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Frontiers in Interpolation
and Approximation

Dedicated to the memory of Ambikeshwar Sharma

 PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

A Program of Monographs, Textbooks, and Lecture Notes

EXECUTIVE EDITORS

Earl J. Taft Zuhair Nashed

Rutgers University University of Central Florida
Piscataway, New Jersey Orlando, Florida

EDITORIAL BOARD

M. S. Baouendi Freddy van Oystaeyen

University of California, University of Antwerp,
San Diego Belgium
Jane Cronin Donald Passman
Rutgers University University of Wisconsin,
Jack K. Hale Madison
Georgia Institute of Technology Fred S. Roberts
S. Kobayashi Rutgers University
University of California, David L. Russell
Berkeley Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Marvin Marcus and State University
University of California, Walter Schempp
Santa Barbara Universität Siegen
W. S. Massey Mark Teply
Yale University University of Wisconsin,
Anil Nerode Milwaukee
Cornell University
 MONOGRAPHS AND TEXTBOOKS IN
PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Recent Titles
G. S. Ladde and M. Sambandham, Stochastic versus Deterministic Systems of
Differential Equations (2004)
B. J. Gardner and R. Wiegandt, Radical Theory of Rings (2004)
J. Haluska, The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems (2004)
C. Menini and F. Van Oystaeyen, Abstract Algebra: A Comprehensive Treatment
(2004)
E. Hansen and G. W. Walster, Global Optimization Using Interval Analysis, Second
Edition, Revised and Expanded (2004)
M. M. Rao, Measure Theory and Integration, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
(2004)
W. J. Wickless, A First Graduate Course in Abstract Algebra (2004)
R. P. Agarwal, M. Bohner, and W-T Li, Nonoscillation and Oscillation Theory for
Functional Differential Equations (2004)
J. Galambos and I. Simonelli, Products of Random Variables: Applications to
Problems of Physics and to Arithmetical Functions (2004)
Walter Ferrer and Alvaro Rittatore, Actions and Invariants of Algebraic Groups (2005)
Christof Eck, Jiri Jarusek, and Miroslav Krbec, Unilateral Contact Problems: Variational
Methods and Existence Theorems (2005)
M. M. Rao, Conditional Measures and Applications, Second Edition (2005)
A. B. Kharazishvili, Strange Functions in Real Analysis, Second Edition (2006)
Vincenzo Ancona and Bernard Gaveau, Differential Forms on Singular Varieties:
De Rham and Hodge Theory Simplified (2005)
Santiago Alves Tavares, Generation of Multivariate Hermite Interpolating Polynomials
(2005)
Sergio Macías, Topics on Continua (2005)
Mircea Sofonea, Weimin Han, and Meir Shillor, Analysis and Approximation of
Contact Problems with Adhesion or Damage (2006)
Marwan Moubachir and Jean-Paul Zolésio, Moving Shape Analysis and Control:
Applications to Fluid Structure Interactions (2006)
Alfred Geroldinger and Franz Halter-Koch, Non-Unique Factorizations: Algebraic,
Combinatorial and Analytic Theory (2006)
Kevin J. Hastings, Introduction to the Mathematics of Operations Research
with Mathematica®, Second Edition (2006)
Robert Carlson, A Concrete Introduction to Real Analysis (2006)
John Dauns and Yiqiang Zhou, Classes of Modules (2006)
N. K. Govil, H. N. Mhaskar, Ram N. Mohapatra, Zuhair Nashed, and J. Szabados,
Frontiers in Interpolation and Approximation (2006)
Frontiers in Interpolation
and Approximation

Dedicated to the memory of Ambikeshwar Sharma

N. K. Govil
Auburn Univesity
Alabama, U.S.A.

H. N. Mhaskar
California State University
Los Angeles, U.S.A.

Ram N. Mohapatra
University of Central Florida
Orlando, U.S.A.

Zuhair Nashed
University of Central Florida
Orlando, U.S.A.

J. Szabados
Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics
Budapest, Hungary

Boca Raton London New York

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Frontiers in interpolation and approximation / [edited by] N.K. Govil … [et al.].
p. cm. -- (Monographs and textbooks in pure and applied mathematics ; 282)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-58488-636-5 (acid-free paper)
ISBN-10: 1-58488-636-6 (acid-free paper)
1. Interpolation. 2. Approximation theory. I. Govil, N. K. (Narendra Kumar) II.
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 Contents
Foreword ix
R. S. Varga
Preface xi
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Ambikeshwar Sharma xxiii
A. Jakimovski and J. Szabados

1. Markov-Type Inequalities for Homogeneous Polynomials on 1

Nonsymmetric Star-Like Domains
Yuliya Babenko and András Kroó
2. Local Inequalities for Multivariate Polynomials and 17
Plurisubharmonic Functions
A. Brudnyi and Yu. Brudnyi
3. The Norm of an Interpolation Operator on H ∞ (D) 33
A. S. Cavaretta and N. Fontes-Merz
4. Sharma and Interpolation, 1993–2003: The Dutch Connection 45
M. G. de Bruin
5. Freeness of Spline Modules from a Divided to a Subdivided 59
Domain
Satya Deo and J. K. Maitra
6. Measures of Smoothness on the Sphere 75
Z. Ditzian
7. Quadrature Formulae of Maximal Trigonometric Degree of 93
Precision
Dimiter Dryanov
8. Inequalities for Exponential Sums via Interpolation and 119
Turán-Type Reverse Markov Inequalities
T. Erdélyi
9. Asymptotic Optimality in Time-Frequency Localization of 145
Scaling Functions and Wavelets
T. N. T. Goodman and S. L. Lee
10. Interpolation by Polynomials and Transcendental Entire 173
Functions
N. K. Govil, M. A. Qazi, and Q. I. Rahman

vii
11. Hyperinterpolation on the Sphere 213
Kerstin Hesse and Ian H. Sloan
12. Lagrange Interpolation at Lacunary Roots of Unity 249
A. Jakimovski
13. A Fast Algorithm for Spherical Basis Approximation 259
J. Keiner and J. Prestin
14. Direct and Converse Polynomial Approximation Theorems on 287
the Real Line with Weights Having Zeros
G. Mastroianni and J. Szabados
15. Fourier Sums and Lagrange Interpolation on (0, +∞) and 307
(−∞, +∞)
G. Mastroianni and P. Vértesi
16. On Bounded Interpolatory and Quasi–Interpolatory 345
Polynomial Operators
H. N. Mhaskar
17. Hausdorff Strong Uniqueness in Simultaneous Approximation. 365
Part II
Devidas Pai and Indira K
18. Zeros of Polynomials Given as an Orthogonal Expansion 381
Gerhard Schmeisser
19. Uniqueness of Tchebycheff Spaces and Their Ideal Relatives 407
Boris Shekhtman
Index 427

viii
 Foreword
I am indeed honored to write this foreword for this present volume
which is dedicated to Ambikeshwar Sharma, who was well known in
the world as a beloved teacher and research mathematician. He was
my dear and trusted friend and colleague for many, many years; we
first met, some fifty years ago, in the office of Professor Joseph L.
Walsh, my adviser at Harvard University. Little did I know how
much our lives would intertwine over the years.
Ambikeshwar had two well-recognized strengths which were
absolutely infectious to those near him. He loved mathematics and
he loved mathematical research with others, both with great vigor. I
can vividly recall working with him on some math paper (we wrote
13 papers together) when, at night, I would be exhausted, and he al-
ways was ready to continue onward! (I often wondered how much of
this came from his excellent and strict vegetarian diet.) His research
work was basically in complex function theory and approximation
theory, and he is probably best known for his work on splines, in-
terpolation theory, and Walsh over-convergence. On this last topic,
Walsh over-convergence, it was his dream to write the first and defini-
tive book on this topic, which would examine in detail all aspects of
this theory. Unfortunately, his health gave out before this book was
finished, and it was left to his circle of friends in mathematics to
complete this task.
This book, which follows, is dedicated to Ambikeshwar Sharma,
who will long be remembered for his mathematics, for his enthusiasm
for mathematical research, and for the overwhelming kindness and
understanding he showered on all who came in contact with him.

Richard S. Varga
Kent State University

ix
 Preface
This monograph is a collection of papers in memory of
Professor Ambikeshwar Sharma who passed away on December 22,
2003 at his home in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Professor Sharma
was a leading mathematician whose research has spanned several
areas of approximation theory and classical analysis, including inter-
polation theory and approximation by spline functions. Interpolation
was a topic in which Professor Sharma was viewed as a world expert
by his collaborators and many other colleagues.
We invited outstanding mathematicians, friends and collabora-
tors of Professor Sharma to submit papers to be included in this
volume. This collection contains original research articles and com-
prehensive survey papers by 30 mathematicians from 11 countries.
All the papers were refereed. We hope that the papers will be of
interest both to graduate students as well as researchers in analysis
and approximation theory.
The paper of Babenko and Kroó deals with Markov inequalities
for multivariate polynomials. These inequalities estimate the supre-
mum norm of the derivatives of a polynomial in terms of the norm of
the polynomial itself. Babenko and Kroó establish such inequalities
for homogeneous polynomials on a nonsymmetric convex body in a
Euclidean space, possibly with cusps.
The paper by Brudnyi and Brudnyi studies the analogues of
Chebyshev and Bernstein inequalities for multivariate polynomials.
These inequalities estimate the norm of a polynomial on a set in a
Euclidean space in terms of its norm on a subset of this set.
The paper of Cavaretta and Fontes–Merz gives explicit formulas
in some cases for the norm of the operator Ln−1 ( · ; ζ) : H ∞ (D) → C,
where Ln−1 ( · ; ζ) represents the Lagrange interpolation polynomial
of degree n − 1, evaluated at a complex number ζ, and defined by
interpolating functions in H ∞ (D) at the zeros of z n − rn . Here,
0 < r < 1 and |ζ| > 1.
The paper of de Bruin is a survey of his joint work with Sharma
on interpolation, covering the period 1993–2003.
The paper of Deo and Maitra studies the conditions under which
a module of smooth splines on a subdivision of a simplex embedded
in a Euclidean space is free.

xi
 The paper of Ditzian gives a survey of various measures of smooth-
ness of functions which are defined on the unit sphere S d−1 ⊂ Rd .
The paper of Dryanov presents results on existence, uniqueness,
and explicit construction of quadrature formulae with maximal trigono-
metric degree of precision.
The paper of Erdélyi surveys recent results for exponential sums
and linear combinations of shifted Gaussians which were obtained
via interpolation. In particular, a Chebyshev type inequality and a
reverse Markov inequality is obtained in this setting.
The paper of Goodman and Lee investigates the optimality of the
uncertainty products for certain approximations to the Gaussian, and
the corresponding wavelets, when the refinement masks are polyno-
mials satisfying certain conditions on the locations of their zeros.
The paper of Govil, Qazi, and Rahman deals with some basic
facts about interpolation by classes of entire functions like algebraic
polynomials, trigonometric polynomials, and non-periodic transcen-
dental entire functions. The authors also explain what Hermite “re-
ally did” in his frequently quoted paper.
The paper of Hesse and Sloan describes several known results as
well as proves some new ones regarding the degree of approximation
by hyperinterpolation operators on the Euclidean sphere. The hy-
perinterpolation operator is a discretization of the Fourier projection
operator onto the space of spherical polynomials, obtained by using
a positive quadrature formula, exact for spherical polynomials of an
appropriate degree.
The paper of Jakimovski studies the connection between La-
grange and Hermite interpolatory polynomials, interpolating at a set
of roots of unity, and the corresponding polynomials interpolating at
different subsets of this set.
The paper of Keiner and Prestin presents a fast algorithm for
scattered data interpolation and approximation on the Euclidean
sphere with spherical radial basis functions of different spatial den-
sity.
The paper of Mastroianni and Szabados establishes the analogues
of certain classical polynomial inequalities, as well as direct and con-
verse approximation theorems in the context of weighted approxima-
tion on the whole line with respect to a generalized Freud weight.

xii
 The paper of Mastroianni and Vértesi investigates the truncated
Fourier sums and Lagrange interpolation operators in weighted Lp
spaces on unbounded intervals (0, ∞) and the whole line.
The paper of Mhaskar proposes alternatives to interpolation for
approximation of functions using values of the function at scattered
sites on the circle, the real line, the unit interval, and the unit sphere.
In particular, it proves the existence of bounded operators, yielding
entire functions of finite exponential type, that interpolate a Birkhoff
data for a function on a Euclidean space, where a finite number of
derivatives, of order not exceeding a fixed number, are prescribed at
each point.
The paper of Pai and Indira establishes the equivalence of Haus-
dorff continuity and pointwise Hausdorff Lipschitz continuity of a
restricted center multifunction.
The paper of Schmeisser describes methods to obtain estimates
on the zeros of polynomials, in terms of their coefficients in an or-
thogonal polynomial expansion. In particular, certain L2 inequalities
and lower bounds for Vandermonde type determinants of orthogonal
polynomials are proved.
The paper of Shekhtman defines a generalization of Chebyshev
spaces, ”ideal complements,” and demonstrates their uniqueness.
Various analogues of Chebyshev spaces (minimal interpolating sys-
tems) in several variables are also discussed.
It is a pleasure to express our gratitude to all the authors and ref-
erees without whose contributions this volume would not have been
possible. We would like to thank Richard Varga for accepting our in-
vitation to write the Foreword, Charles Chui for his encouragement,
Darrel Hankerson for his help with TEX issues, Gerhard Schmeisser
for modifying our style file, Larry Schumaker for allowing us to use
his micros, and Huajun Huang for his help in compiling and format-
ting some of the papers in this volume. Finally, our thanks are due
to the publisher for support and careful handling of the monograph.

N. K. Govil
H. N. Mhaskar
R. N. Mohapatra
Z. Nashed
J. Szabados

xiii
 EDITORS

N. K. Govil is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama. He received his Ph.D. degree in mathematics
from the University of Montreal, Canada in 1968. Prior to join-
ing Auburn University, he was professor at the Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi, India.

H. N. Mhaskar is a professor of mathematics at California State

University, Los Angeles. He obtained his Ph.D. from Ohio State
University, Columbus in 1980.

R. N. Mohapatra is a professor of mathematics at the Univer-

sity of Central Florida, Orlando. He received his Ph.D. degree from
University of Jabalpur, India in 1968.

Zuhair Nashed received his S.B. and S.M. degrees in electrical

engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
and his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of
Michigan. Prior to joining the University of Central Florida, he
was a professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta and the
University of Delaware, Newark.

J. Szabados is a senior research fellow at the Department of

Analysis of the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics and a
professor at the Department of Mathematics and Its Applications
of the Central European University, both in Budapest. He received
the D.Sc. degree in mathematics from the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Budapest in 1976.

xv
 Contributors

Yuliya Babenko
Department of Mathematics
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN 37203
Email address: [email protected]

A. Brudnyi
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
Canada T2N 1N4
Email address: [email protected]

Yu. Brudnyi
Department of Mathematics
Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
Email address: [email protected]

Alfred S. Cavaretta
Department of Mathematics
Kent State University
Kent, Ohio 44242
Email address: [email protected]

M. G. de Bruin
Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
Email address: [email protected]

Satya Deo
Harish Chandra Research Institute
Allahabad 211 019, India
Email address: [email protected], [email protected]

xvii
Z. Ditzian
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada, T6G 2G1
Email address: [email protected]

Dimiter Dryanov
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Concordia University
Montréal, Quebec
Canada H3G 1M8
Email address: [email protected]

T. Erdélyi
Department of Mathematics
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
Email address: [email protected]

Natacha Fontes-Merz
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Westminster College
New Wilmington, Pennsylvania 16172
Email address: [email protected]

T. N. T. Goodman
Department of Mathematics
University of Dundee
Dundee DD1 4HN
Scotland, U.K.
Email address: [email protected]

N. K. Govil
Department of Mathematics
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849-5310
Email address: [email protected]

xviii
Kerstin Hesse
School of Mathematics
The University of New South Wales
Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
Email addresses: [email protected]

A. Jakimovski
School of Mathematical Sciences
Tel-Aviv University
Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
Email address: [email protected]

Indira K
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology
Mumbai 400076, India
Email address: [email protected]

J. Keiner
Institute of Mathematics
University of Lübeck
Lübeck, Germany
Email address: [email protected]

András Kroó
Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics
Budapest, Hungary
Email address: [email protected]

S. L. Lee
Department of Mathematics
National University of Singapore
Singapore 117543
Email address: [email protected]

xix
J. K. Maitra
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
R. D. University
Jabalpur 482 001, India
Email address: [email protected]

G. Mastroianni
Dipartimento di Matematica
Università della Basilicata
Potenza, Italy
Email address: [email protected]

H. N. Mhaskar
Department of Mathematics
California State University
Los Angeles, California 90032
Email address: [email protected]

Devidas Pai
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology
Mumbai 400076, India
Email address: [email protected]

J. Prestin
Institute of Mathematics
University of Lübeck
Lübeck, Germany
Email address: [email protected]

M. A. Qazi
Department of Mathematics
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, AL 36088
Email address: [email protected]

xx
Q. I. Rahman
Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique
Université de Montréal
Montréal, Canada H3G 3J7
Email address: [email protected]

Gerhard Schmeisser
Mathematical Institute
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Erlangen, Germany
Email address: [email protected]

Boris Shekhtman
Department of Mathematics
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL 33620
Email address: [email protected]

Ian H. Sloan
School of Mathematics
The University of New South Wales
Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
Email address: [email protected]

J. Szabados
Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics
Budapest, Hungary
Email address: [email protected]

P. Vértesi
Alfred Renyi Institute of Mathematics
Budapest, Hungary
Email address: [email protected]

xxi
Ambikeshwar Sharma (1920-2003)
 Ambikeshwar Sharma
(1920-2003)

A. Jakimovski and J. Szabados

Ambikeshwar Sharma passed away on December 22, 2003, after

a long period of illness at his home in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Sharma is survived by a daughter, Jyotsna Sharma-Srinivasan, and
two sons, Someshwar (Raja) Sharma and Yogi Sharma.
Ambikeshwar Sharma was born at Jobner, a small city in the state
of Rajasthan, India on July 2, 1920. He received his B.A. (1938) and
M.Sc. (1940) from the Maharaja’s College, Jaipur, and his Ph.D.
(1951) under A. N. Singh from Lucknow University, Lucknow, India.
Sharma held positions at Cornell, Rajasthan, Harvard, and UCLA
before joining the University of Alberta in 1962, where he remained
until his retirement, in 1985.
He had eight Ph.D. students: A. M. Chak (1956), R. B. Saxena
(1964), A. K. Varma (1964), J. Prasad (1968), D. J. Leeming (1969),
S. L. Lee (1974), Mario Botto (1975), and M. A. Bokhari (1986). In
addition, he co-advised H. M. Srivastava and K. K. Mathur before
leaving India.
Sharma worked in classical analysis, concentrating eventually on
lacunary polynomial and trigonometric interpolation, and on spline
functions, first cubic splines, then cardinal splines, trigonometric
splines, and even multivariate splines. In his final years, Sharma
focused on various aspects of the Walsh over-convergence theorem.
Sharma’s wide-ranging knowledge and intuition, his infectious en-
thusiasm and engaging personality are reflected in his many publica-
tions (more than 200 papers) and in the fact that 56 mathematicians
have written papers with him and have become his friends in the pro-
cess. Among his coauthors are G. Alexits, R. Askey, E. W. Cheney,
P. Erdös, G. Freud, C. A. Micchelli, T. S. Motzkin, I. J. Schoenberg,
R. S. Varga, J. L. Walsh, and H. Zassenhaus.
Although he was unable to visit the Mathematics Department
of the University of Alberta in his final years, his immobility did
not prevent him from doing mathematics. He was up-to-date in the

xxiii
literature of his chosen subject, approximation theory. Fortunately,
email enabled him to remain in contact with friends and colleagues.
He was very eager to stay mobile as long as possible.
The last conference he attended, and even gave a plenary talk,
was in the summer of 1999 in Budapest. He made the long trip
against the advice of family, doctors and friends, using a wheelchair
at airports, and delivered a successful talk. He even attended the
conference excursion, a further indication of his unflagging willpower.
He was an expert in the theory of interpolation. His dream for
many years was to write a monograph on his favorite subject, the
theory of over-convergence of complex polynomials. This theory is
based on the classic result of J. Walsh stating that the difference
of the partial sums of the Taylor series of an analytic function and
the Lagrange interpolation polynomials of the function based on the
roots of unity converges to zero in a circle larger than the domain of
analyticity, although both diverge there. The project started about
ten years ago, but his death prevented him from completing the
work. It is our duty now to finish the monograph and thus realize
his dream.
He was a person devoted to his profession and did not care much
for other worldly pleasures. At the same time, he was very sensitive
to his friends’ problems and did everything he could to help people.
In particular, he tried to help Ph.D. students and fresh Ph.D.s.
He was the most friendly person we have ever met. He was a credit
to mathematics and, especially, approximation theory.

Acknowledgment. Reprinted from Journal of Approximation

Theory, Vol. 131, No 1, 2004, pp. 1 - 2, with permission from Elsevier.

Scientific Papers of Ambikeshwar Sharma

1. On the minimal interval of ζ in the second mean-value theorem,

Proc. Benares Math. Soc. (N.S.) 7(2) (1945) 33–40.

2. On the zeros of a class of functions, Proc. Benares Math. Soc.

(N.S.) 8(2) (1946) 1–21.

xxiv
 3. (with S. C. Mitra), On a generalization of Weber’s parabolic
cylinder functions, Proc. Benares Math. Soc. (N.S.) 9 (1947)
25–31.

4. On a generalization of Legendre polynomials, Bull. Calcutta

Math. Soc. 40 (1948) 195- -206.

5. (with S. C. Mitra), On a generalization of Weber’s parabolic

cylinder functions, Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc. 41 (1949)
87–91.

6. (with S. C. Mitra), On certain self-reciprocal functions, Ganita

1 (1950) 31–38.

7. On the properties of θ(x, h) in Mazzoni’s form of the mean-

value theorem, Math. Student 19 (1951) 37–43.

8. On certain relations between ultraspherical polynomials and

Bessel functions, Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc. 43 (1951) 61–66.

9. On an application of a method of Shohat to a problem of

Lukacs, Ganita 2 (1951) 9–22.

10. On the differentiability of the remainder of Mazzoni’s formula,

Ganita 2 (1951) 65–67.

11. On the remainder in two theorems of Kloosterman, Nederl.

Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser.A 54 = Indag. Math. 13 (1951)
418–425.

12. (with S. C. Mitra), On generating functions of polynomials. I.

Generalised parabolic cylinder functions of Weber, Bull. Cal-
cutta Math. Soc. 43 (1951) 46–50.

13. On the zeros of a certain polynomial, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India
18 (1952) 491–493.

14. The zeros of a complex polynomial, Math. Student 21 (1953)

52–54.

15. (with A. M. Chak), The basic analogue of a class of polynomi-

als, Riv. Mat. Univ. Parma. 5 (1954) 325–337.

xxv
16. (with H. M. Srivastava), On certain functional relations and
a generalization of the Mk,m function, Ann. Polon. Math. 3
(1957) 76–86.

17. On Golab’s contribution to Simpson’s formula, Ann. Polon.

Math. 3 (1957) 240–246.

18. q-Bernoulli and Euler numbers of higher order, Duke Math. J.

25 (1958) 343–354.

19. On Newton’s method of approximation, Ann. Polon. Math. 6

(1959) 295–300.

20. (with R. B. Saxena), On some interpolatory properties of Leg-

endre polynomials, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 9 (1958)
345–358.

21. Some properties of plane curves, Ann. Polon. Math. 6 (1959)

245–252.

22. (with R. B. Saxena), Convergence properties of interpolatory

polynomials, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 10 (1959)
157–175.

23. Remark on a paper of Cinquini, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar.

11 (1960) 93–96.

24. (with K. K. Mathur), Some interpolatory properties of Her-

mite polynomials, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 12 (1961)
193–207.

25. (with R. B. Saxena), Some inequalities on polynomials, J. In-

dian Math. Soc. (N.S.) 25 (1961) 63–102.

26. (with A. K. Varma), Some interpolatory properties of Tcheby-

che. polynomials (0, 2) case modified, Publ. Math. Debrecen
8 (1961) 336–349.

27. Remarks on quasi-Hermite-Fejér interpolation, Canad. Math.

Bull. 7 (1964) 101–119.

xxvi
28. Interpolation by polynomials in z and z −1 in the roots of unity,
Canad. J. Math. 19 (1967) 16–23.

29. (with J. L. Walsh), Least square approximation and interpola-

tion in roots of unity, Pacific J. Math. 14 (1964) 727–730.

30. (with T. S. Motzkin), Next-to-interpolatory approximation on

sets with multiplicities, Canad. J. Math. 18 (1966) 1196–1211.

31. (with E. W. Cheney), Bernstein Power-Series, Canad. J. Math.

16 (1964) 241–252.

32. (with E. W. Cheney), On a generalization of Bernstein poly-

nomials, Riv. Math. Univ. Parma (2) 5 (1964) 77–84.

33. Some remarks on lacunary interpolation in the roots of unity,

Israel J. Math. 2 (1964) 41–49.

34. (with A. K. Varma), Trigonometric interpolation, Duke Math.

J. 32 (1965) 341–357.

35. (with E. Frank), Continued fraction expansions and iterations

of Newton’s formula, J. Reine Angew. Math. 219 (1965)
62–66.

36. (with A. Meir), On the method of Romberg quadrature, J.

SIAM Ser. B, Numer. Anal. 2 (1965) 250–258.

37. (with P. Erdös), On Tchebychev. quadrature, Canad. J. Math.

17 (1965) 652–658.

38. (with A. Meir), Degree of approximation of spline interpolation,

J. Math. Mech. 15 (1966) 759–767.

39. Lacunary interpolation in the roots of unity (German and Rus-

sian summaries), Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 46 (1966) 127–133.

40. (with A. Meir), Span of derivatives of polynomials, Amer. Math.

Monthly 74 (1967) 527–531.

41. (with A. Meir), Simultaneous approximation of a function and

its derivatives, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 3 (1966) 553–563.

xxvii
42. (with A. Meir), Span of linear combinations of derivatives of
polynomials, Duke Math. J. 34 (1967) 123–129.

43. (with A. Meir), A variation of the Tchebyschev. quadrature

problem, Illinois J. Math. 11 (1967) 535–546.

44. (with A. Meir), Approximation methods by polynomials and

power series, Indag. Math. 29 (1967) 395–403.

45. (with A. K. Varma), Trigonometric interpolation (0, 2, 3) case,

Ann. Polon. Math. 21 (1968) 51–58.

46. (with J. Prasad), On Abel-Hermite-Birkhoff interpolation, SIAM

J. Numer. Anal. 5 (1968) 864–881.

47. (with A. Meir), Symmetric differences and derivatives, Indag.

Math. 30 (1968) 353–360.

48. (with A. Meir), A generalization of the Sα-summation method,

Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 67 (1970) 61–66.

49. (with A. Meir), Convergence of a class of interpolatory splines,

J. Approx. Theory 1 (1968) 243–250.

50. (with A. Meir), One-sided spline approximation, Studia Sci.

Math. Hungar. 3 (1968) 211–218.

51. (with K. Atkinson), A partial characterization of poised Hermite-

Birkhoff interpolation problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 6 (1969)
230–235.

52. (with A. Meir), An extension of Obreshkov’s formula, SIAM J.

Numer. Anal. 5 (1968) 488–490.

53. (with A. Meir), On zeros of derivatives of polynomials, Canad.

Math. Bull. 11 (1968) 443–445.

54. (with D. Leeming), Lacunary interpolation (0, n-1, n) case,

Mathematica (Cluj) 11 (34) (1969) 155–162.

55. (with A. Meir), On Ilyeff’s conjecture, Pacific J. Math. 31

(1969) 459–467.

xxviii
56. (with A. Meir), Multipoint expansions of finite differences, in:
I. J. Schoenberg (Ed.), Approximation with Special Empha-
sis on Spline Functions, Academic Press, New York, 1969,
pp. 389–404.
57. (with D. Leeming), A generalization of the class of completely
convex functions, Inequalities, III (Proc. Third Sympos. Univ.
California, Los Angeles, 1969, dedicated to the memory of
Theodore S. Motzkin), Academic Press, New York, 1972, pp.
177–199.
58. (with A. Meir), On uniform approximation by cubic splines, J.
Approx. Theory 2 (1969) 270–274.
59. (with G. Alexits), On the convergence of multiplicatively or-
thogonal series, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 22 (1971/2)
257–266.
60. (with S. P. Pethe), Modified Abel expansion and a sub-class
of completely convex functions, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 3 (1972)
546–558.
61. Some poised and non-poised problems of interpolation. (Survey
Article), SIAM Rev. 14 (1972) 129–151.
62. (with T. S. Motzkin), A sequence of linear polynomial opera-
tors and their approximation-theoretic properties, J. Approx.
Theory 5 (1972) 176–198.
63. (with I. J. Schoenberg), The interpolatory background of the
Euler-Maclaurin quadrature formula, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.
77 (1971) 1034–1038.
64. (with S. P. Pethe), Functions analogous to completely convex
functions, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 3(4) (1973) 591–617.
65. (with A. Meir), Lacunary interpolation by splines, SIAM J.
Numer. Anal. 10 (1973) 433–442.
66. (with G. Alexits), The influence of Lebesgue functions on the
convergence and summability of function series, Acta Sci. Math.
(Szeged) 33 (1972) 1–10.

xxix
67. (with I. J. Schoenberg), Cardinal interpolation and spline func-
tions. V. The B-splines for cardinal Hermite interpolation, Lin-
ear Algebra Appl. 7 (1973) 1–42.

68. (with T. S. Motzkin and E. G. Straus), Averaging interpola-

tion, in: A. Meir and A. Sharma (Eds.), Spline Functions and
Approximation Theory, ISNM 21, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel,
1973, pp. 191–233.

69. (with E. G. Straus), On the irreducibility of a class of Euler-

Frobenius polynomials, Canad. Math. Bull. 17 (1974)
265–273.

70. (with G. Freud), Some good sequences of interpolatory poly-

nomials, Canad. J. Math. 26 (1974) 233–246.

71. Some poised problems of interpolation, in: G. Alexits and S.

B. Stechkin (Eds.), Proceedings of Conference on Construc-
tive Theory of Functions held in Budapest, (1969), Akadémiai
Kiadó, Budapest, 1972, pp. 435–441.

72. (with R. DeVore and A. Meir), Strongly and weakly non-poised

H-B interpolation problems, Canad. J. Math. 25 (1973) 1040–
1050.

73. (with R. B. Saxena), Convergence of averaging interpolation

operators, Demonstratio Math. 6 (1973) 821–839.

74. (with T. N. E. Greville and I. J. Schoenberg), The spline inter-

polation of sequences satisfying a linear recurrence relation, J.
Approx. Theory 17(3) (1976) 200–221.

75. (with A. Meir and J. Tzimbalario), Hermite-Fejér type inter-

polation processes, Anal. Math. 1(2) (1975) 121–129.

76. (with M. A. Botto), Averaging interpolation on sets with mul-

tiplicities, Aequationes Math. 15(1) (1977) 63–72.

77. (with S. L. Lee), Cardinal lacunary interpolation by g-splines.

I. The characteristic polynomials, J. Approx. Theory 16(1)
(1976) 85–96.

xxx
78. (with J. Tzimbalario), Quasi-Hermite-Fejér type interpolation
of higher order, J. Approx. Theory 13 (1975) 431–442.

79. (with S. L. Lee and J. Tzimbalario), A class of cardinal splines

with Hermite type interpolation, J. Approx. Theory 18(1) (1976)
30–38.

80. (with J. Tzimbalario), Cardinal interpolation and generalized

exponential Euler splines, Canad. J. Math. 28(2) (1976)
291–300.

81. (with J. Tzimbalario), Cardinal t-perfect L-splines, SIAM J.

Numer. Anal. 13(6) (1976) 915–922.

82. (with J. Tzimbalario), A class of cardinal trigonometric splines,

SIAM J. Math. Anal. 7(6) (1976) 809–819.

83. (with J. Tzimbalario), Landau-type inequalities for some linear

differential operators, Illinois J. Math. 20(3) (1976) 443–455.

84. (with J. Tzimbalario), Quadratic splines, J. Approx. Theory

19(2) (1977) 186–193.

85. (with J. Tzimbalario), Classes of functions defined by differen-

tial inequalities, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 61(1) (1977) 122–135.

86. (with J. Tzimbalario), Some inequalities for a certain class of

C ∞ -functions, Period. Math. Hungar. 12(1) (1981) 31–36.

87. (with J. Tzimbalario), Landau-type inequalities for bounded

intervals, Period. Math. Hungar. 9(3) (1978) 175–186.

88. (with J. Tzimbalario), Some inequalities between derivatives

on bounded intervals, Delta (Waukesha) 6(2) (1976) 78–91.

89. (with J. Tzimbalario), Some linear differential operators, and

generalized differences. (Russian), Mat. Zametki 21(2) (1977)
161–172.

90. (with J. Tzimbalario), Some strongly non-poised H-B prob-

lems, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 63(2) (1978) 521–524.

xxxi
 91. (with J. Tzimbalario), A generalization of monosplines and per-
fect splines, in: A. G. Law and B. N. Sahney (Eds.), Theory of
Approximation with Applications, Academic Press, New York,
1976, pp. 257–267.

92. (with J. Tzimbalario), A generalization of a result of Subbotin,

in: G. G. Lorentz, C. K. Chui, and L. L. Schumaker (Eds.),
Approximation Theory, II, Academic Press, New York, 1976,
pp. 557–562.

93. (with R. N. Mohapatra), Discrete exponential Abel-Euler splines,

J. Indian Math. Soc. (N.S.) 42(1-4) (1978) 367–379.

94. (with R. N. Mohapatra), Convergence of discrete spline in-

terpolants without mesh ratio restrictions, Indian J. of Math.
20(2) (1978) 161–171.

95. (with K. K. Mathur), Discrete polynomials splines on the circle,

Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 33(1-2) (1979) 143–153.

96. (with Geza Freud), Addendum: “Some good sequences of inter-

polatory polynomials,” Canad. J. Math. 29(6) (1977)
1163–1166.

97. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and R. S. Varga), Interpolation in

the roots of unity: An extension of a theorem of J. L. Walsh,
Resultate Math. 3(2) (1980) 155–191.

98. (with C. A. Micchelli), Spline functions on the circle: Cardinal

L-splines revisited, Canad. J. Math. 32(6) (1980) 1459–1473.

99. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and R. S. Varga), Hermite-Birkhoff

interpolation in the nth roots of unity, Trans. Amer. Math.
Soc. 259(2) (1980) 621–628.

100. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and R. S. Varga), Lacunary trigono-

metric interpolation on equidistant nodes, in: R. DeVore and
K. Scherer (Eds.), Quantitative Approximation, Academic Press,
New York, 1980, pp. 63–80.

xxxii
101. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. and C. A. Micchelli), Multivariate
interpolation and the Radon transform, Math. Z. 174(3) (1980)
263–279.

102. (with P. W. Smith and J. Tzimbalario), Polynomial interpo-

lation in the roots of unity with applications, in: C. Ciesiel-
ski (Ed.), Approximation and Function Spaces, North Holland,
Amsterdam, 1981, pp. 667–685

103. (with S. Riemenschneider), Birkhoff interpolation at the nth

roots of unity: convergence, Canad. J. Math. 33(2) (1981)
362–371.

104. (with P. W. Smith and S. Riemenschneider), Convergence of la-

cunary trigonometric interpolation on equidistant nodes, Acta
Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 39(1-3) (1982) 27–37.

105. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and C. A. Micchelli), Multivari-

ate interpolation and the Radon transform. II. Some further
examples, in: R. DeVore and K. Scherer (Eds.), Quantitative
Approximation, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 49–62.

106. (with E. B. Saff and R. S. Varga), An extension to rational

functions of a theorem of J. L. Walsh on differences of in-
terpolating polynomials, RAIRO Anal. Numér. 15(4) (1981)
371–390.

107. (with R. Askey and I. J. Schoenberg), Hausdorff’s moment

problem and expansions in Legendre polynomials, J. Math.
Anal. Appl. 86(1) (1982) 237–245.

108. (with P. Vértesi), Mean convergence and interpolation in roots

of unity, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 14(4) (1983) 800–806.

109. (with A. K. Varma), Lacunary trigonometric interpolation on

equidistant nodes (convergence), J. Approx. Theory 35(1) (1982)
45–63.

110. (with A. M. Chak and J. Szabados), On a problem of P. Turán,

Studia Scient. Math. Hungar. 15(4) (1980) 441–455.

xxxiii
111. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. T. N. T. Goodman and C. A. Mic-
chelli), Multivariate interpolation and the Radon transform.
III. Lagrange representation, Canad. Math. Soc. Conf. Proc. 3
(1983) 37–50.

112. (with T. N. E. Greville and I. J. Schoenberg), The behavior

of the exponential Euler spline Sn (x; t) as n → ∞ for negative
values of the base t, Canad. Math. Soc. Conf. Proc. 3 (1983)
185–198.

113. (with R. B. Saxena and Z. Ziegler), Hermite-Birkhoff inter-

polation on roots of unity and Walsh equiconvergence, Linear
Algebra Appl. 52/53 (1983) 603–615.

114. (with S. L. Lee, C. A. Micchelli and P. W. Smith), Some prop-

erties of periodic B-spline collocation matrices, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Edinburgh Sect. A 94 (3-4) (1983) 235–246.

115. (with C. A. Micchelli), On a problem of Turán: multiple node

Gaussian quadrature, Rend. Mat. (7) 3(3) (1983) 529–552.

116. (with T. N. T. Goodman), Convergence of multivariate polyno-

mials interpolating on a triangular array, Trans. Amer. Math.
Soc. 285(1) (1984) 141–157.

117. (with J. Fabrykowski and H. Zassenhaus), Some Birkhoff inter-

polation problems on the roots of unity, Linear Algebra Appl.
65 (1985) 1–23.

118. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. and R. S. Varga), A theorem of J.

L. Walsh, revisited, Pacific J. Math. 118 (2) (1985) 313–322.

119. (with E. B. Saff), On equiconvergence of certain sequences

of rational interpolants, in: Proc. Conf. on Approximation,
Tampa, Florida, 1983, Lecture Notes in Math. 1105, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1984, pp. 256–271.

120. (with H. P. Dikshit and J. Tzimbalario), Asymptotic error

expansions for spline interpolation, Canad. Math. Bull. 27(3)
(1984) 337–344.

xxxiv
121. (with C. A. Micchelli), Convergence of complete spline inter-
polation for holomorphic functions, Ark. Mat. 23(1) (1985)
159–170.

122. (with S. D. Riemenschneider and P. W. Smith), Lacunary trigono-

metric interpolation: convergence, in: E. W. Cheney (Ed.),
Approximation Theory III, Academic Press, New York, 1980,
pp. 741–746.

123. Birkhoff interpolation on the roots of unity, in: S. P. Singh, J.

H. W. Burry, and B. Watson (Eds.), Approximation Theory
and Spline Functions, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1984, pp. 199–205.

124. (with Z. Ziegler), Walsh equiconvergence for best l2-approximates,

Studia Math. 77(5) (1984) 523–528.

125. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. and H. P. Dikshit), An extension of

a theorem of Walsh, Resultate Math. 7(2) (1984) 154–163.

126. (with T. N. T. Goodman and S. L. Lee), Approximation by Λ-

splines on the circle, Canad. J. Math. 37(6) (1985)
1085–1111.

127. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. and R. S. Varga), Converse results

in the Walsh theory of overconvergence, RAIRO Modél. Math.
Anal. Numér. 19(4) (1985) 601–609.

128. (with T. N. T. Goodman), A property of Bernstein-Schoenberg

spline operators, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) 28(3) (1985)
333–340.

129. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr. and J. Tzimbalario), Convergence

of a class of interpolatory splines for holomorphic functions, J.
Approx. Theory 46(4) (1986) 374–384.

130. (with V. Singh), Some Bernstein type inequalities for polyno-

mials, Analysis 5(4) (1985) 321–341.

131. (with A. Jakimovski), Lacunary trigonometric interpolation on

equidistant nodes, Analysis 6(2-3) (1986) 269–284.

xxxv
132. (with K. G. Ivanov), Some new results on Walsh th eory of
equiconvergence, in: J. Szabados (Ed.), Proc. Haar Memo.
Conf. Budapest, August 1985, Vol.1, Colloq. Math. Soc. János
Bolyai, 49, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 465–474.

133. (with K. G. Ivanov), More quantitative results on Walsh equicon-

vergence. I. Lagrange case, Constr. Approx. 3(3) (1987)
265–280.

134. (with K. G. Ivanov), Quantitative results on Walsh equicon-

vergence II (Hermite interpolation and l2 -approximation), Ap-
prox. Theory Appl. 2(1) (1986) 47–64.

135. (with M. A. Bokhari), Equiconvergence of certain sequences of

rational interpolants (Hermite case), in: C. A. Micchelli, D. V.
Pai and B. V. Limaye (Eds.), Methods of Functional Analysis
in Approximation Theory, ISNM 76, Birkhäuser, Basel, 1986,
pp. 281–292.

136. Some recent results on Walsh theory of equiconvergence, in:

C. Chui, L. Schumaker, and J. Ward (Eds.), Approximation
Theory V, Academic Press, New York, 1986, pp. 173–190.

137. Lacunary trigonometric interpolation on equidistant nodes (a

survey), Math. Student 55(2-4) (1987) 123–131.

138. (with H. P. Dikshit and A. Ojha), Certain mapping proper-

ties of rational complex planar splines, Math. Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 101(1) (1987) 141–149.

139. (with T. N. T. Goodman and I. J. Schoenberg), Piecewise

smooth solutions of some difference-differential equations, J.
Approx. Theory 48(3) (1986) 262–271.

140. (with T. N. T. Goodman and S. L. Lee), Asymptotic formula

for the Bernstein- Schoenberg operator, Approx. Theory Appl.
4(1) (1988) 67–86.

141. (with M. R. Akhlaghi and A. M. Chak), (0, 2, 3) interpolation

on zeros of πn (x), Approx. Theory Appl. 4(2) (1988) 55–74.

xxxvi
142. (with M. R. Akhlaghi and A. M. Chak), (0,3) interpolation on
zeros of πn (x), Rocky M. J. 19(1) (1989) 9–21.

143. (with J. Szabados and R. S. Varga), 2-periodic lacunary trigono-

metric interpolation: the (0,M) case, in: B. Sendov, P. Petru-
shev, K. Ivanov, and R. Maleev (Eds.), Constructive Theory
of Functions ’87, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1987,
pp. 420–427.

144. (with H. P. Dikshit, V. Singh and F. Stenger), Rivlin’s Theo-

rem on Walsh equiconvergence, J. Approx. Theory 52(3) (1988)
339–349.

145. (with J. Szabados), Convergence rates for some lacunary in-

terpolators on the roots of unity, Approx. Theory Appl. 4(2)
(1988) 41–48.

146. (with K. G. Ivanov), Converse results on equiconvergence of

interpolating polynomials, Anal. Math. 14(2) (1988) 185–192.

147. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and H. P. Dikshit), Convergence

of certain polynomial interpolants to a function defined on the
unit circle, Acta Math. Hungar. 53(1-2) (1989) 143–147.

148. (with T. N. T. Goodman), A modified Bernstein-Schoenberg

operator, in: B. Sendov, P. Petrushev, K. Ivanov, and R.
Maleev (Eds.), Constructive Theory of Functions ’87, Bulgar-
ian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1987, pp. 166–173.

149. (with T. N. T. Goodman and S. L. Lee), Approximation and

interpolation by complex splines on the torus, Proc. Edinburgh
Math. Soc.(2) 32(2) (1989) 197–212.

150. (with M. R. Akhlaghi and A. Jakimovski), Equiconvergence

of some complex interpolatory polynomials, Numer. Math. 57
(6-7) (1990) 635–649.

151. (with R. S. Varga), On a particular 2-periodic lacunary trigono-

metric interpolation problem on equidistant nodes, Resultate
Math. 16(3-4) (1989) 383–404.

xxxvii
152. (with D. P. Dryanov and R. Q. Jia), Quadrature formulae
with Birkhoff-type data on equidistant nodes for 2π-periodic
functions, in: P. Nevai and A. Pinkus (Eds.), Progress in Ap-
proximation Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1991, pp.
243–261.

153. (with A. S. Cavaretta, Jr., and C. A. Micchelli), A multivari-

ate extension of Walsh equiconvergence, in: C. Chui, L. Schu-
maker, and J. Ward (Eds.), Approximation Theory VI, Vol.I,
Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 121–124.

154. (with J. Szabados and R. S. Varga), Some 2π-periodic trigono-

metric interpolation problems on equidistant nodes, Analysis,
11(2-3) (1991) 165–190.

155. (with T. N. T. Goodman), Trigonometric interpolation, Proc.

Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) 35(3) (1992) 457–472.

156. (with Yuan Xu), Mean convergence of trigonometric interpolants

on equidistant nodes: Birkhoff data, Bull. Polish Acad. Sci.
39(3.4) (1991) 199–206.

157. (with R. Q. Jia), Solvability of some multivariate interpolation

problems, J. Reine Angew. Math. 421 (1991) 73–81.

158. (with J. Szabados and R. S. Varga), Some 2-periodic trigono-

metric interpolation problems on equidistant nodes. II. Con-
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xliii
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