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Philosophical Approaches to Communication 1st Edition
Claude Mangion Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Claude Mangion
ISBN(s): 9781841504292, 1841504297
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.33 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
Philosophical Approaches to Communication
Dedicated to the memory of Cain Pavia (1975–2000)
Philosophical Approaches to Communication

Claude Mangion

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First published in the UK in 2011 by
Intellect, The Mill, Parnall Road, Fishponds, Bristol, BS16 3JG, UK

First published in the USA in 2011 by

Intellect, The University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th Street,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA

Copyright © 2011 Intellect Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without written permission.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the

British Library.

Cover designer: Holly Rose

Copy-editor: Integra Software Services
Typesetting: Mac Style, Beverley, E. Yorkshire

ISBN 978-1-84150-429-2 / EISBN 978-1-84150-502-2

Printed and bound by Gutenberg Press, Malta.

Contents

Introduction 7

Chapter 1: Saussure on the Structure of Communication 13

Chapter 2: Peirce on the Life of Signs 33

Chapter 3: Foucault on Discourse and Power 59

Chapter 4: Eco on Culture and Communication 93

Chapter 5: Derrida and the Deconstruction of Communication 117

Chapter 6: Gadamer on Communication as Hermeneutics 147

Chapter 7: Wittgenstein on Language as a Form of Life 181

Chapter 8: J. L. Austin and Speech Act Theory 199

Chapter 9: P. Grice and the Theory of Conversation 221

Chapter 10: Searle and the Intentionality of Speech Acts 241

Chapter 11: Habermas on Communication and Social Theory 269

Chapter 12: Halliday on Language and Social Semiotics 305

Conclusion 325

Bibliography 327
Introduction

T
he current interest in communication studies is understandable given the
proliferation of communication technologies that are part and parcel of today’s
world. However, while this interest tends to focus on the media applications
of communication technologies, the concept of communication that underlies these
technologies remains unexamined. The purpose of this text is to provide an overview of
the different aspects that are entailed by the concept of communication.
The early theories of communication adopted a relatively simple model to explain the
process of communication. Known as the process or linear model of communication, it
assumed a sender who transmitted a message to a receiver. In a slightly more complex version
of this model, the sender encoded a message that was transmitted to the receiver who in turn
decoded it to understand the message. Understanding the message entailed that the receiver
would be able to understand what the speaker intended to mean when he/she communicated
his/her message. Although popular, this model of communication is too simple as it fails to
take into account the situation in which communication takes place. Communication is not an
abstract activity dissociated from a context of conventions, rules or a way of life.
The goal of this book is to highlight the role of the context in the process of communication.
Although the study of communication includes the domain of non-verbal communication
(kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, chronemics and haptics), I am focusing mainly on
linguistic communication. However, in the case of C.S. Peirce and Umberto Eco, I will
outline their accounts of perception insofar as these provide the basis for understanding
their semiological theories.
The concept of communication has a number of characteristics: it always takes place within
a context of production (Chapters 1–3), reception (Chapters 4–6) and action (Chapters 7–12).
Although the writers I am focusing on tend to prioritize one characteristic over another, this
is not to say that they ignore the other features. It is merely for the purpose of analysis that I
have placed each writer in the category where I consider his work to be particularly influential.
Some of the themes dealt with by these writers could be better placed within other categories.
A general theory of communication would necessarily include all these characteristics in a
comprehensive account.
 Philosophical Approaches to Communication

Chapters 1 and 2 tackle the founding fathers of structuralism and semiology, these
being F. de Saussure and C.S. Peirce, respectively. Saussure has tended to be the source of
inspiration for Continental theorists, while Peirce has provided the intellectual background
for American theorists. Nowadays, however, theorists of communication and philosophy
cannot afford to ignore either of them, and in some ways they can be said to complement
each other. One major difference between the two is that while Saussure focused exclusively
on language as a system of signs, leaving the application of his insights to others, Peirce
widened his theoretical enterprise and attempted to explain the nature of all signs, starting
from the non-linguistic and culminating in the linguistic.
With Saussure’s writings I examine the two basic principles for the study of language: the
principle of the arbitrary nature of the sign and the principle of difference. The consequence
of these principles is that language is no longer considered as representational, that is, as a
mirror of the world, but as a system that constructs the world. The world does not come to us
already neatly parcelled out, with language ‘picturing’ or representing it, but it is rather the
network of differences that make up a language that in effect constitutes the world. To argue
for his case on what the appropriate study of language should entail, Saussure introduces a
number of conceptual distinctions, such as the distinction between langue and parole, value
and signification, the synchronic and diachronic, and the syntagmatic and paradigmatic
aspects of language. I end the chapter by showing the influence of Saussure’s thought upon
cultural studies, notably through the work of Roland Barthes.
The writings of Peirce examine the nature of signs from a different perspective. Whereas
the background to Saussure’s study of signs was that of linguistics, the background to Peirce
is that of mathematics. From these he became convinced that the only way to understand
a sign was by applying a triadic conception of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness. A sign
establishes a connection or what he calls an interpretant (Thirdness) between a quality
(Firstness) and a thing (Secondness). In this chapter, I continue to develop Peirce’s theory of
signs together with the way in which basic signs can be combined into more complex ones.
The chapter proceeds with an overview of Peirce’s pragmatism that connects the meaning of
a concept to its consequences and the method of dialogue in the production of knowledge.
In the final section, I examine the possible relation between Peirce and journalism, media
and communication studies.
In Chapter 3 I outline the views of Michel Foucault. Although not typically associated with
communication studies, some of his views contribute interesting insights to the philosophy
of communication. The first part of the chapter provides an in-depth description of the
theory of discourse with the next sections describing Foucault’s archaeological readings of
the history of madness and knowledge. In these archaeological studies, emphasis is placed
on discourse and epistemes. The next sections are marked by the shift from archaeology
to the genealogical readings of incarceration and sexuality in Foucault’s writings. In the
genealogical writings Foucault moves away from an analysis of discourse to the relation
between discourse and institutional sites. The context of discourse becomes important
since it enables him to highlight the relationship between power and knowledge. I conclude

8
 Introduction

this chapter by examining the way Foucault’s ideas have been taken up within surveillance
theory.
In Chapter 4 I turn my attention to Umberto Eco. I start with his generalized account
of signs and codes as the foundation for the study of culture, and its development into a
set of overlapping concepts, namely communication and signification. On Eco’s account,
while communication describes the transfer of information between machines, signification
entails the insertion of humans into the process of communication. In the following sections
I examine the concepts of abduction, the role of labour in the production of signs, and Eco’s
distinction between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia. After discussing this generalized
theory of signs, I examine Eco’s contribution to semiology and literary interpretation
through the twin distinction between Model Authors and Model Readers, and Open and
Closed texts. The last section of the chapter is an application of Eco’s semiological theory to
the James Bond novels.
In Chapter 5, I turn to the philosophy of Jacques Derrida and the philosophy of
deconstruction. I first examine Derrida’s critique of two popular accounts that consider
language as either representing the world or expressing mental states. This is followed by a
discussion of Derrida’s deconstruction of the spoken–written contrast in the writings of Plato
and Saussure. With these readings in mind, I then return to Derrida’s analysis of language,
where he develops the concept of meaning in terms of différance and his generalized notion
of writing as arche-writing or grammatology. In the nest section, I examine both Derrida’s
engagement with speech act theory and the subsequent discussion with John Searle. The last
section describes the possible contribution of deconstruction to film studies.
The hermeneutics of H.G. Gadamer is the topic of Chapter 6. As with deconstruction,
hermeneutics is also concerned with the processes of interpretation. The first section of
the chapter offers an account of Gadamer’s interpretation of the history of hermeneutics
in an attempt to show the historical displacement of hermeneutics by science. This is
followed by Gadamer’s critique of natural science as being the sole repository of truth that
justifies its claims on the strength of the use of a specific method. Gadamer proposes an
alternative account where prejudice and authority – tradition – are revived to counter the
hegemony of science and its claim to truth. In the subsequent sections, I develop Gadamer’s
account of the understanding of the processes of interpretation in terms of what he calls the
‘fusion of horizons’. The following two more sections deal first with interpretation as a form
of dialogue that follows the model of question and answer, and the second with language
as the very foundation of human existence. I end this section with an account of the way in
which hermeneutics might be useful in intercultural communication.
In Chapters 7–12, I examine communication from the point of view of the things
done or performed by participants in the act of communication. The point of departure
is L. Wittgenstein, whose writings on language have had a profound influence on the
developments in the philosophy of language. In his early writings Wittgenstein starts with
a model of language that is restricted to the function of describing the world. Known as
the Picture Theory of Language, Wittgenstein uses this model of language to distinguish

9
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Linguistics - Problem Set
Third 2023 - Program

Prepared by: Assistant Prof. Williams

Date: July 28, 2025

Test 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques

Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Methodology 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 10: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 17: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 18: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 3: Best practices and recommendations
Example 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 4: Historical development and evolution
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 34: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 37: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 5: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 41: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 48: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 49: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 6: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 58: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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