
universe are contemplating the same one at the same moment! Nature and
human life are as various as our several constitutions. Who shall say what
prospect life offers to another? Could a greater miracle take place than for us to
look through each other's eyes for an instant? We should live in all the ages of
the world in an hour; ay, in all the worlds of the ages. History, Poetry,
Mythology! -- I know of no reading of another's experience so startling and
informing as this would be.%
The greater part of what my neighbors call good I believe in my soul to be
bad, and if I repent of anything, it is very likely to be my good behavior. What
demon possessed me that I behaved so well? You may say the wisest thing you
can, old man -- you who have lived seventy years, not without honor of a kind --
I hear an irresistible voice which invites me away from all that. One generation
abandons the enterprises of another like stranded vessels.
I think that we may safely trust a good deal more than we do. We may waive
just so much care of ourselves as we honestly bestow elsewhere. Nature is as
well adapted to our weakness as to our strength. The incessant anxiety and
strain of some is a well-nigh incurable form of disease. We are made to
exaggerate the importance of what work we do; and yet how much is not done
by us! or, what if we had been taken sick? How vigilant we are! determined not
to live by faith if we can avoid it; all the day long on the alert, at night we
unwillingly say our prayers and commit ourselves to uncertainties. So
thoroughly and sincerely are we compelled to live, reverencing our life, and

Korean
afflicted: 괴로워하는, 고민하는. 과장해서 말하다, 과대시하다, repent: 후회하다, 포복성의,
ay: 항상, 찬성! 찬성 언제나, 그렇소, 병적으로 확장시키다. 기어다니는, 뉘우치다, 유감으로
아아, 찬성자, 영구히, 찬성. hast: 단수. 생각하다, 회개하다, 유감스럽게
behavior: 행실, 행동, 상태, 태도, honor: 명예, 명성, 존경하다, 체면, 생각하다.
행동주의, 관습, 가동, 관행. 자존심, 훈장, 서훈, 고관, 인수하고 startling: 놀랄 만한, 기겁하게 하는.
bestow: 수여하다, 숙박시키다, 쓰다, 지불하다, 정절, 작위. unwillingly: 마지못해, 본의 아니게,
간직하여 두다, 주다, 두다, 증여하다, incessant: 끊임없는, 간단 없는, 억지로, 반항적으로.
저장하다, 묵게 하다, 부여하다. 그칠새 없는, 끊임 없는. vigilant: 자지 않고 지키는, 방심하지
demon: 악마, 귀신, 일에 비범한 사람, incurable: 불치의, 불치의 환자, 구제 않는, 경계하는, 경계하고 있는.
정령, 귀재. 불능자, 불치의 교정불능의. waive: 포기하다, 그만두다, 연기하다,
exaggerate: 과장하다, 허풍떨다, mansions: 아파트. 보류하다, 철회하다.
 Henry David Thoreau 9

denying the possibility of change. This is the only way, we say; but there are as
many ways as there can be drawn radii from one centre. All change is a miracle
to contemplate; but it is a miracle which is taking place every instant. Confucius
said, "To know that we know what we know, and that we do not know what we
do not know, that is true knowledge." When one man has reduced a fact of the
imagination to be a fact to his understanding, I foresee that all men at length
establish their lives on that basis.%

*****

Let us consider for a moment what most of the trouble and anxiety which I
have referred to is about, and how much it is necessary that we be troubled, or at
least careful. It would be some advantage to live a primitive and frontier life,
though in the midst of an outward civilization, if only to learn what are the
gross necessaries of life and what methods have been taken to obtain them; or
even to look over the old day-books of the merchants, to see what it was that
men most commonly bought at the stores, what they stored, that is, what are the
grossest groceries. For the improvements of ages have had but little influence on
the essential laws of man's existence; as our skeletons, probably, are not to be
distinguished from those of our ancestors.
By the words, necessary of life, I mean whatever, of all that man obtains by
his own exertions, has been from the first, or from long use has become, so
important to human life that few, if any, whether from savageness, or poverty, or
philosophy, ever attempt to do without it. To many creatures there is in this
sense but one necessary of life, Food. To the bison of the prairie it is a few inches
of palatable grass, with water to drink; unless he seeks the Shelter of the forest or
the mountain's shadow. None of the brute creation requires more than Food and
Shelter. The necessaries of life for man in this climate may, accurately enough,
be distributed under the several heads of Food, Shelter, Clothing, and Fuel; for

Korean
bison: 들소, 바이슨. distributed: 분포된. 사람.
brute: 짐승, 싫은 놈, 야수적인, foresee: 예견하다, 미리알다. palatable: 상쾌한, 맛좋은.
감각이 없는, 잔인한. frontier: 국경지방, 개척의 영역, prairie: 대초원, 숲속의 조그만 빈터,
civilization: 개화, 문명, 교화, 문명국, 국경에 있어서의, 국경의, 미개 척의 초원.
인구 밀집지, 도시, 문명 국민, 문화 영역, 국경 지방. primitive: 원시의, 원시적인, 태고의,
생활, 문명세계, 문명 사회, 문명 instant: 순간, 절박한, 즉시, 즉각의, 초기의, 원시인, 그 작품, 초생의,
세계. 긴급한, 즉석의, 즉각, 즉석식의, 근본의, 소박한-문예 부흥기 이전의
contemplate: 예기하다, 응시하다, 인스턴트식품, 인스턴트커피, 이달의. 화가, 원어, 원선.
정관하다, 기도하다, 하려고생각하다, midst: 한가운데, 중앙. savageness: 황량, 잔혹, 성급, 야만.
눈여겨보다, 명상하다, 묵상하다, miracle: 기적, 불가사의한 물건, troubled: 난처한, 거칠은, 소란한,
숙고하다, 심사숙고하다, 심사하다. 기적극, 불가사의한 것, 불가사의한 교란된, 근심스러운.
10 Walden

not%till we have secured these are we prepared to entertain the true problems of
life with freedom and a prospect of success. Man has invented, not only houses,
but clothes and cooked food; and possibly from the accidental discovery of the
warmth of fire, and the consequent use of it, at first a luxury, arose the present
necessity to sit by it. We observe cats and dogs acquiring the same second
nature. By proper Shelter and Clothing we legitimately retain our own internal
heat; but with an excess of these, or of Fuel, that is, with an external heat greater
than our own internal, may not cookery properly be said to begin? Darwin, the
naturalist, says of the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, that while his own party,
who were well clothed and sitting close to a fire, were far from too warm, these
naked savages, who were farther off, were observed, to his great surprise, "to be
streaming with perspiration at undergoing such a roasting." So, we are told, the
New Hollander goes naked with impunity, while the European shivers in his
clothes. Is it impossible to combine the hardiness of these savages with the
intellectualness of the civilized man? According to Liebig, man's body is a stove,
and food the fuel which keeps up the internal combustion in the lungs. In cold
weather we eat more, in warm less. The animal heat is the result of a slow
combustion, and disease and death take place when this is too rapid; or for want
of fuel, or from some defect in the draught, the fire goes out. Of course the vital
heat is not to be confounded with fire; but so much for analogy. It appears,
therefore, from the above list, that the expression, animal life, is nearly
synonymous with the expression, animal heat; for while Food may be regarded
as the Fuel which keeps up the fire within us -- and Fuel serves only to prepare
that Food or to increase the warmth of our bodies by addition from without --
Shelter and Clothing also serve only to retain the heat thus generated and
absorbed.
The grand necessity, then, for our bodies, is to keep warm, to keep the vital
heat in us. What pains we accordingly take, not only with our Food, and
Clothing, and Shelter, but with our beds, which are our night-clothes, robbing
the nests and breasts of birds to prepare this shelter within a shelter, as the mole
has its bed of grass and leaves at the end of its burrow! The poor man is wont to
complain that this is a cold world; and to cold, no less physical than social, we
Korean
burrow: 굴, 굴을파다, 숨다, 탐구하다, 더멀리, 더욱이, 더 앞선, 더 멀리, 더 스파이.
숨는 곳. 먼, 더 뒤의, 더 나중의. naturalist: 자연주의자, 박물학자,
combustion: 연소, 격동, 산화, 자연 hardiness: 대담, 뻔뻔스럼, 내구력, 박제사, 애완동물상인, 자연주의적인,
연소, 소요. 강장, 철면피. 사실적인.
confounded: 엄청난, 지독한, 당황한, impunity: 형을 받지 않음, 형, perspiration: 땀, 발한 작용, 발한작용,
괘씸한, 경칠놈의, 어처구니없는. 처벌되지 않음, 을 받지 않음, 무사히, 발한.
cookery: 요리법, 조리실, 취사장. 무벌, 벌을 받지 않음, 해를 받지 shivers: 산산조각.
draught: 선발하다, 기안하다, 않음. streaming: 흐름, 능력별 학급 편성.
기초하다, 끌다, 제도공으로서 기술을 legitimately: 논리적인, 합법, 정당한. synonymous: 동의의, 동의어의.
연마하다. mole: 두더지, 사마귀, 몰, 검은 점, wont: 습관, 버릇처럼 된, 풍습,
farther: 더먼, 좀더, 그위에, 더욱더, 방파제, 터널굴착기, 그램분자, 늘...하는, 에 익숙한.
 Henry David Thoreau 11

refer directly a great part of our ails. The summer, in some climates, makes
possible to man a sort of Elysian life. Fuel, except to cook his Food, is then
unnecessary; the sun is his fire, and many of the fruits are sufficiently cooked by
its rays; while Food generally is more various, and more easily obtained, and
Clothing and Shelter are wholly or half unnecessary. At the present day, and in
this country, as I find by my own experience, a few implements, a knife, an axe, a
spade, a wheelbarrow, etc., and for the studious, lamplight, stationery, and
access to a few books, rank next to necessaries, and can all be obtained at a
trifling cost. Yet some, not wise, go to the other side of the globe, to barbarous
and unhealthy regions, and devote themselves to trade for ten or twenty years,
in order that they may live -- that is, keep comfortably warm -- and die in New
England at last. The luxuriously rich are not simply kept comfortably warm, but
unnaturally hot; as I implied before, they are cooked, of course a la mode.%
Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only
not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind. With
respect to luxuries and comforts, the wisest have ever lived a more simple and
meagre life than the poor. The ancient philosophers, Chinese, Hindoo, Persian,
and Greek, were a class than which none has been poorer in outward riches,
none so rich in inward. We know not much about them. It is remarkable that we
know so much of them as we do. The same is true of the more modern reformers
and benefactors of their race. None can be an impartial or wise observer of
human life but from the vantage ground of what we should call voluntary
poverty. Of a life of luxury the fruit is luxury, whether in agriculture, or
commerce, or literature, or art. There are nowadays professors of philosophy,
but not philosophers. Yet it is admirable to profess because it was once
admirable to live. To be a philosopher is not merely to have subtle thoughts, nor
even to found a school, but so to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates,
a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust. It is to solve some of
the problems of life, not only theoretically, but practically. The success of great
scholars and thinkers is commonly a courtier-like success, not kingly, not manly.
They make shift to live merely by conformity, practically as their fathers did, and
are in no sense the progenitors of a noble race of men. But why do men
Korean
according: 그러므로, 따라서, manly: 사내다운, 남자 같은, 주의 깊은, 공부 좋아하는, 신중한,
나름으로, 에 따라, 에 의하여. 남성적인, 남자와 같은, 여자가 학문에 정진하는.
barbarous: 잔인한, 야만의, 무식한, 남자와 같은. unhealthy: 건강치 못한, 불건전한,
조야한, 그리스 어 이외의, 라틴 어 profess: 공언하다, 직업으로 삼다, 위험한, 건강하지 못한, 건강에
이외의, 미개한, 야비한, 이국어의. 신앙을 고백하다, 을 신앙한다고 해로운.
kingly: 왕의, 왕다운, 위엄 있는. 공언하다, 라고 자칭하다, 학문, 인 unnaturally: 이상하게, 몰인정하게,
lamplight: 등불, 램프 불빛. 체하다, 기술 따위를 지니고 있다고 인공적으로.
luxuriously: 안일하게, 호사스럽게, 공언하다-공언하다, 기술 따위를 vantage: 우월, 밴티지, 유라한 지위,
사치스럽게. 지니고 있다고 공언하다, 언명하다, 우세, 듀스 후 일점의 득점.
magnanimity: 아량, 관대한 행위, 대학 교수로 있다. wheelbarrow: 외바퀴 손수레, 일륜차,
도량이 넓음, 아량이 넓음. studious: 애쓰는, 열심인, 공부하는, 일륜차로 운반하다.
12 Walden

degenerate%ever? What makes families run out? What is the nature of the luxury
which enervates and destroys nations? Are we sure that there is none of it in our
own lives? The philosopher is in advance of his age even in the outward form of
his life. He is not fed, sheltered, clothed, warmed, like his contemporaries. How
can a man be a philosopher and not maintain his vital heat by better methods
than other men?
When a man is warmed by the several modes which I have described, what
does he want next? Surely not more warmth of the same kind, as more and
richer food, larger and more splendid houses, finer and more abundant clothing,
more numerous, incessant, and hotter fires, and the like. When he has obtained
those things which are necessary to life, there is another alternative than to
obtain the superfluities; and that is, to adventure on life now, his vacation from
humbler toil having commenced. The soil, it appears, is suited to the seed, for it
has sent its radicle downward, and it may now send its shoot upward also with
confidence. Why has man rooted himself thus firmly in the earth, but that he
may rise in the same proportion into the heavens above? -- for the nobler plants
are valued for the fruit they bear at last in the air and light, far from the ground,
and are not treated like the humbler esculents, which, though they may be
biennials, are cultivated only till they have perfected their root, and often cut
down at top for this purpose, so that most would not know them in their
flowering season.
I do not mean to prescribe rules to strong and valiant natures, who will mind
their own affairs whether in heaven or hell, and perchance build more
magnificently and spend more lavishly than the richest, without ever
impoverishing themselves, not knowing how they live -- if, indeed, there are any
such, as has been dreamed; nor to those who find their encouragement and
inspiration in precisely the present condition of things, and cherish it with the
fondness and enthusiasm of lovers -- and, to some extent, I reckon myself in this
number; I do not speak to those who are well employed, in whatever
circumstances, and they know whether they are well employed or not; -- but
mainly to the mass of men who are discontented, and idly complaining of the

Korean
cherish: 품다, 귀여워하다, 소중히 재배되는. 쓰다, 명하다, 시효에 의하여,
하다, 소중히 키우다, 소중히 기르다, fondness: 취미, 경신, 기호, 도타운 명령하다, 시효로써 무효로 하다,
고이 간직하다. 사랑, 자애, 좋아함, 귀여워함, 시효로써 무효로 하다-명령하다,
clothing: 의류, 덮개, 돛. 다정함, 맹목적 사랑. 시효에 의한 취득을 주장하다,
cultivated: 경작된, 양식된, 세련된, idly: 무익하게, 멍하니, 게으르게, 규정하다, 시효를 주장하다.
개간된, 배양된, 교양있는, 재배된, 헛되이, 빈둥거려, 빈둥거리며, radicle: 소근, 어린뿌리, 어린 뿌리,
교양 있는. 하는일 없이, 게을리, 한는 일 없이. 기, 작은 뿌리, 잔뿌리.
discontented: 불만스러운, 불만을 lavishly: 풍부한, 아낌없이 주다, 손이 vacation: 휴가를 보내다, 휴가,
품은. 큰, 낭비적인. 휴정기, 휴일, 휴가를 얻다, 정기
flowering: 꽃이 피는, 개화, 개화기, philosopher: 철인, 철학자. 휴가, 명도, 궐위 기간, 공석 기간.
꽃 장식을 달기, 꽃을 감상하기 위해 prescribe: 지시하다, 처방하다, 처방을 valiant: 용감한, 훌륭한, 용맹스런.
 Henry David Thoreau 13

hardness of their lot or of the times, when they might improve them. There are
some who complain most energetically and inconsolably of any, because they
are, as they say, doing their duty. I also have in my mind that seemingly
wealthy, but most terribly impoverished class of all, who have accumulated
dross, but know not how to use it, or get rid of it, and thus have forged their own
golden or silver fetters.%

If I should attempt to tell how I have desired to spend my life in years past, it
would probably surprise those of my readers who are somewhat acquainted
with its actual history; it would certainly astonish those who know nothing
about it. I will only hint at some of the enterprises which I have cherished.
In any weather, at any hour of the day or night, I have been anxious to
improve the nick of time, and notch it on my stick too; to stand on the meeting of
two eternities, the past and future, which is precisely the present moment; to toe
that line. You will pardon some obscurities, for there are more secrets in my
trade than in most men's, and yet not voluntarily kept, but inseparable from its
very nature. I would gladly tell all that I know about it, and never paint "No
Admittance" on my gate.
I long ago lost a hound, a bay horse, and a turtle dove, and am still on their
trail. Many are the travellers I have spoken concerning them, describing their
tracks and what calls they answered to. I have met one or two who had heard
the hound, and the tramp of the horse, and even seen the dove disappear behind
a cloud, and they seemed as anxious to recover them as if they had lost them
themselves.
To anticipate, not the sunrise and the dawn merely, but, if possible, Nature
herself! How many mornings, summer and winter, before yet any neighbor was
stirring about his business, have I been about mine! No doubt, many of my
townsmen have met me returning from this enterprise, farmers starting for
Boston in the twilight, or woodchoppers going to their work. It is true, I never
assisted the sun materially in his rising, but, doubt not, it was of the last
importance only to be present at it.
Korean
acquainted: 사귀게 된, 안면이 있는, 진리, 영원한 존재, 영원의 세계, 오래 나눌수없는, 떨어지기 어려운것,
정통한, 친한. 시간. 떨어질수 없는, 나눌 수 없는.
astonish: 놀라게하다, 깜짝 놀라게 gladly: 기꺼이, 즐거이, 쾌히. materially: 실질적으로, 대단히, 크게,
하다, 놀라게 하다, 몹시 놀라게 하다. hound: 사냥개, 열중하는 사람, 물질적으로, 질료적으로, 현저하게,
cherished: 품는, 소중히 하는. 맹렬히 쫓다, 비열한자, 사냥개로 물유적으로, 실리적으로.
dove: 비둘기, 온유한사람, 비둘기의 사냥하다, 비열한 사나이, 개. notch: 단, 오늬, 급, 애로, 새긴 금,
과거, 순결한 사람, 평화의 사자, impoverished: 동식물의 종류가 적은, 산길, 꿰다, 기록하다, 벤자리, 재다,
성령. 가난하게 된, 메마른, 허약해진, 힘을 금을 그어 기록하다.
dross: 쇠똥, 찌끼, 부스러기, 쓸모 잃은, 가난하게 하는, 궁핍하게 하는. sunrise: 해돋이, 해뜰녘, 초기.
없는 것. inconsolably: 위로할수 없을 정도로. turtle: 호도애, 바다거북, 거북의 고기,
eternities: 영원, 영원한 진실, 영원한 inseparable: 분리할 수 없는, 친구, 바다거북을 잡다, 터틀.
14 Walden

So many autumn, ay, and winter days, spent outside the town, trying to hear
what was in the wind, to hear and carry it express! I well-nigh sunk all my
capital in it, and lost my own breath into the bargain, running in the face of it. If
it had concerned either of the political parties, depend upon it, it would have
appeared in the Gazette with the earliest intelligence. At other times watching
from the observatory of some cliff or tree, to telegraph any new arrival; or
waiting at evening on the hill-tops for the sky to fall, that I might catch
something, though I never caught much, and that, manna-wise, would dissolve
again in the sun.%
For a long time I was reporter to a journal, of no very wide circulation, whose
editor has never yet seen fit to print the bulk of my contributions, and, as is too
common with writers, I got only my labor for my pains. However, in this case
my pains were their own reward.
For many years I was self-appointed inspector of snow-storms and rain-
storms, and did my duty faithfully; surveyor, if not of highways, then of forest
paths and all across-lot routes, keeping them open, and ravines bridged and
passable at all seasons, where the public heel had testified to their utility.
I have looked after the wild stock of the town, which give a faithful
herdsman a good deal of trouble by leaping fences; and I have had an eye to the
unfrequented nooks and corners of the farm; though I did not always know
whether Jonas or Solomon worked in a particular field to-day; that was none of
my business. I have watered the red huckleberry, the sand cherry and the
nettle-tree, the red pine and the black ash, the white grape and the yellow violet,
which might have withered else in dry seasons.
In short, I went on thus for a long time (I may say it without boasting),
faithfully minding my business, till it became more and more evident that my
townsmen would not after all admit me into the list of town officers, nor make
my place a sinecure with a moderate allowance. My accounts, which I can swear
to have kept faithfully, I have, indeed, never got audited, still less accepted, still
less paid and settled. However, I have not set my heart on that.

Korean
dissolve: 해산하다, 깨치다, 녹이다, passable: 통용되는, 통과될 수 있는, 측량, 감시인, 측량기사.
녹다, 분해하다, 해소시키다, 통행 할 수 있는, 어지간한, 통행할 수 unfrequented: 인적이 드문, 한적한,
취소하다, 디졸브하다, 디졸브시키다, 있는, 유통되는, 법안 따위의 통과될 사람이 잘 다니지 않는, 사람이 잘
디졸브, 해소되다. 수 있는, 법안 따위의 가결될 수 있는, 가지 않는.
faithfully: 여불비례, 충실히. 길 따위 통행할 수 있는, 가결될 수 violet: 제비꽃, 제비꽃 향기가 나는,
grape: 포도, 포도탄. 있는, 상당한. 보라빛, 보라빛의, 보랏빛이다,
herdsman: 목자, 목동자리. self-appointed: 독단적인, 자칭하는, 보랏빛, 제비꽃 속의 식물, 보라색의.
huckleberry: 월귤나무, 허클베리. 자기 추천의. watered: 물을 탄, 물결 무늬가 있는,
observatory: 관측소, 전망대, sinecure: 한직. 관개된, 불입금 없이 발행한, 물을
천문기상대, 감시소. sunk: 침몰된, 물밑의, 움푹한. 뿌린, 물을 댄.
pains: 고생. surveyor: 측량자, 감정인, 검사관, withered: 시든, 쇠퇴한, 이운.
 Henry David Thoreau 15

Not%long since, a strolling Indian went to sell baskets at the house of a well-
known lawyer in my neighborhood. "Do you wish to buy any baskets?" he
asked. "No, we do not want any," was the reply. "What!" exclaimed the Indian
as he went out the gate, "do you mean to starve us?" Having seen his
industrious white neighbors so well off -- that the lawyer had only to weave
arguments, and, by some magic, wealth and standing followed -- he had said to
himself: I will go into business; I will weave baskets; it is a thing which I can do.
Thinking that when he had made the baskets he would have done his part, and
then it would be the white man's to buy them. He had not discovered that it was
necessary for him to make it worth the other's while to buy them, or at least
make him think that it was so, or to make something else which it would be
worth his while to buy. I too had woven a kind of basket of a delicate texture,
but I had not made it worth any one's while to buy them. Yet not the less, in my
case, did I think it worth my while to weave them, and instead of studying how
to make it worth men's while to buy my baskets, I studied rather how to avoid
the necessity of selling them. The life which men praise and regard as successful
is but one kind. Why should we exaggerate any one kind at the expense of the
others?
Finding that my fellow-citizens were not likely to offer me any room in the
court house, or any curacy or living anywhere else, but I must shift for myself, I
turned my face more exclusively than ever to the woods, where I was better
known. I determined to go into business at once, and not wait to acquire the
usual capital, using such slender means as I had already got. My purpose in
going to Walden Pond was not to live cheaply nor to live dearly there, but to
transact some private business with the fewest obstacles; to be hindered from
accomplishing which for want of a little common sense, a little enterprise and
business talent, appeared not so sad as foolish.
I have always endeavored to acquire strict business habits; they are
indispensable to every man. If your trade is with the Celestial Empire, then some
small counting house on the coast, in some Salem harbor, will be fixture enough.
You will export such articles as the country affords, purely native products,

Korean
cheaply: 값싸게, 쉽게, 싸게, harbor: 피난처, 항구, 정박하다, 숨다, 동사시키다, 굶어 죽다, 시장기를
싸구려로, 천하게. 피난처를 제공하다, 품다, 숨기다, 느끼다, 허기지게 하다.
counting: 집계, 개표, 계산, 계산의. 은신처, 숨겨 주다, 잠시 묵다. strolling: 순회 공연하는.
curacy: 임기, 지위, 보좌 신부의 임기, industrious: 근면한, 부지런한, transact: 처리하다, 취급하다, 하다,
보좌 신부의 직위. 애쓰는. 거래하다, 집행하다, 교섭을 하다,
dearly: 값 비싸게, 끔찍이, 비싸게, neighborhood: 근처, 지방, 약, 인근, 거래를 하다.
대정 깊이, 깊이, 극진히. 이웃, 지역, 자네근처의, weave: 꾸미다, 짜다, 헤치고
fixture: 정착물, 공작물, 오래 앉아 이웃사람들주위, 이웃의, 이웃간의 나아가다, 짜기, 적기를 누비면서 잘
있는 사람, 비품, 정기 대부금, 부동산 정의, 이웃 사람들. 피하다, 이리저리 헤치고 나아가다,
정착물, 늘붙어 있는 사람, 늘붙어 starve: 갈망하다, 굶주리다, 아사하다, 얽다, 엮다, 짜는 법, 엮어서 만든 것,
오래 있는 사람, 고정물, 대회. 굶주리게 하다, 배고프다, 오가다.
16 Walden

much%ice and pine timber and a little granite, always in native bottoms. These
will be good ventures. To oversee all the details yourself in person; to be at once
pilot and captain, and owner and underwriter; to buy and sell and keep the
accounts; to read every letter received, and write or read every letter sent; to
superintend the discharge of imports night and day; to be upon many parts of
the coast almost at the same time -- often the richest freight will be discharged
upon a Jersey shore; -- to be your own telegraph, unweariedly sweeping the
horizon, speaking all passing vessels bound coastwise; to keep up a steady
despatch of commodities, for the supply of such a distant and exorbitant market;
to keep yourself informed of the state of the markets, prospects of war and peace
everywhere, and anticipate the tendencies of trade and civilization -- taking
advantage of the results of all exploring expeditions, using new passages and all
improvements in navigation; -- charts to be studied, the position of reefs and new
lights and buoys to be ascertained, and ever, and ever, the logarithmic tables to
be corrected, for by the error of some calculator the vessel often splits upon a
rock that should have reached a friendly pier -- there is the untold fate of La
Prouse; -- universal science to be kept pace with, studying the lives of all great
discoverers and navigators, great adventurers and merchants, from Hanno and
the Phoenicians down to our day; in fine, account of stock to be taken from time
to time, to know how you stand. It is a labor to task the faculties of a man -- such
problems of profit and loss, of interest, of tare and tret, and gauging of all kinds
in it, as demand a universal knowledge.
I have thought that Walden Pond would be a good place for business, not
solely on account of the railroad and the ice trade; it offers advantages which it
may not be good policy to divulge; it is a good port and a good foundation. No
Neva marshes to be filled; though you must everywhere build on piles of your
own driving. It is said that a flood-tide, with a westerly wind, and ice in the
Neva, would sweep St. Petersburg from the face of the earth.

As this business was to be entered into without the usual capital, it may not
be easy to conjecture where those means, that will still be indispensable to every

Korean
coastwise: 연안의, 해안을 따라, granite: 화강암, 쑥돌. 용기의 중량, 의 용기를 공제하다, 의
해안을 따라서. logarithmic: 대수, 대수의. 용기를 달다, 포장 용기의 중량, 포장
conjecture: 추측, 추측하다, 어림대고 railroad: 철도, 철도로 수송하다, 재료의 중량, 살갈퀴덩굴.
말하다, 어림짐작, 억측하다, 억측, 철도의, 철도에서 일하다, 철도로 underwriter: 보험업자, 보증인,
판독, 판독하다. 여행하다, 철도 시설, 누명을 씌워 해상보험업자, 증권 인수인,
despatch: 없애버리다, 특파 하다, 투옥하다, 무고한 죄를 뒤집어 인수업자.
운송 대리점, 신속, 재빨리 해치우다, 씌우다, 철도선로, 일사천리로 untold: 셀 수 없는, 이야기되지 않은,
급파, 급송 공문서, 급파 하다. 통과시키다, 철도를 놓다 무리하게 밝혀지지 않은, 언급되지 않은,
divulge: 폭로하다, 비밀을 누설하다, 통과시키다. 헤아릴 수 없는.
비밀을누설하다, 누설하다. superintend: 감독하다. westerly: 서쪽에서, 서쪽으로 향한,
exorbitant: 엄청난, 터무니없는. tare: 가라지, 포장 중량, 살갈퀴, 해독, 서방의, 서방에.
 Henry David Thoreau 17

such undertaking, were to be obtained. As for Clothing, to come at once to the

practical %part of the question, perhaps we are led oftener by the love of novelty
and a regard for the opinions of men, in procuring it, than by a true utility. Let
him who has work to do recollect that the object of clothing is, first, to retain the
vital heat, and secondly, in this state of society, to cover nakedness, and he may
judge how much of any necessary or important work may be accomplished
without adding to his wardrobe. Kings and queens who wear a suit but once,
though made by some tailor or dressmaker to their majesties, cannot know the
comfort of wearing a suit that fits. They are no better than wooden horses to
hang the clean clothes on. Every day our garments become more assimilated to
ourselves, receiving the impress of the wearer's character, until we hesitate to lay
them aside without such delay and medical appliances and some such solemnity
even as our bodies. No man ever stood the lower in my estimation for having a
patch in his clothes; yet I am sure that there is greater anxiety, commonly, to
have fashionable, or at least clean and unpatched clothes, than to have a sound
conscience. But even if the rent is not mended, perhaps the worst vice betrayed
is improvidence. I sometimes try my acquaintances by such tests as this -- Who
could wear a patch, or two extra seams only, over the knee? Most behave as if
they believed that their prospects for life would be ruined if they should do it. It
would be easier for them to hobble to town with a broken leg than with a broken
pantaloon. Often if an accident happens to a gentleman's legs, they can be
mended; but if a similar accident happens to the legs of his pantaloons, there is
no help for it; for he considers, not what is truly respectable, but what is
respected. We know but few men, a great many coats and breeches. Dress a
scarecrow in your last shift, you standing shiftless by, who would not soonest
salute the scarecrow? Passing a cornfield the other day, close by a hat and coat
on a stake, I recognized the owner of the farm. He was only a little more
weather-beaten than when I saw him last. I have heard of a dog that barked at
every stranger who approached his master's premises with clothes on, but was
easily quieted by a naked thief. It is an interesting question how far men would
retain their relative rank if they were divested of their clothes. Could you, in
such a case, tell surely of any company of civilized men which belonged to the

Korean
cornfield: 옥수수밭, 밀밭, 보리밭, 없음. 냉정하게 하다, 다시 불러일으키다,
곡물 밭, 곡물밭. nakedness: 결핍, 벌거숭이 노출이 상기다.
dressmaker: 양재사, 양장점, 있는 그대로임, 벌거숭이. scarecrow: 허수아비, 말라깽이,
장식이많은, 여성복다운. pantaloon: 바지, 근대 무언극의, 넝마를 걸친 사람, 초라한 사람, 허세,
hobble: 곤경, 다리를 절다, 곤란, 어릿광대역, 늙은이 어릿광대역, 마른 사람.
절뚝거리게 하다, 쉬엄쉬엄 늙은이, 판탈로네, 판탈롱의, shiftless: 무능한, 게으른, 두름성
이야기하다, 다리를 묶다, 을 십구세기경의 바지. 없는, 뱅충맞은.
절름거리게 하다, 절름거리다, pantaloons: 십구세기경의 바지. solemnity: 의식, 장엄, 엄숙, 점잔뺌,
절름거림, 뒤뚱거리다. recollect: 다시 모으다, 회상하다, 정식, 점잔 뺌.
improvidence: 선견지명이 없음, 가라앉히다, 생각해 내다, 생각나다, weather-beaten: 비바람에 단련된,
생각이 모자람, 경솔함, 절약심이 기억나다, 북돋우다, 진정시키다, 비바람에 시달린.
18 Walden

most respected class? When Madam Pfeiffer, in her adventurous travels round
the world, from east to west, had got so near home as Asiatic Russia, she says
that she felt the necessity of wearing other than a travelling dress, when she went
to meet the authorities, for she "was now in a civilized country, where ... people
are judged of by their clothes." Even in our democratic New England towns the
accidental possession of wealth, and its manifestation in dress and equipage
alone, obtain for the possessor almost universal respect. But they yield such
respect, numerous as they are, are so far heathen, and need to have a missionary
sent to them. Beside, clothes introduced sewing, a kind of work which you may
call endless; a woman's dress, at least, is never done.%
A man who has at length found something to do will not need to get a new
suit to do it in; for him the old will do, that has lain dusty in the garret for an
indeterminate period. Old shoes will serve a hero longer than they have served
his valet -- if a hero ever has a valet -- bare feet are older than shoes, and he can
make them do. Only they who go to soires and legislative balls must have new
coats, coats to change as often as the man changes in them. But if my jacket and
trousers, my hat and shoes, are fit to worship God in, they will do; will they not?
Who ever saw his old clothes -- his old coat, actually worn out, resolved into its
primitive elements, so that it was not a deed of charity to bestow it on some poor
boy, by him perchance to be bestowed on some poorer still, or shall we say
richer, who could do with less? I say, beware of all enterprises that require new
clothes, and not rather a new wearer of clothes. If there is not a new man, how
can the new clothes be made to fit? If you have any enterprise before you, try it
in your old clothes. All men want, not something to do with, but something to
do, or rather something to be. Perhaps we should never procure a new suit,
however ragged or dirty the old, until we have so conducted, so enterprised or
sailed in some way, that we feel like new men in the old, and that to retain it
would be like keeping new wine in old bottles. Our moulting season, like that of
the fowls, must be a crisis in our lives. The loon retires to solitary ponds to
spend it. Thus also the snake casts its slough, and the caterpillar its wormy coat,
by an internal industry and expansion; for clothes are but our outmost cuticle

Korean
caterpillar: 모충, 무한궤도, 미개인, 불신자, 무종교자, 이교도의, 획득하다, 뚜쟁이질하다, 일으키다,
욕심꾸러기, 무한 궤도, 풀쐐기, 이단의, 이방인. 특히 노력하거나 애를 써서 획득하다,
착취자, 욕심쟁이, 무한 궤도식 indeterminate: 막연한, 불확정의, 매춘부를 주선하다.
트랙터, 쐐기벌레, 욕심꾸러기의, 불확정한, 부정의. sewing: 재봉, 바느질감, 바느질실,
무한 궤도차. loon: 게으름뱅이, 아비, 얼간이, 재봉의.
equipage: 용구일습, 마차 장비 일체, 농병아리. valet: 종자, 보이, 돌보다, 시종,
마차, 마부따위의한갖춤, 장비, manifestation: 표명, 명시, 정견 발표. 시종으로 섬기다, 남의 옷을 돌보다.
장신구 한 벌, 가정 용품 한 벌. missionary: 전도의, 선교사, 전도사. wearer: 착용자, 사용자, 휴대자,
garret: 다락방, 머리, 제일윗층, 초라한 outmost: 가장 밖의. 소모시키는 것.
작은 방, 고미다락. possessor: 소유자, 점유자. wormy: 벌레 같은, 벌레가 붙은, 벌레
heathen: 이교도, 미개한, 이교의, procure: 알선하다, 얻다, 가져오다, 붙은.
 Henry David Thoreau 19

and mortal coil. Otherwise we shall be found sailing under false colors, and be
inevitably cashiered at last by our own opinion, as well as that of mankind.
We %don garment after garment, as if we grew like exogenous plants by
addition without. Our outside and often thin and fanciful clothes are our
epidermis, or false skin, which partakes not of our life, and may be stripped off
here and there without fatal injury; our thicker garments, constantly worn, are
our cellular integument, or cortex; but our shirts are our liber, or true bark,
which cannot be removed without girdling and so destroying the man. I believe
that all races at some seasons wear something equivalent to the shirt. It is
desirable that a man be clad so simply that he can lay his hands on himself in the
dark, and that he live in all respects so compactly and preparedly that, if an
enemy take the town, he can, like the old philosopher, walk out the gate empty-
handed without anxiety. While one thick garment is, for most purposes, as good
as three thin ones, and cheap clothing can be obtained at prices really to suit
customers; while a thick coat can be bought for five dollars, which will last as
many years, thick pantaloons for two dollars, cowhide boots for a dollar and a
half a pair, a summer hat for a quarter of a dollar, and a winter cap for sixty-two
and a half cents, or a better be made at home at a nominal cost, where is he so
poor that, clad in such a suit, of his own earning, there will not be found wise
men to do him reverence?
When I ask for a garment of a particular form, my tailoress tells me gravely,
"They do not make them so now," not emphasizing the "They" at all, as if she
quoted an authority as impersonal as the Fates, and I find it difficult to get made
what I want, simply because she cannot believe that I mean what I say, that I am
so rash. When I hear this oracular sentence, I am for a moment absorbed in
thought, emphasizing to myself each word separately that I may come at the
meaning of it, that I may find out by what degree of consanguinity They are
related to me, and what authority they may have in an affair which affects me so
nearly; and, finally, I am inclined to answer her with equal mystery, and without
any more emphasis of the "they" -- "It is true, they did not make them so recently,
but they do now." Of what use this measuring of me if she does not measure my

Korean
clad: 장비한, 입은, 다른 금속을 채찍, 소 생가죽, 쇠가죽 채찍으로 integument: 외피, 포피, 외피씌우개.
입히다, 덮인, 클래딩하다. 치다. oracular: 신탁의, 독단적인, 뜻이
coil: 코일, 사리다, 곱슬털, 똘똘 감다, empty-handed: 맨손으로, 맨손인. 모호한, 현명한, 탁선의 같은,
사리, 사리를 틀다, 혼란, 고리를 epidermis: 표피. 예언자인 체하는, 신탁 같은, 탁선의.
이루다, 고리, 감기다, 한 사리. exogenous: 외성의, 외생의, 외인성의, preparedly: 준비하여.
compactly: 간결하게, 아담하게, 밖으로부터 생긴, 외부적 원인에 rash: 무모한, 발진, 뾰루지, 지각없는,
차근차근. 의한. 성급한, 무분별한, 부스럼, 빈발,
consanguinity: 혈족, 동족, 친족. fanciful: 공상의, 변덕스런, 기발한, 다발, 경솔한, 조급한.
cortex: 피층, 외피, 피질, 대뇌피질, 기상 천외한, 공상에 잠기는. reverence: 존경, 존경하다, 위덕, 님,
피부, 대뇌 피질. gravely: 자갈을 깐, 귀에 거슬리는, 경례, 숭상, 숭상하다, 신부님, 경의,
cowhide: 소의 생가죽, 쇠가죽, 쇠가죽 자갈이 많은, 자갈의. 위엄, 경계.
20 Walden

character, but only the breadth of my shoulders, as it were a peg to bang the coat
on? We worship not the Graces, nor the Parcae, but Fashion. She spins and
weaves and cuts with full authority. The head monkey at Paris puts on a
traveller's cap, and all the monkeys in America do the same. I sometimes despair
of getting anything quite simple and honest done in this world by the help of
men. They would have to be passed through a powerful press first, to squeeze
their old notions out of them, so that they would not soon get upon their legs
again; and then there would be some one in the company with a maggot in his
head, hatched from an egg deposited there nobody knows when, for not even
fire kills these things, and you would have lost your labor. Nevertheless, we will
not forget that some Egyptian wheat was handed down to us by a mummy.%
On the whole, I think that it cannot be maintained that dressing has in this or
any country risen to the dignity of an art. At present men make shift to wear
what they can get. Like shipwrecked sailors, they put on what they can find on
the beach, and at a little distance, whether of space or time, laugh at each other's
masquerade. Every generation laughs at the old fashions, but follows religiously
the new. We are amused at beholding the costume of Henry VIII, or Queen
Elizabeth, as much as if it was that of the King and Queen of the Cannibal
Islands. All costume off a man is pitiful or grotesque. It is only the serious eye
peering from and the sincere life passed within it which restrain laughter and
consecrate the costume of any people. Let Harlequin be taken with a fit of the
colic and his trappings will have to serve that mood too. When the soldier is hit
by a cannonball, rags are as becoming as purple.
The childish and savage taste of men and women for new patterns keeps how
many shaking and squinting through kaleidoscopes that they may discover the
particular figure which this generation requires today. The manufacturers have
learned that this taste is merely whimsical. Of two patterns which differ only by
a few threads more or less of a particular color, the one will be sold readily, the
other lie on the shelf, though it frequently happens that after the lapse of a season
the latter becomes the most fashionable. Comparatively, tattooing is not the

Korean
cannonball: 포탄, 강속서브 탄환처럼 신성하게 하다, 봉헌하다, 가장하다, 구실, 체하다, 가장 무도를
빠르게 달리다, 껴안기형으로 하느님에게바치다, 성별하다, 하다, 가장 무도회에 참가하다, 가면
다이빙하다, 캐논볼, 탄환 서브, 성화하다, 을 바치다, 정화하다, 무도회에 참가하다, 가면 무도회.
탄환처럼 빨리 달리다, 탄환처럼빠른, 축성하다, 성별의. pitiful: 불쌍한, 인정 많은, 비루한,
특급열차. grotesque: 그로테스크풍, 터무니 가련하게 여겨야 할, 인정이 많은,
colic: 복통, 산통의, 복통의, 결장의, 없는, 우스운, 기괴한, 고딕체, 불쌍히 여겨야 할, 동정심이 많은.
산통. 괴기미, 그로테스크 무늬의, shipwrecked: 깨어진, 난파한.
color: 색, 안색, 군기, 개성, 착색, 그로테스크풍의, 괴기한. trappings: 장식, 말 장식, 장신구,
채색하다, 입장, 물들다, 윤색하다, hatched: 흙다, 빗기다. 마구.
빛깔, 얼굴을 붉히다. maggot: 변덕, 구더기, 구더니. whimsical: 변덕스러운, 별난, 이상한,
consecrate: 바치다, 성직에 임명하다, masquerade: 가장 무도회, 가장, 묘한, 기분적인.
 Henry David Thoreau 21

hideous custom which it is called. It is not barbarous merely because the

printing is skin-deep and unalterable.
I cannot believe that our factory system is the best mode by which men may
get clothing. The condition of the operatives is becoming every day more like
that of the English; and it cannot be wondered at, since, as far as I have heard or
observed, the principal object is, not that mankind may be well and honestly
clad, but, unquestionably, that corporations may be enriched. In the long run
men hit only what they aim at. Therefore, though they should fail immediately,
they had better aim at something high.%

As for a Shelter, I will not deny that this is now a necessary of life, though
there are instances of men having done without it for long periods in colder
countries than this. Samuel Laing says that "the Laplander in his skin dress, and
in a skin bag which he puts over his head and shoulders, will sleep night after
night on the snow ... in a degree of cold which would extinguish the life of one
exposed to it in any woollen clothing." He had seen them asleep thus. Yet he
adds, "They are not hardier than other people." But, probably, man did not live
long on the earth without discovering the convenience which there is in a house,
the domestic comforts, which phrase may have originally signified the
satisfactions of the house more than of the family; though these must be
extremely partial and occasional in those climates where the house is associated
in our thoughts with winter or the rainy season chiefly, and two thirds of the
year, except for a parasol, is unnecessary. In our climate, in the summer, it was
formerly almost solely a covering at night. In the Indian gazettes a wigwam was
the symbol of a day's march, and a row of them cut or painted on the bark of a
tree signified that so many times they had camped. Man was not made so large
limbed and robust but that he must seek to narrow his world and wall in a space
such as fitted him. He was at first bare and out of doors; but though this was
pleasant enough in serene and warm weather, by daylight, the rainy season and
the winter, to say nothing of the torrid sun, would perhaps have nipped his race
in the bud if he had not made haste to clothe himself with the shelter of a house.

Korean
bud: 싹, 눈, 꽃봉오리, 싹트게하다, hideous: 오싹해지는, 끔찍한, 무서운, skin-deep: 피상적으로, 피상적인,
발달하기 시작하다, 동료, 친해지다, 섬뜩한, 보기만 해도 무서운. 피상적으로는, 가죽 한 꺼풀의.
자라기 시작하다, 어린이, 아체, limbed: 한 다리가 있는. torrid: 열렬한, 염열의, 탄.
아접하다. mankind: 남성, 인간, 인류. unalterable: 바꿀 수 없는, 변경할.
chiefly: 주로, 대개, 거의, 우선. parasol: 파라솔, 양산. unquestionably: 분명히, 의심이 없는,
extinguish: 잃게 하다, 끄다, rainy: 비의, 비에 젖은, 비많은, 비 의심할 나위 없이, 확실히.
무색하게하다, 상각하다, 꺾다, 섞인, 비가 많이 오는, 비가 올 듯한, wigwam: 오두막집, 태머니홀,
전멸시키다, 절멸시키다, 단절시키다, 우천의, 비가오는, 우기. 북아메리칸 인디언의 오막집, 임시
소멸하다, 압도하다. serene: 고요한, 맑게 갠, 평화로운, 건축의 대회장.
haste: 서두름, 급속, 재촉하다, 온화한, 잔잔한, 맑게 갠 하늘, 평온, woollen: 양모의, 모직의, 모직물을
서두르다, 서두르게 하다, 성급, 급함. 고귀하신, 맑게 하다, 침착한. 취급하는.
22 Walden

Adam%and Eve, according to the fable, wore the bower before other clothes.
Man wanted a home, a place of warmth, or comfort, first of warmth, then the
warmth of the affections.
We may imagine a time when, in the infancy of the human race, some
enterprising mortal crept into a hollow in a rock for shelter. Every child begins
the world again, to some extent, and loves to stay outdoors, even in wet and
cold. It plays house, as well as horse, having an instinct for it. Who does not
remember the interest with which, when young, he looked at shelving rocks, or
any approach to a cave? It was the natural yearning of that portion, any portion
of our most primitive ancestor which still survived in us. From the cave we have
advanced to roofs of palm leaves, of bark and boughs, of linen woven and
stretched, of grass and straw, of boards and shingles, of stones and tiles. At last,
we know not what it is to live in the open air, and our lives are domestic in more
senses than we think. From the hearth the field is a great distance. It would be
well, perhaps, if we were to spend more of our days and nights without any
obstruction between us and the celestial bodies, if the poet did not speak so
much from under a roof, or the saint dwell there so long. Birds do not sing in
caves, nor do doves cherish their innocence in dovecots.
However, if one designs to construct a dwelling-house, it behooves him to
exercise a little Yankee shrewdness, lest after all he find himself in a workhouse,
a labyrinth without a clue, a museum, an almshouse, a prison, or a splendid
mausoleum instead. Consider first how slight a shelter is absolutely necessary. I
have seen Penobscot Indians, in this town, living in tents of thin cotton cloth,
while the snow was nearly a foot deep around them, and I thought that they
would be glad to have it deeper to keep out the wind. Formerly, when how to
get my living honestly, with freedom left for my proper pursuits, was a question
which vexed me even more than it does now, for unfortunately I am become
somewhat callous, I used to see a large box by the railroad, six feet long by three
wide, in which the laborers locked up their tools at night; and it suggested to me
that every man who was hard pushed might get such a one for a dollar, and,
having bored a few auger holes in it, to admit the air at least, get into it when it

Korean
almshouse: 공립구빈원, 사립양로원. 중국인, 천국의, 천상의, 천사, 내이, 라비린토스, 분규.
auger: 큰 송곳, 타래송곳, 도래 송곳. 천체의, 신성한-중국인, 거룩한, mausoleum: 음침하고 큰 건물,
bower: 절하는 사람, 최고의 패, 주묘, 천국같은. 장려한 무덤, 영묘, 능, 웅장한 무덤,
정자, 굴복자, 나무그늘, 나무그늘의, enterprising: 기업심이왕성한, 대영묘.
내실, 이물닻, 현악기 연주자, 나무 모험적인, 기업적인, 진취적인. shelving: 선반에 얹기, 면직, 선반
그늘. fable: 전설, 우화, 신화, 거짓말하다, 재료, 묵살, 연기.
callous: 무감각한, 냉담한, 굳히다, 우화를 이야기하다, 꾸며낸 이야기, shingles: 대상포진, 대상 포진.
굳어진, 못이 박힌, 무정한, 굳어지다, 줄거리, 지어낸 이야기, 꾸며낸 shrewdness: 빈틈없음, 격심함, 심술,
못박힌, 무감각하게 하다, 무정하게, 이야기를 하다, 꾸며내다, 꾸민 기민, 예민.
예사인. 이야기. vexed: 안절부절 못하는, 곤란한, 마음
celestial: 하늘의, 천인, 중국의, labyrinth: 미궁, 미로, 복잡한관계, 아픈, 성난, 머리를 이프게 하는.
 Henry David Thoreau 23

rained%and at night, and hook down the lid, and so have freedom in his love,
and in his soul be free. This did not appear the worst, nor by any means a
despicable alternative. You could sit up as late as you pleased, and, whenever
you got up, go abroad without any landlord or house-lord dogging you for rent.
Many a man is harassed to death to pay the rent of a larger and more luxurious
box who would not have frozen to death in such a box as this. I am far from
jesting. Economy is a subject which admits of being treated with levity, but it
cannot so be disposed of. A comfortable house for a rude and hardy race, that
lived mostly out of doors, was once made here almost entirely of such materials
as Nature furnished ready to their hands. Gookin, who was superintendent of
the Indians subject to the Massachusetts Colony, writing in 1674, says, "The best
of their houses are covered very neatly, tight and warm, with barks of trees,
slipped from their bodies at those seasons when the sap is up, and made into
great flakes, with pressure of weighty timber, when they are green.... The
meaner sort are covered with mats which they make of a kind of bulrush, and
are also indifferently tight and warm, but not so good as the former.... Some I
have seen, sixty or a hundred feet long and thirty feet broad.... I have often
lodged in their wigwams, and found them as warm as the best English houses."
He adds that they were commonly carpeted and lined within with well-wrought
embroidered mats, and were furnished with various utensils. The Indians had
advanced so far as to regulate the effect of the wind by a mat suspended over the
hole in the roof and moved by a string. Such a lodge was in the first instance
constructed in a day or two at most, and taken down and put up in a few hours;
and every family owned one, or its apartment in one.
In the savage state every family owns a shelter as good as the best, and
sufficient for its coarser and simpler wants; but I think that I speak within
bounds when I say that, though the birds of the air have their nests, and the foxes
their holes, and the savages their wigwams, in modern civilized society not more
than one half the families own a shelter. In the large towns and cities, where
civilization especially prevails, the number of those who own a shelter is a very
small fraction of the whole. The rest pay an annual tax for this outside garment
of all, become indispensable summer and winter, which would buy a village of
Korean
bulrush: 애기부들, 큰고랭이, indifferently: 무관심하게, 상당히, 좋아하는, 호화스런, 매우 쾌적한,
큰고랭이속. 시원치 않게. 사치스러운.
despicable: 비열한, 야비한, 경멸할 indispensable: 피할 수 없는, 필요 sap: 대호, 바보, 생기, 점점
만한. 불가결한, 피치못할, 절대필요한것, 약화시키다, 기운, 시든, 활기 없는
disposed: 배치된, 한 감정을 품고, 할 없어서는 안되는, 필요불가결한 사람, 재미없는, 점점 무너뜨리다, 수액,
생각이 있는. 없어서는 안될. 대호를 파다, 짧은 방망이.
furnished: 가구 달린, 구색을 갖춘, jesting: 익살, 농담의, 농담을 잘하는, weighty: 중요한, 무거운, 유력한,
재고량이 ...한. 시시덕거림, 익살스러운, 희롱댐, 답답하게 내리누르는, 무게를 가진,
garment: 의복, 옷, 외피, 의복 한 점. 시시한. 중대한, 견딜 수 없는, 남을 수긍케
harassed: 성가신 듯한, 초조한, 매우 levity: 경솔, 경솔한 짓, 부박. 하는 힘이 있는, 무게 있는, 비중이 큰
지친몹시 시달린. luxurious: 사치스런, 사치를 세력 있는, 무게있는.
24 Walden

Indian wigwams, but now helps to keep them poor as long as they live. I do not
mean to insist here on the disadvantage of hiring compared with owning, but it
is evident that the savage owns his shelter because it costs so little, while the
civilized man hires his commonly because he cannot afford to own it; nor can he,
in %the long run, any better afford to hire. But, answers one, by merely paying
this tax, the poor civilized man secures an abode which is a palace compared
with the savage's. An annual rent of from twenty-five to a hundred dollars
(these are the country rates) entitles him to the benefit of the improvements of
centuries, spacious apartments, clean paint and paper, Rumford fire-place, back
plastering, Venetian blinds, copper pump, spring lock, a commodious cellar, and
many other things. But how happens it that he who is said to enjoy these things
is so commonly a poor civilized man, while the savage, who has them not, is rich
as a savage? If it is asserted that civilization is a real advance in the condition of
man -- and I think that it is, though only the wise improve their advantages -- it
must be shown that it has produced better dwellings without making them more
costly; and the cost of a thing is the amount of what I will call life which is
required to be exchanged for it, immediately or in the long run. An average
house in this neighborhood costs perhaps eight hundred dollars, and to lay up
this sum will take from ten to fifteen years of the laborer's life, even if he is not
encumbered with a family -- estimating the pecuniary value of every man's labor
at one dollar a day, for if some receive more, others receive less; -- so that he
must have spent more than half his life commonly before his wigwam will be
earned. If we suppose him to pay a rent instead, this is but a doubtful choice of
evils. Would the savage have been wise to exchange his wigwam for a palace on
these terms?
It may be guessed that I reduce almost the whole advantage of holding this
superfluous property as a fund in store against the future, so far as the
individual is concerned, mainly to the defraying of funeral expenses. But
perhaps a man is not required to bury himself. Nevertheless this points to an
important distinction between the civilized man and the savage; and, no doubt,
they have designs on us for our benefit, in making the life of a civilized people an
institution, in which the life of the individual is to a great extent absorbed, in
Korean
abode: 체류, 주거, 거주, 주소. costly: 희생이 큰, 값비싼, 비용이 넘겨짚어 알아내다, 짜내다, 펌프의
absorbed: 열중한, 마음을 빼앗긴, 많이 드는, 사치한, 호사스러운, 손잡이같이움직이다, 퍼내다, 펌프로
흡수된, 병합된, 여념 없는. 값이비싼, 값이 비싼, 손실이 큰. 공기를 넣다, 유도문하다, 펌프, 슬쩍
bury: 묻다, 몰두하게하다, disadvantage: 불리한 입장, 불편, 유도 신문하여 알아내다, 끈질기게
장사지내다, 몰두하다, 숨기다, 잊다, 불리, 불리하게 하다. 슬쩍 넘겨짚어 캐내다.
파묻다, 덮어서 숨기다. doubtful: 의심스러운, 못 미더운, savage: 야만적인, 야만인, 잔인,
cellar: 지하실, 석탄 저장소, 포도주 불안한, 의심을 품고 있는. 사나운, 잔인한, 황량한, 세련되지
저장, 최하위, 포도주 저장실, 저장 expenses: 소요 경비. 못한, 최고의, 야만적인 사람, 물어
포도주, 움, 지하실에 저장하다, hiring: 임대차, 고용. 뜯다, 나체의.
지하실에 저정하다, 땅광. pecuniary: 금전의, 금전상의. spacious: 넓찍한, 넓은, 드넓은.
commodious: 넓은, 편리한, 널찍한. pump: 펌프스, 펌프-펌프로올리다, superfluous: 여분의.
 Henry David Thoreau 25

order to preserve and perfect that of the race. But I wish to show at what a
sacrifice this advantage is at present obtained, and to suggest that we may
possibly so live as to secure all the advantage without suffering any of the
disadvantage. What mean ye by saying that the poor ye have always with you,
or that the fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on
edge?
"As I live, saith the Lord God, ye shall not have occasion any more to use this
proverb in Israel.%
"Behold all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son
is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die."
When I consider my neighbors, the farmers of Concord, who are at least as
well off as the other classes, I find that for the most part they have been toiling
twenty, thirty, or forty years, that they may become the real owners of their
farms, which commonly they have inherited with encumbrances, or else bought
with hired money -- and we may regard one third of that toil as the cost of their
houses -- but commonly they have not paid for them yet. It is true, the
encumbrances sometimes outweigh the value of the farm, so that the farm itself
becomes one great encumbrance, and still a man is found to inherit it, being well
acquainted with it, as he says. On applying to the assessors, I am surprised to
learn that they cannot at once name a dozen in the town who own their farms
free and clear. If you would know the history of these homesteads, inquire at the
bank where they are mortgaged. The man who has actually paid for his farm
with labor on it is so rare that every neighbor can point to him. I doubt if there
are three such men in Concord. What has been said of the merchants, that a very
large majority, even ninety-seven in a hundred, are sure to fail, is equally true of
the farmers. With regard to the merchants, however, one of them says
pertinently that a great part of their failures are not genuine pecuniary failures,
but merely failures to fulfil their engagements, because it is inconvenient; that is,
it is the moral character that breaks down. But this puts an infinitely worse face
on the matter, and suggests, beside, that probably not even the other three
succeed in saving their souls, but are perchance bankrupt in a worse sense than

Korean
bankrupt: 파산자, 지불 능력이 없는, 무한의, 몹시, 막대한, 대단히, 무한. 우화, 인기 있는 것, 어떤 점에서
파산한, 파산하다, 파산시키다, inherit: 상속하다, 유전하다, 저명한 것, 어떤 점에서 인기 있는 것,
상실한, 파한산. 물려받다, 계승하다, 재산을 속담극, 저명한 것.
encumbrance: 장애, 골칫거리, 방해, 상속하다, 재산을 물려받다, 이어 sacrifice: 희생타, 희생, 투매하다,
방해물, 부동산상의 부담, 계루, 받다. 헌신, 싸구려로, 그로 인한 손실,
부동산상의 채무. inquire: 문의하다, 묻다, 조사하다, 제물, 희생타로 진루시키다, 희생적
grapes: 포도. 질문하다. 행위, 희생하다, 희생타를 치다.
inconvenient: 불편한, 형편이 outweigh: 의 허를 찌르다, 보다 sour: 신 것, 신, 사워, 까다로운,
마땅하지 않은, 폐가되는, 무겁다. 시게하다, 지르릉하게 하다,
부자유스런, 형편이 나쁜, 부자유한. pertinently: 적절하게. 찌무룩한, 시큼한, 산패한, 발효한,
infinitely: 지독히, 훨씬, 무한히, proverb: 속담, 대동사, 평판 있는것, 냉습한.
26 Walden

they who fail honestly. Bankruptcy and repudiation are the springboards from
which much of our civilization vaults and turns its somersets, but the savage
stands on the unelastic plank of famine. Yet the Middlesex Cattle Show goes off
here with eclat annually, as if all the joints of the agricultural machine were
suent.%
The farmer is endeavoring to solve the problem of a livelihood by a formula
more complicated than the problem itself. To get his shoestrings he speculates in
herds of cattle. With consummate skill he has set his trap with a hair spring to
catch comfort and independence, and then, as he turned away, got his own leg
into it. This is the reason he is poor; and for a similar reason we are all poor in
respect to a thousand savage comforts, though surrounded by luxuries. As
Chapman sings,

"The false society of men --

-- for earthly greatness
All heavenly comforts rarefies to air."

And when the farmer has got his house, he may not be the richer but the
poorer for it, and it be the house that has got him. As I understand it, that was a
valid objection urged by Momus against the house which Minerva made, that
she "had not made it movable, by which means a bad neighborhood might be
avoided"; and it may still be urged, for our houses are such unwieldy property
that we are often imprisoned rather than housed in them; and the bad
neighborhood to be avoided is our own scurvy selves. I know one or two
families, at least, in this town, who, for nearly a generation, have been wishing to
sell their houses in the outskirts and move into the village, but have not been
able to accomplish it, and only death will set them free.
Granted that the majority are able at last either to own or hire the modern
house with all its improvements. While civilization has been improving our
houses, it has not equally improved the men who are to inhabit them. It has
created palaces, but it was not so easy to create noblemen and kings. And if the

Korean
accomplish: 숙달한, 완수하다, greatness: 큼, 탁월, 위대, 다대함, plank: 두꺼운 판자, 즉시 지불하다,
가르치다, 달성하다, 성취하다, 저명, 웅대, 다대, 거대, 거대함, 중대, 밑에 놓다, 판자위에서 구운 채
완성한, 소양이있는, 소양이 있는, 다량. 내놓다, 정강의 조항-판자를 깔다,
이루다, 에게 가르치다. inhabit: 에 살다, 거주하다, 살다, 에 의지가 되는 것, 정당의 강령 항목,
consummate: 완전한, 유능한, 마치다, 존재하다, 에 깃들다. 즉석에서 지불하다, 당장지불하다, 에
완성된, 완성하다, 이루다, 극점에 livelihood: 생계, 살림, 호구지책. 널빤지를 깔다, 강령 항목.
달하게 하다, 더없는, 무상의, movable: 움직일 수 있는, 가구, 동산, repudiation: 거절, 지불거절, 부인,
성취하다, 신방에 들어완성시키다. 이동할 수 있는-가재, 이동할 수 이혼, 의절, 성직록의 사절, 포기.
earthly: 지구의, 세속의, 속세의, 있는, 가재, 움직일 수 있는 것. scurvy: 괴혈병, 상스러운.
도대체, 전혀, 이 세상의, 지상의. outskirts: 변두리, 교외, 주변, 도시 unwieldy: 다루기 힘든, 모양이 없는,
eclat: 대갈채, 대성공, 명성. 따위의 변두리. 부피가 큰, 꼴 사나운.
 Henry David Thoreau 27

civilized man's pursuits are no worthier than the savage's, if he is employed the
greater part of his life in obtaining gross necessaries and comforts merely, why
should he have a better dwelling than the former?
But %how do the poor minority fare? Perhaps it will be found that just in
proportion as some have been placed in outward circumstances above the
savage, others have been degraded below him. The luxury of one class is
counterbalanced by the indigence of another. On the one side is the palace, on
the other are the almshouse and "silent poor." The myriads who built the
pyramids to be the tombs of the Pharaohs were fed on garlic, and it may be were
not decently buried themselves. The mason who finishes the cornice of the
palace returns at night perchance to a hut not so good as a wigwam. It is a
mistake to suppose that, in a country where the usual evidences of civilization
exist, the condition of a very large body of the inhabitants may not be as
degraded as that of savages. I refer to the degraded poor, not now to the
degraded rich. To know this I should not need to look farther than to the
shanties which everywhere border our railroads, that last improvement in
civilization; where I see in my daily walks human beings living in sties, and all
winter with an open door, for the sake of light, without any visible, often
imaginable, wood-pile, and the forms of both old and young are permanently
contracted by the long habit of shrinking from cold and misery, and the
development of all their limbs and faculties is checked. It certainly is fair to look
at that class by whose labor the works which distinguish this generation are
accomplished. Such too, to a greater or less extent, is the condition of the
operatives of every denomination in England, which is the great workhouse of
the world. Or I could refer you to Ireland, which is marked as one of the white
or enlightened spots on the map. Contrast the physical condition of the Irish
with that of the North American Indian, or the South Sea Islander, or any other
savage race before it was degraded by contact with the civilized man. Yet I have
no doubt that that people's rulers are as wise as the average of civilized rulers.
Their condition only proves what squalidness may consist with civilization. I
hardly need refer now to the laborers in our Southern States who produce the
staple exports of this country, and are themselves a staple production of the
Korean
accomplished: 성취된, 뛰어난, 교양이 있게, 제법, 적절하게, 괜찮게, imaginable: 상상할 수 있는.
있는, 능란한, 세련된, 조예가 깊은, 점잖게, 품위있게. indigence: 빈곤, 가난, 곤궁.
기정의, 완료된, 완성된. degraded: 타락한, 퇴화한, 부패한, shrinking: 움츠리는, 겁내는,
contracted: 수축한, 옹졸한, 계약한, 저하한. 움츠리는 것.
인색한, 찌푸린, 도량이 좁은, 단축한, denomination: 명명, 종류, 명칭, squalidness: 더러운, 천한, 너저분한.
수축된. 교파, 계급, 액면 금액, 단위명, 종목, staple: 주요한, 섬유, 원료, 주요 산물,
cornice: 처마 장식, 배내기, 벼랑 끝에 종파, 파. 상업 중심지, 분류하다, 스테이플,
차양처럼 얼어 붙은 눈더미, 벼랑 enlightened: 계몽된, 밝은, 개화된, 주요 시장, 대량 생산의, 주성분,
끝에 차양처럼 얼어붙은 눈더미. 견식 있는, 계발된, 문명의, 문명화한, 호치키스.
decently: 친절하게, 볼썽사납지 않게, 진보한, 훤히 통달한. workhouse: 소년원, 취역소, 감화원,
상당히, 예의바르게, 훌륭하게, 품위 garlic: 마늘. 구빈원.
28 Walden

South. % But to confine myself to those who are said to be in moderate

circumstances.
Most men appear never to have considered what a house is, and are actually
though needlessly poor all their lives because they think that they must have
such a one as their neighbors have. As if one were to wear any sort of coat which
the tailor might cut out for him, or, gradually leaving off palm-leaf hat or cap of
woodchuck skin, complain of hard times because he could not afford to buy him
a crown! It is possible to invent a house still more convenient and luxurious
than we have, which yet all would admit that man could not afford to pay for.
Shall we always study to obtain more of these things, and not sometimes to be
content with less? Shall the respectable citizen thus gravely teach, by precept
and example, the necessity of the young man's providing a certain number of
superfluous glow-shoes, and umbrellas, and empty guest chambers for empty
guests, before he dies? Why should not our furniture be as simple as the Arab's
or the Indian's? When I think of the benefactors of the race, whom we have
apotheosized as messengers from heaven, bearers of divine gifts to man, I do not
see in my mind any retinue at their heels, any carload of fashionable furniture.
Or what if I were to allow -- would it not be a singular allowance? -- that our
furniture should be more complex than the Arab's, in proportion as we are
morally and intellectually his superiors! At present our houses are cluttered and
defiled with it, and a good housewife would sweep out the greater part into the
dust hole, and not leave her morning's work undone. Morning work! By the
blushes of Aurora and the music of Memnon, what should be man's morning
work in this world? I had three pieces of limestone on my desk, but I was
terrified to find that they required to be dusted daily, when the furniture of my
mind was all undusted still, and threw them out the window in disgust. How,
then, could I have a furnished house? I would rather sit in the open air, for no
dust gathers on the grass, unless where man has broken ground.
It is the luxurious and dissipated who set the fashions which the herd so
diligently follow. The traveller who stops at the best houses, so called, soon
discovers this, for the publicans presume him to be a Sardanapalus, and if he

Korean
carload: 화차 한 대분의 화물, 자동차 housewife: 주부, 반짇고리. 시종.
한대분, 최소량의 톤수, 자동차 한 intellectually: 지력으로. singular: 단수, 단 하나의, 단수의,
대분. invent: 발명하다, 날조하다, 조작하다, 현저한, 각각의 단수의, 보통이 아닌
confine: 가두다, 감금하다, 경계, 만들다, 창안하다, 훔치다, 을 단수, 멋진, 이상한, 개개의, 훌륭한,
제한하다, 한정하다, 감금, 범위, 처음으로 만들어 내다. 단수형.
억류, 영역, 제한, 국경. needlessly: 불필요하게. tailor: 재봉사, 양복점을 경영하다,
diligently: 부지런히, 애써, 근면하게, precept: 명령서, 교훈, 격언, 기술 짓다, 양복장이, 옷이 날개, 양복을
부지런하게, 열심히. 따위의 지침, 기술 따위의 작업지침, 짓다, 맞추어 만들다, 재단사.
dissipated: 방탕한, 낭비된, 지침. undone: 풀어진, 파멸한, 하지않은
난봉부리는, 난봉피우는. retinue: 수행원, 종자, 배신, 시종, 미완성의, 하지 않은, 푼, 영락한.
gathers: 주름. 특히 귀인 등의 시종, 특히 왕후 등의 woodchuck: 북미산 마못류, 마못.
 Henry David Thoreau 29

resigned himself to their tender mercies he would soon be completely

emasculated. I think that in the railroad car we are inclined to spend more on
luxury than on safety and convenience, and it threatens without attaining these
to become no better than a modern drawing-room, with its divans, and
ottomans, and sun-shades, and a hundred other oriental things, which we are
taking west with us, invented for the ladies of the harem and the effeminate
natives of the Celestial Empire, which Jonathan should be ashamed to know the
names of. I would rather sit on a pumpkin and have it all to myself than be
crowded on a velvet cushion. I would rather ride on earth in an ox cart, with a
free circulation, than go to heaven in the fancy car of an excursion train and
breathe a malaria all the way.%
The very simplicity and nakedness of man's life in the primitive ages imply
this advantage, at least, that they left him still but a sojourner in nature. When he
was refreshed with food and sleep, he contemplated his journey again. He
dwelt, as it were, in a tent in this world, and was either threading the valleys, or
crossing the plains, or climbing the mountain-tops. But lo! men have become the
tools of their tools. The man who independently plucked the fruits when he was
hungry is become a farmer; and he who stood under a tree for shelter, a
housekeeper. We now no longer camp as for a night, but have settled down on
earth and forgotten heaven. We have adopted Christianity merely as an
improved method of agri-culture. We have built for this world a family mansion,
and for the next a family tomb. The best works of art are the expression of man's
struggle to free himself from this condition, but the effect of our art is merely to
make this low state comfortable and that higher state to be forgotten. There is
actually no place in this village for a work of fine art, if any had come down to
us, to stand, for our lives, our houses and streets, furnish no proper pedestal for
it. There is not a nail to hang a picture on, nor a shelf to receive the bust of a hero
or a saint. When I consider how our houses are built and paid for, or not paid
for, and their internal economy managed and sustained, I wonder that the floor
does not give way under the visitor while he is admiring the gewgaws upon the
mantelpiece, and let him through into the cellar, to some solid and honest
though earthy foundation. I cannot but perceive that this so-called rich and
Korean
admiring: 감복한, 감탄하는, 같은. 첩들, 하렘.
찬미하는, 찬양하는. emasculated: 힘 없는, 거세된, 유약한, lo: 보라.
cushion: 완충물, 쿠션, 쿠션 꼴을 한 골자가 빠진. malaria: 말라리아, 말라리아의 독기,
것, 공기 쿠션, 가라앉히다, 허리띠에 excursion: 소풍, 관광단, 습격, 일탈, 늪의 독기.
대는 헝겊받침, 쿠션을 달다, 수학여행, 단체여행, 할인 배, 편위, mantelpiece: 벽로의 앞 장식, 벽로의
쿠션으로 받치다, 안석, 베이스, 방석. 할인 열차, 옆길로 벗어남, 소풍 단체. 장식, 벽난로의 앞장식, 벽난로 선반.
drawing-room: 응접실, 특별 객실, furnish: 설비, 공급하다, 가구를 ox: 수소, 소.
회견, 제도실. 갖추다, 비치된가구, 비치된 가구, pedestal: 기초, 주춧대, 대좌, 근저,
earthy: 흙의, 야비한, 흙같은, 하치의, 장치를 갖추다, 주다, 설치하다, 대에 올려 놓다, 대좌위에 올려 놓다,
세속의, 거친, 땅의, 지상의. 가구를 설비하다. 받침대, 축받이, 흉상 따위의 받침대.
effeminate: 연약한, 여자같은, 여자 harem: 후궁, 도장방, 하렘의 아내와 pumpkin: 호박, 허세부리는 사람.
30 Walden

refined life is a thing jumped at, and I do not get on in the enjoyment of the fine
arts which adorn it, my attention being wholly occupied with the jump; for I
remember that the greatest genuine leap, due to human muscles alone, on
record, is that of certain wandering Arabs, who are said to have cleared twenty-
five feet on level ground. Without factitious support, man is sure to come to
earth again beyond that distance. The first question which I am tempted to put
to the proprietor of such great impropriety is, Who bolsters you? Are you one of
the ninety-seven who fail, or the three who succeed? Answer me these
questions, and then perhaps I may look at your bawbles and find them
ornamental. The cart before the horse is neither beautiful nor useful. Before we
can adorn our houses with beautiful objects the walls must be stripped, and our
lives must be stripped, and beautiful housekeeping and beautiful living be laid
for a foundation: now, a taste for the beautiful is most cultivated out of doors,
where there is no house and no housekeeper.%
Old Johnson, in his "Wonder-Working Providence," speaking of the first
settlers of this town, with whom he was contemporary, tells us that "they burrow
themselves in the earth for their first shelter under some hillside, and, casting
the soil aloft upon timber, they make a smoky fire against the earth, at the
highest side." They did not "provide them houses," says he, "till the earth, by the
Lord's blessing, brought forth bread to feed them," and the first year's crop was
so light that "they were forced to cut their bread very thin for a long season." The
secretary of the Province of New Netherland, writing in Dutch, in 1650, for the
information of those who wished to take up land there, states more particularly
that "those in New Netherland, and especially in New England, who have no
means to build farmhouses at first according to their wishes, dig a square pit in
the ground, cellar fashion, six or seven feet deep, as long and as broad as they
think proper, case the earth inside with wood all round the wall, and line the
wood with the bark of trees or something else to prevent the caving in of the
earth; floor this cellar with plank, and wainscot it overhead for a ceiling, raise a
roof of spars clear up, and cover the spars with bark or green sods, so that they
can live dry and warm in these houses with their entire families for two, three,
and four years, it being understood that partitions are run through those cellars
Korean
adorn: 꾸미다, 미관을 더하다, 드리움의, 던지기. 장식물.
아름다움을 돋보게 하다. caving: 동굴탐험, 함몰. proprietor: 경영자, 소유자, 소유주,
aloft: 높이, 돛대 꼭대기에, 위로, enjoyment: 향락, 기쁨, 보유, 향유. 독점권 소유자, 집주인, 사업주.
위쪽에, 위에. hillside: 산허리, 산중턱. refined: 세련된, 우아한, 미묘한,
bark: 짖다, 기나피, 기침 소리, 기침을 housekeeping: 가정. 정제된, 정확한, 정련한, 정교한,
하다, 포성, 총성, 나무 껍질로 덮다, impropriety: 부적당, 행실 나쁨, 엄정한, 정묘한, 품위있는, 정제한.
나무껍질, 소리지르다, 배, 피부- 점잖지 못함, 잘못오용, 온당치 않음, smoky: 연기나는, 거무칙칙한,
껍질을 벗기다. 상스러움, 도리에 어긋남, 부정, 그을은, 매운, 연기와 같은, 검은
casting: 주조, 배역, 낚싯줄의 드리움, 버릇없는행위, 버릇없음, 어울리지 연기투성이의, 침침한, 연기색의.
주물, 던짐, 똥, 뱀 허물, 버림, 않는 말. wainscot: 벽판, 징두리널, 징두리
낚싯줄의 드리움 방법의, 낚싯줄의 ornamental: 장식적인, 장식용의, 벽판, 징두리 판자를 대다.
 Henry David Thoreau 31

which%are adapted to the size of the family. The wealthy and principal men in
New England, in the beginning of the colonies, commenced their first dwelling-
houses in this fashion for two reasons: firstly, in order not to waste time in
building, and not to want food the next season; secondly, in order not to
discourage poor laboring people whom they brought over in numbers from
Fatherland. In the course of three or four years, when the country became
adapted to agriculture, they built themselves handsome houses, spending on
them several thousands."
In this course which our ancestors took there was a show of prudence at
least, as if their principle were to satisfy the more pressing wants first. But are
the more pressing wants satisfied now? When I think of acquiring for myself one
of our luxurious dwellings, I am deterred, for, so to speak, the country is not yet
adapted to human culture, and we are still forced to cut our spiritual bread far
thinner than our forefathers did their wheaten. Not that all architectural
ornament is to be neglected even in the rudest periods; but let our houses first be
lined with beauty, where they come in contact with our lives, like the tenement
of the shellfish, and not overlaid with it. But, alas! I have been inside one or two
of them, and know what they are lined with.
Though we are not so degenerate but that we might possibly live in a cave or
a wigwam or wear skins today, it certainly is better to accept the advantages,
though so dearly bought, which the invention and industry of mankind offer. In
such a neighborhood as this, boards and shingles, lime and bricks, are cheaper
and more easily obtained than suitable caves, or whole logs, or bark in sufficient
quantities, or even well-tempered clay or flat stones. I speak understandingly
on this subject, for I have made myself acquainted with it both theoretically and
practically. With a little more wit we might use these materials so as to become
richer than the richest now are, and make our civilization a blessing. The
civilized man is a more experienced and wiser savage. But to make haste to my
own experiment.

Korean
alas: 아아, 슬픈지고. 뿌리다, 새 잡는 끈끈이. tenement: 차지, 가옥, 보유물, 차가,
architectural: 건축의, 건출술의, neglected: 게을리한. 자유 보유권, 자유 보유 부동산 권,
건출술학의. ornament: 장식품, 장식, 광채를 보유 재산, 아파트.
degenerate: 타락한, 퇴보한, 퇴보하다, 더하는 사람, 꾸미다, 꾸밈음, theoretically: 정리로, 증명할 수 있는
나빠지다, 퇴화한, 타락자. 예배용품, 빛을 더해주는 것, 빛을 원리로.
discourage: 낙담시키다, 용기를 더해주는 사람, 장식하다, 교회의 thinner: 희석제, 얇게 하는
잃게하다, 방해하다, 용기를 잃게 예배용품. 사람희석제제초하는사람, 용제, 얇게
하다. overlaid: 과거분사형, 의 과거. 하는 사람, 희석액, 얇게 하는 것,
lime: 참피나무, 석회, 보리수, 레몬 prudence: 신중, 분별, 사려, 검소, 가지 치는 사람, 제초하는 사람.
비슷한 과실, 끈끈이, 라임 주스, 여자 이름, 사려 분별. understandingly: 총명하게.
라임, 에 끈끈이를 바르다, 에 석회를 shellfish: 조개, 갑각 동물, 갑각류. wheaten: 밀의, 밀로 만든.
32 Walden

Near%the end of March, 1845, I borrowed an axe and went down to the
woods by Walden Pond, nearest to where I intended to build my house, and
began to cut down some tall, arrowy white pines, still in their youth, for timber.
It is difficult to begin without borrowing, but perhaps it is the most generous
course thus to permit your fellow-men to have an interest in your enterprise.
The owner of the axe, as he released his hold on it, said that it was the apple of
his eye; but I returned it sharper than I received it. It was a pleasant hillside
where I worked, covered with pine woods, through which I looked out on the
pond, and a small open field in the woods where pines and hickories were
springing up. The ice in the pond was not yet dissolved, though there were
some open spaces, and it was all dark-colored and saturated with water. There
were some slight flurries of snow during the days that I worked there; but for the
most part when I came out on to the railroad, on my way home, its yellow sand
heap stretched away gleaming in the hazy atmosphere, and the rails shone in the
spring sun, and I heard the lark and pewee and other birds already come to
commence another year with us. They were pleasant spring days, in which the
winter of man's discontent was thawing as well as the earth, and the life that had
lain torpid began to stretch itself. One day, when my axe had come off and I had
cut a green hickory for a wedge, driving it with a stone, and had placed the
whole to soak in a pond-hole in order to swell the wood, I saw a striped snake
run into the water, and he lay on the bottom, apparently without inconvenience,
as long as I stayed there, or more than a quarter of an hour; perhaps because he
had not yet fairly come out of the torpid state. It appeared to me that for a like
reason men remain in their present low and primitive condition; but if they
should feel the influence of the spring of springs arousing them, they would of
necessity rise to a higher and more ethereal life. I had previously seen the
snakes in frosty mornings in my path with portions of their bodies still numb
and inflexible, waiting for the sun to thaw them. On the 1st of April it rained
and melted the ice, and in the early part of the day, which was very foggy, I
heard a stray goose groping about over the pond and cackling as if lost, or like
the spirit of the fog.

Korean
arrowy: 화살의, 빠른. 더듬는. pewee: 딱새의 일종.
ethereal: 천상의, 공기와같은, 상공의, hazy: 몽롱한, 흐릿한, 안개 짙은, sharper: 사기꾼.
에테르같은, 영기의, 영묘한, 가벼운, 이내낀, 거나하게 취한. springing: 도약운동, 스프링.
미묘한, 에테르의, 공기 같은. hickory: 호두과의 나무, 히코리 재목, striped: 줄무늬가 있는, 줄이 있는.
foggy: 흐린, 안개짙은, 빛이새어 일종의 면직물. thaw: 해동, 녹다, 누그러지다, 날씨가
흐려진, 당황한, 흐릿한, 몽롱한, inflexible: 확고한, 불굴의, 구부릴 수 풀리다, 눈이녹음, 차차 녹다, 풀리다,
안개가 지욱한. 없는, 완고한, 불굴의 강직한, 굽힐수 녹이다, 풀리게 하다, 눅이다,
frosty: 서리가 내리는, 싸늘한, 추위가 없는, 굽지 않은, 구부러지지 않는, 따뜻하게 하다.
매서운, 서리가 내린, 서리가 내린 고칠수 없는, 꿋꿋한. torpid: 마비된, 무감각한, 활발치
듯한. lark: 희롱거리다, 종다리, 농담하다, 않은, 오크스퍼르드 대학의 춘계 보트
groping: 암중 모색하는, 손으로 장난, 희롱하다, 종달새. 레이스, 움직이지 않는, 동면하는.
 Henry David Thoreau 33

So I went on for some days cutting and hewing timber, and also studs and
rafters, all with my narrow axe, not having many communicable or scholar-like
thoughts, singing to myself, --

Men say they know many things;

But lo! they have taken wings --
The arts and sciences,
And a thousand appliances;
The wind that blows
Is all that any body knows.%

I hewed the main timbers six inches square, most of the studs on two sides
only, and the rafters and floor timbers on one side, leaving the rest of the bark
on, so that they were just as straight and much stronger than sawed ones. Each
stick was carefully mortised or tenoned by its stump, for I had borrowed other
tools by this time. My days in the woods were not very long ones; yet I usually
carried my dinner of bread and butter, and read the newspaper in which it was
wrapped, at noon, sitting amid the green pine boughs which I had cut off, and to
my bread was imparted some of their fragrance, for my hands were covered
with a thick coat of pitch. Before I had done I was more the friend than the foe of
the pine tree, though I had cut down some of them, having become better
acquainted with it. Sometimes a rambler in the wood was attracted by the sound
of my axe, and we chatted pleasantly over the chips which I had made.
By the middle of April, for I made no haste in my work, but rather made the
most of it, my house was framed and ready for the raising. I had already bought
the shanty of James Collins, an Irishman who worked on the Fitchburg Railroad,
for boards. James Collins' shanty was considered an uncommonly fine one.
When I called to see it he was not at home. I walked about the outside, at first
unobserved from within, the window was so deep and high. It was of small
dimensions, with a peaked cottage roof, and not much else to be seen, the dirt
being raised five feet all around as if it were a compost heap. The roof was the

Korean
axe: 도끼 도끼로 찍다, 도끼, 참수, noon: 정오, 정오의, 전성기, 점심을 shanty: 선술집, 오두막, 뱃노래,
도끼로 자르다, 대폭 삭감하다, 재즈 먹다, 한밤중, 한낮, 야반, 결정, 낮 오두막집, 얻어맞아 멍이 든
악기. 휴식을 취하다절정에 달하다, 정오에 눈언저리.
communicable: 전염성의, 전달할 수 하는, 최고점. stump: 유세하다, 의족, 그루터기,
있는, 전할수있는, 말하기 좋아하는. peaked: 야윈, 뾰족한, 챙있는, 수척한, 괴롭히다, 뿌리, 의족으로 걷다,
compost: 혼합물, 퇴비, 혼합비료, 모자가 차양이 있는, 차양이 있는. 곤경에 빠져, 꼬투리, 난처하게 하다,
벽토, 에 퇴비를 주다, 으로 퇴비를 pleasantly: 유쾌하게, 상냥하게, 도전하다, 쿵쿵 걷다.
만들다. 즐겁게, 쾌활하게. uncommonly: 드물게, 매우,
foe: 적, 적군, 원수, 상대. rambler: 덩굴장미, 어슬렁거리는 진귀하게, 흔하지 않게.
fragrance: 방향, 향기로움. 사람, 어슬렁거리는하는 사람, unobserved: 지켜지지않은,
framed: 틀에 낀. 만담하는 사람, 산책하는 사람. 관찰되지않는, 지켜지지 않은.
34 Walden

soundest%part, though a good deal warped and made brittle by the sun. Doorsill
there was none, but a perennial passage for the hens under the door board. Mrs.
C. came to the door and asked me to view it from the inside. The hens were
driven in by my approach. It was dark, and had a dirt floor for the most part,
dank, clammy, and aguish, only here a board and there a board which would
not bear removal. She lighted a lamp to show me the inside of the roof and the
walls, and also that the board floor extended under the bed, warning me not to
step into the cellar, a sort of dust hole two feet deep. In her own words, they
were "good boards overhead, good boards all around, and a good window" -- of
two whole squares originally, only the cat had passed out that way lately. There
was a stove, a bed, and a place to sit, an infant in the house where it was born, a
silk parasol, gilt-framed looking-glass, and a patent new coffee-mill nailed to an
oak sapling, all told. The bargain was soon concluded, for James had in the
meanwhile returned. I to pay four dollars and twenty-five cents tonight, he to
vacate at five tomorrow morning, selling to nobody else meanwhile: I to take
possession at six. It were well, he said, to be there early, and anticipate certain
indistinct but wholly unjust claims on the score of ground rent and fuel. This he
assured me was the only encumbrance. At six I passed him and his family on the
road. One large bundle held their all -- bed, coffee-mill, looking-glass, hens -- all
but the cat; she took to the woods and became a wild cat, and, as I learned
afterward, trod in a trap set for woodchucks, and so became a dead cat at last.
I took down this dwelling the same morning, drawing the nails, and removed
it to the pond-side by small cartloads, spreading the boards on the grass there to
bleach and warp back again in the sun. One early thrush gave me a note or two
as I drove along the woodland path. I was informed treacherously by a young
Patrick that neighbor Seeley, an Irishman, in the intervals of the carting,
transferred the still tolerable, straight, and drivable nails, staples, and spikes to
his pocket, and then stood when I came back to pass the time of day, and look
freshly up, unconcerned, with spring thoughts, at the devastation; there being a
dearth of work, as he said. He was there to represent spectatordom, and help
make this seemingly insignificant event one with the removal of the gods of
Troy.
Korean
afterward: 나중에, 그 후, 뒤에. lighted: 불이 켜진. 없는, 관심을 가지지 않는, 개의하지
aguish: 학질의 학질에 걸린, 와들와들 looking-glass: 거울. 않는, 무사 태평한, 개의치 않는,
떠는, 학질의, 오한이 나는, 학질같은. sapling: 젊은이, 어린 나무, 묘목, 흥미을 가지지 않는.
bleach: 표백하다, 노천 관람석, 그레이하운드. vacate: 떠나가다, 무효로 하다,
마전하다, 표백, 표백되다. thrush: 개똥지빠귀, 여자 팝송 가수, 비우다, 퇴거하다, 물러나다,
clammy: 차고 끈적끈적한, 냉습한, 질염, 제차부란, 아구창. 취소하다, 휴가를 보내다, 공허하게
친친한, 찐득한. tolerable: 참을수 있는, 상당한, 참을 하다, 그만두고 물러나다, 비게 하다.
dank: 습기찬, 축축한. 수 있는, 웬만한, 꽤 건강한. warp: 날실, 왜곡하다, 비뚤어짐,
dearth: 부족, 기근, 결핍. treacherously: 불충하게, 믿을 수 뒤틀리다, 구부리다, 뒤틀림,
indistinct: 불명료한, 흐릿한, 희미한, 없게. 뒤둥그러짐, 밧줄로 끌다, 밧줄,
뚜렷하지 않은. unconcerned: 태연한, 무관한, 관계가 뒤틀리게 하다, 뒤둥그러찌다.
 Henry David Thoreau 35

I dug my cellar in the side of a hill sloping to the south, where a woodchuck
had formerly dug his burrow, down through sumach and blackberry roots, and
the lowest stain of vegetation, six feet square by seven deep, to a fine sand where
potatoes would not freeze in any winter. The sides were left shelving, and not
stoned; but the sun having never shone on them, the sand still keeps its place. It
was but two hours' work. I took particular pleasure in this breaking of ground,
for in almost all latitudes men dig into the earth for an equable temperature.
Under the most splendid house in the city is still to be found the cellar where
they store their roots as of old, and long after the superstructure has disappeared
posterity remark its dent in the earth. The house is still but a sort of porch at the
entrance of a burrow.%
At length, in the beginning of May, with the help of some of my
acquaintances, rather to improve so good an occasion for neighborliness than
from any necessity, I set up the frame of my house. No man was ever more
honored in the character of his raisers than I. They are destined, I trust, to assist
at the raising of loftier structures one day. I began to occupy my house on the
4th of July, as soon as it was boarded and roofed, for the boards were carefully
feather-edged and lapped, so that it was perfectly impervious to rain, but before
boarding I laid the foundation of a chimney at one end, bringing two cartloads of
stones up the hill from the pond in my arms. I built the chimney after my hoeing
in the fall, before a fire became necessary for warmth, doing my cooking in the
meanwhile out of doors on the ground, early in the morning: which mode I still
think is in some respects more convenient and agreeable than the usual one.
When it stormed before my bread was baked, I fixed a few boards over the fire,
and sat under them to watch my loaf, and passed some pleasant hours in that
way. In those days, when my hands were much employed, I read but little, but
the least scraps of paper which lay on the ground, my holder, or tablecloth,
afforded me as much entertainment, in fact answered the same purpose as the
Iliad.

Korean
agreeable: 기분 좋은, 유쾌한, 적당한, honored: 명예로운, 영광로 생각하여, 한덩이, 머리, 원뿔꼴의 횐 설탕,
어울리는, 쾌이 흥하는, 사근사근한, 명예를 받은, 명예스러운, 명예스럽게 시간을 놀며 보내다, 빵의 덩어리.
마음에 드는, 맞는, 상냥한, 기꺼이 생각하여, 영광스럽게 생각하여. neighborliness: 친절함, 사귐성 있음,
동의하는. impervious: 통하지 않는, 영향 받지 이웃의 정의.
blackberry: 검은딸기, 검은 딸기를 않는, 둔감한, 무감각한, 손상되지 posterity: 자손, 후세.
따다, 검은딸기의 열매. 않는, 을 받아들아지 않는, roofed: 으로 지붕을 한, 지붕이 있는.
boarding: 기숙, 판장. 통과시키지 않는, 불침투성의, sloping: 경사진, 비스듬한, 비탈진.
dent: 움푹 팬 곳, 이, 옴폭 들어가게 견디는. stoned: 취한, 마약으로 황홀해진,
하다, 옴폭 들어가다, 옴폭 들어간 곳. loaf: 덩어리, 요리의 일종, 씨를 뺀, 핵을 발라낸, 술취한.
equable: 한결같은, 균등한, 평정한, 어정거리다, 빵 한덩어리, superstructure: 상부 구조, 건축물.
뒤숭숭하지 않는. 놀고지내다, 빈둥거리다, 원뿔꼴의 tablecloth: 테이블 보, 식탁보.
36 Walden

It%would be worth the while to build still more deliberately than I did,
considering, for instance, what foundation a door, a window, a cellar, a garret,
have in the nature of man, and perchance never raising any superstructure until
we found a better reason for it than our temporal necessities even. There is
some of the same fitness in a man's building his own house that there is in a
bird's building its own nest. Who knows but if men constructed their dwellings
with their own hands, and provided food for themselves and families simply and
honestly enough, the poetic faculty would be universally developed, as birds
universally sing when they are so engaged? But alas! we do like cowbirds and
cuckoos, which lay their eggs in nests which other birds have built, and cheer no
traveller with their chattering and unmusical notes. Shall we forever resign the
pleasure of construction to the carpenter? What does architecture amount to in
the experience of the mass of men? I never in all my walks came across a man
engaged in so simple and natural an occupation as building his house. We
belong to the community. It is not the tailor alone who is the ninth part of a man;
it is as much the preacher, and the merchant, and the farmer. Where is this
division of labor to end? and what object does it finally serve? No doubt another
may also think for me; but it is not therefore desirable that he should do so to the
exclusion of my thinking for myself.
True, there are architects so called in this country, and I have heard of one at
least possessed with the idea of making architectural ornaments have a core of
truth, a necessity, and hence a beauty, as if it were a revelation to him. All very
well perhaps from his point of view, but only a little better than the common
dilettantism. A sentimental reformer in architecture, he began at the cornice,
not at the foundation. It was only how to put a core of truth within the
ornaments, that every sugarplum, in fact, might have an almond or caraway
seed in it -- though I hold that almonds are most wholesome without the sugar --
and not how the inhabitant, the indweller, might build truly within and without,
and let the ornaments take care of themselves. What reasonable man ever
supposed that ornaments were something outward and in the skin merely -- that
the tortoise got his spotted shell, or the shell-fish its mother-o'-pearl tints, by
such a contract as the inhabitants of Broadway their Trinity Church? But a man
Korean
almond: 편도, 아몬드, 편도선, 편도 inhabitant: 주민, 거주자, 서식동물. 세속의, 때를 나타내는, 속세의,
같은. necessities: 생필품. 세속적인 일, 세속적인 것.
caraway: 캐러웨이, 회향풀의 일종, preacher: 설교자, 목사. tortoise: 거북, 느림보, 귀갑 모양의 큰
회양풀의 일종, 그 열매. reformer: 개혁가, 선거법 개정론자, 방패, 귀갑대, 남생이.
carpenter: 목수, 목수일을 하다, 개혁론자, 종교 개혁자, 종교개혁의 unmusical: 비음악적인, 음악적이
목수일로 만들다, 대목, 지도자, 개량가. 아닌, 음악적 소질이 없는, 음악이
목수일을하다, 목수직, 무대장치인, sentimental: 감상적인, 감정의, 서투른, 음악을 모르는, 음조에 맞지
아마추어 목수, 목공품, 목공일을 다감한, 감정적인, 감정에 바탕을 둔. 않는, 음치의, 가락에 맞지 않는.
하다. sugarplum: 봉봉, 캔디, 당과의 일종. wholesome: 유익한, 건강에 좋은,
dilettantism: 도락, 서투른 기예, 예술 temporal: 시간의, 현세의, 건전한, 건강해 보이는, 위생에 좋은,
애호, 취미로 하는 일. 관자놀이의, 측두골, 때의, 순간적인, 안전한, 신중한, 건강듯한, 건강한.
 Henry David Thoreau 37

has no more to do with the style of architecture of his house than a tortoise with
that of its shell: nor need the soldier be so idle as to try to paint the precise color
of his virtue on his standard. The enemy will find it out. He may turn pale when
the trial comes. This man seemed to me to lean over the cornice, and timidly
whisper his half truth to the rude occupants who really knew it better than he.
What of architectural %beauty I now see, I know has gradually grown from
within outward, out of the necessities and character of the indweller, who is the
only builder -- out of some unconscious truthfulness, and nobleness, without
ever a thought for the appearance and whatever additional beauty of this kind is
destined to be produced will be preceded by a like unconscious beauty of life.
The most interesting dwellings in this country, as the painter knows, are the
most unpretending, humble log huts and cottages of the poor commonly; it is
the life of the inhabitants whose shells they are, and not any peculiarity in their
surfaces merely, which makes them picturesque; and equally interesting will be
the citizen's suburban box, when his life shall be as simple and as agreeable to
the imagination, and there is as little straining after effect in the style of his
dwelling. A great proportion of architectural ornaments are literally hollow, and
a September gale would strip them off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to
the substantials. They can do without architecture who have no olives nor wines
in the cellar. What if an equal ado were made about the ornaments of style in
literature, and the architects of our bibles spent as much time about their cornices
as the architects of our churches do? So are made the belles-lettres and the
beaux-arts and their professors. Much it concerns a man, forsooth, how a few
sticks are slanted over him or under him, and what colors are daubed upon his
box. It would signify somewhat, if, in any earnest sense, he slanted them and
daubed it; but the spirit having departed out of the tenant, it is of a piece with
constructing his own coffin -- the architecture of the grave -- and "carpenter" is
but another name for "coffin-maker." One man says, in his despair or
indifference to life, take up a handful of the earth at your feet, and paint your
house that color. Is he thinking of his last and narrow house? Toss up a copper
for it as well. What an abundance of leisure be must have! Why do you take up
a handful of dirt? Better paint your house your own complexion; let it turn pale

Korean
ado: 소동, 법석, 야단 법석. 폭풍, 정기 지불금, 미풍, 광희. 전조가 되다.
belles-lettres: 미문학, 순문학, 미문. literally: 글자뜻대로. timidly: 소심하게, 겁많게, 마음이
complexion: 안색, 외관, 형세, 모양, nobleness: 고결, 고상, 당당함, 장엄, 약해서.
양상, 형편, 혈색, 얼굴빛, 얼굴의 고매, 고귀, 장대, 웅장. toss: 단숨에 들이켜다, 던지다, 흥분,
살갗. olives: 감람산. 돈던지기를 하여 결정짓다, 아래위로
departed: 죽은, 과거의, 고인, 지나간, peculiarity: 버릇, 특색, 특성, 특질, 몹시 흔들다번롱하다, 상하의 동요,
죽은사람. 특유, 독특, 독자성, 기벽, 기태. 낙마, 높이 쳐 올리다, 손쉽게 해
destined: 예정된, 운명지어진, 향하는. picturesque: 그림같은, 생생한, 치우다, 던져올리다, 던지기.
forsooth: 정말, 참말이지. 아름다운, 그림 같은. truthfulness: 정직함.
gale: 강풍, 큰바람, 흥분 상태, 환희, signify: 의미하다, 중대하다, unpretending: 허세부리지 않은,
폭소, 실바람, 버드소귀나무의 일종, 예시하다, 나타내다, 중요하다, 의 겸손한, 삼가는, 인체하지 않는.
38 Walden

or blush for you. An enterprise to improve the style of cottage architecture!

When you have got my ornaments ready, I will wear them.
Before winter I built a chimney, and shingled the sides of my house, which
were already impervious to rain, with imperfect and sappy shingles made of the
first slice of the log, whose edges I was obliged to straighten with a plane.
I %have thus a tight shingled and plastered house, ten feet wide by fifteen
long, and eight-feet posts, with a garret and a closet, a large window on each
side, two trap doors, one door at the end, and a brick fireplace opposite. The
exact cost of my house, paying the usual price for such materials as I used, but
not counting the work, all of which was done by myself, was as follows; and I
give the details because very few are able to tell exactly what their houses cost,
and fewer still, if any, the separate cost of the various materials which compose
them:--

Boards……………….. $ 8.03½ mostly shanty boards.

Refuse shingles for
roof sides……………. 4.00
Laths…………………. 1.25
Two second-hand
windows with glass… 2.43
One thousand old
brick…………………. 4.00
Two casks of lime….. 2.40 That was high.
Hair………………….. 0.31 More than I needed.
Mantle-tree iron…….. 0.15
Nails…………………. 3.90
Hinges and screws…. 0.14
Latch…………………. 0.10

Korean
blush: 붉히다, 부끄러워하다, 얼굴을 조정하다, 작곡하다, 식자하다, sappy: 수액이 많은, 싱싱한, 기운
붉히다, 얼굴을 붉힘, 얼굴을붉히다, 안치하다, 작문하다, 짜맞추다, 좋은, 어리석은, 감상적인, 멍청한,
빨개지다, 얼굴이 빨개지다, 가다듬다, 쓰다. 바보, 활기에 찬.
발그레해지다, 발그레함, 언뜻 봄. exact: 강요하다, 정밀한, 꼼꼼한, second-hand: 중고로, 중고의, 고물로,
chimney: 등피, 굴뚝, 분화구, 침니, 정확한, 엄격한, 엄밀한, 까다로운, 간접의.
굴뚝모양의 것, 대단한 흡연가, 굴뚝 엄하게 요구하다, 엄중한, 적확한. slice: 얇게 베다, 부분, 베어낸 한
모양의 것. fireplace: 벽난로. 조각, 한점, 나누다, 얇게 저미는
closet: 벽장, 사실, 비밀의, 변소, 작은 imperfect: 미완료의, 불완전한, 식칼, 몫, 곡구, 곡구로 치다, 곡구로,
방, 비실제적인, 변기, 밀담시키다, 불충분한, 결점이 있는, 미완료 시제, 가르듯이 달리다.
들어박히다, 들어박혀 있다, 다락장. 미완료시제, 반과거의, 미완성의. straighten: 정돈하다, 똑바르게 하다,
compose: 짓다, 구성하다, 조립하다, plastered: 취한, 술에 취해서. 바르게 되다, 정리하다, 똑바르게.
 Henry David Thoreau 39

Chalk………………… 0.01
I carried a good part
Transportation……….. 1.40 on my back.

In all……….. $28.12½

These are all the materials, excepting the timber, stones, and sand, which I
claimed by squatter's right. I have also a small woodshed adjoining, made
chiefly of the stuff which was left after building the house.%
I intend to build me a house which will surpass any on the main street in
Concord in grandeur and luxury, as soon as it pleases me as much and will cost
me no more than my present one.
I thus found that the student who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a
lifetime at an expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually. If I
seem to boast more than is becoming, my excuse is that I brag for humanity
rather than for myself; and my shortcomings and inconsistencies do not affect
the truth of my statement. Notwithstanding much cant and hypocrisy -- chaff
which I find it difficult to separate from my wheat, but for which I am as sorry as
any man -- I will breathe freely and stretch myself in this respect, it is such a
relief to both the moral and physical system; and I am resolved that I will not
through humility become the devil's attorney. I will endeavor to speak a good
word for the truth. At Cambridge College the mere rent of a student's room,
which is only a little larger than my own, is thirty dollars each year, though the
corporation had the advantage of building thirty-two side by side and under one
roof, and the occupant suffers the inconvenience of many and noisy neighbors,
and perhaps a residence in the fourth story. I cannot but think that if we had
more true wisdom in these respects, not only less education would be needed,
because, forsooth, more would already have been acquired, but the pecuniary
expense of getting an education would in a great measure vanish. Those
conveniences which the student requires at Cambridge or elsewhere cost him or
somebody else ten times as great a sacrifice of life as they would with proper
Korean
adjoining: 인접하는, 부근의, 인접한, 금속편, 마초, 야유, 호, 허섭쓰레기. occupant: 가옥의 점유자, 토지, 가옥
이웃의. conveniences: 의식주의 편리. 따위의 점유자, 방 따위의 점유자,
brag: 자랑하다, 자랑, 허풍떨다, endeavor: 노력하다, 하려고 노력하다, 지위 따위의 점유자, 토지 따위의
허풍선이, 흰소리, 자랑꾼, 노력, 시도하다. 점유자의, 점유자.
카드놀이의 일종, 허풍, 자랑거리. excepting: 말고는, 을 제외하면, 을 surpass: 보다낫다, 보다 낫다.
cant: 기울이다, 경사, 은어, 변말, 빼고, -을 빼고, 을 제외하고. vanish: 사라지다, 영이되다,
경사면, 뒤집다, 모서리를 자른, grandeur: 장관, 위대, 화려, 장엄, 소멸하다, 없어지다, 영이 되다, 소음,
방향을 바꾸다, 서로 통하는 말, 캔트, 웅대, 성대, 고귀, 장려. 희미해지다, 보이지 않게 하다.
점잔빼는 말투를 쓰다. humility: 겸손, 겸허. wheat: 밀.
chaff: 여물, 왕겨, 놀리다, 놀림, 썰다, hypocrisy: 위선, 위선행위, 위선적 woodshed: 장작 쌓는 헛간, 재목 두는
하찮은 것, 레이더 탐지 방해용 행위. 곳, 연습하다, 맹연습, 연습.
40 Walden

management on both sides. Those things for which the most money is
demanded are never the things which the student most wants. Tuition, for
instance, is an important item in the term bill, while for the far more valuable
education which he gets by associating with the most cultivated of his
contemporaries no charge is made. The mode of founding a college is,
commonly, %to get up a subscription of dollars and cents, and then, following
blindly the principles of a division of labor to its extreme -- a principle which
should never be followed but with circumspection -- to call in a contractor who
makes this a subject of speculation, and he employs Irishmen or other operatives
actually to lay the foundations, while the students that are to be are said to be
fitting themselves for it; and for these oversights successive generations have to
pay. I think that it would be better than this, for the students, or those who
desire to be benefited by it, even to lay the foundation themselves. The student
who secures his coveted leisure and retirement by systematically shirking any
labor necessary to man obtains but an ignoble and unprofitable leisure,
defrauding himself of the experience which alone can make leisure fruitful.
"But," says one, "you do not mean that the students should go to work with their
hands instead of their heads?" I do not mean that exactly, but I mean something
which he might think a good deal like that; I mean that they should not play life,
or study it merely, while the community supports them at this expensive game,
but earnestly live it from beginning to end. How could youths better learn to
live than by at once trying the experiment of living? Methinks this would
exercise their minds as much as mathematics. If I wished a boy to know
something about the arts and sciences, for instance, I would not pursue the
common course, which is merely to send him into the neighborhood of some
professor, where anything is professed and practised but the art of life; -- to
survey the world through a telescope or a microscope, and never with his
natural eye; to study chemistry, and not learn how his bread is made, or
mechanics, and not learn how it is earned; to discover new satellites to Neptune,
and not detect the motes in his eyes, or to what vagabond he is a satellite himself;
or to be devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while
contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar. Which would have advanced

Korean
blindly: 맹목적으로, 무턱대고. 저열한, 비천한, 천한, 하등의. telescope: 짧아지다, 망원경, 박다,
circumspection: 세심한 주의, 신중, microscope: 현미경의, 극히 미세한, 짧게하다, 끼워 넣다, 끼워넣는 식의,
주의 깊은, 용의주도함, 용의 주도한. 현미경, 현미경 별자리. 망원경자리, 짧게 하다, 끼워지다.
earnestly: 진지하게, 진정으로, professed: 공언한, 자칭의, 가장한, unprofitable: 무익한, 이익 없는,
진심으로, 열심히. 겉꾸밈의, 공공연한, 서약하고 이익이 없는.
fruitful: 비옥한, 다산인, 열매가잘 종교단에 든, 서약하고 수도회에 vagabond: 방랑자, 방랑하는, 떠도는,
열리는, 열매가잘열리는, 이익이 들어간, 겉보기만의. 불량배, 변변찮은, 방랑성의, 부랑자,
많은, 수확이 많은, 열매를 많이 맺는, swarm: 떼짓다, 무리, 군중, 떼지어 행로가 일정치 않은, 유랑자,
풍작을 가져오는. 분봉하다, 떼, 다수, 꿀벌떼, 기어 부랑성의, 부랑성벽의.
ignoble: 불명예스러운, 야비한, 오르다, 부유 세포군, 분봉하다, 벌 vinegar: 초, 식초, 활력, 에 초를 치다,
신분이 천한, 시시한, 멸시할 만한, 떼. 찡그린 표정, 에 초를 섞다.
child

R the

cats fit

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