Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman

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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman

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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
Joseph Bak • Donald J. Newman

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Complex Analysis
Third Edition

1C
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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
Joseph Bak Donald J. Newman
City College of New York (1930–2007)
Department of Mathematics
138th St. & Convent Ave.
New York, New York 10031
USA
[email protected]
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Editorial Board:
S. Axler K. A. Ribet
Mathematics Department Mathematics Department
San Francisco State University University of California at Berkeley
San Francisco, CA 94132 Berkeley, CA 94720
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]

ISSN 0172-6056
ISBN 978-1-4419-7287-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7288-0
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7288-0
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932037

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 30-xx, 30-01, 30Exx

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1991, 1997, 2010

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
Preface to the Third Edition

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Beginning with the first edition of Complex Analysis, we have attempted to present
the classical and beautiful theory of complex variables in the clearest and most
intuitive form possible. The changes in this edition, which include additions to ten
of the nineteen chapters, are intended to provide the additional insights that can be
obtained by seeing a little more of the “big picture”. This includes additional related
results and occasional generalizations that place the results in a slightly broader
context.
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra is enhanced by three related results.
Section 1.3 offers a detailed look at the solution of the cubic equation and its role in
the acceptance of complex numbers. While there is no formula for determining the
roots of a general polynomial, we added a section on Newton’s Method, a numerical
technique for approximating the zeroes of any polynomial. And the Gauss-Lucas
Theorem provides an insight into the location of the zeroes of a polynomial and
those of its derivative.
A series of new results relate to the mapping properties of analytic functions.
A revised proof of Theorem 6.15 leads naturally to a discussion of the connection
between critical points and saddle points in the complex plane. The proof of the
Schwarz Reflection Principle has been expanded to include reflection across analytic
arcs, which plays a key role in a new section (14.3) on the mapping properties of
analytic functions on closed domains. And our treatment of special mappings has
been enhanced by the inclusion of Schwarz-Christoffel transformations.
A single interesting application to number theory in the earlier editions has been
expanded into a new section (19.4) which includes four examples from additive
number theory, all united in their use of generating functions.
Perhaps the most significant changes in this edition revolve around the proof of
the prime number theorem. There are two new sections (17.3 and 18.2) on Dirichlet
series. With that background, a pivotal result on the Zeta function (18.10), which
seemed to “come out of the blue”, is now seen in the context of the analytic con-
tinuation of Dirichlet series. Finally the actual proof of the prime number theorem
has been considerably revised. The original independent proofs by Hadamard and
de la Vallée Poussin were both long and intricate. Donald Newman’s 1980 article

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 vi Preface to the Third Edition
Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
presented a dramatically simplified approach. Still the proof relied on several nontriv-
ial number-theoretic results, due to Chebychev, which formed a separate appendix
in the earlier editions. Over the years, further refinements of Newman’s approach
have been offered, the most recent of which is the award-winning 1997 article by
Zagier. We followed Zagier’s approach, thereby eliminating the need for a separate
appendix, as the proof relies now on only one relatively straightforward result due
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of Chebychev.
The first edition contained no solutions to the exercises. In the second edition,
responding to many requests, we included solutions to all exercises. This edition
contains 66 new exercises, so that there are now a total of 300 exercises. Once again,
in response to instructors’ requests, while solutions are given for the majority of
the problems, each chapter contains at least a few for which the solutions are not
included. These are denoted with an asterisk.
Although Donald Newman passed away in 2007, most of the changes in this
edition were anticipated by him and carry his imprimatur. I can only hope that
all of the changes and additions approach the high standard he set for presenting
mathematics in a lively and “simple” manner.
In an earlier edition of this text, it was my pleasure to thank my former student,
Pisheng Ding, for his careful work in reviewing the exercises. In this edition, it as
an even greater pleasure to acknowledge his contribution to many of the new results,
especially those relating to the mapping properties of analytic functions on closed
domains. This edition also benefited from the input of a new generation of students
at City College, especially Maxwell Musser, Matthew Smedberg, and Edger Sterjo.
Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the careful work and infinite patience of
Elizabeth Loew and the entire editorial staff at Springer.

Joseph Bak
City College of NY
April 2010

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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
Preface to the Second Edition

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One of our goals in writing this book has been to present the theory of analytic
functions with as little dependence as possible on advanced concepts from topol-
ogy and several-variable calculus. This was done not only to make the book more
accessible to a student in the early stages of his/her mathematical studies, but also
to highlight the authentic complex-variable methods and arguments as opposed to
those of other mathematical areas. The minimum amount of background material
required is presented, along with an introduction to complex numbers and functions,
in Chapter 1.
Chapter 2 offers a somewhat novel, yet highly intuitive, definition of analyticity
as it applies specifically to polynomials. This definition is related, in Chapter 3, to
the Cauchy-Riemann equations and the concept of differentiability. In Chapters 4
and 5, the reader is introduced to a sequence of theorems on entire functions, which
are later developed in greater generality in Chapters 6–8. This two-step approach, it
is hoped, will enable the student to follow the sequence of arguments more easily.
Chapter 5 also contains several results which pertain exclusively to entire functions.
The key result of Chapters 9 and 10 is the famous Residue Theorem, which is
followed by many standard and some not-so-standard applications in Chapters 11
and 12.
Chapter 13 introduces conformal mapping, which is interesting in its own right
and also necessary for a proper appreciation of the subsequent three chapters. Hydro-
dynamics is studied in Chapter 14 as a bridge between Chapter 13 and the Riemann
Mapping Theorem. On the one hand, it serves as a nice application of the theory
developed in the previous chapters, specifically in Chapter 13. On the other hand,
it offers a physical insight into both the statement and the proof of the Riemann
Mapping Theorem.
In Chapter 15, we use “mapping” methods to generalize some earlier results.
Chapter 16 deals with the properties of harmonic functions and the related theory of
heat conduction.
A second goal of this book is to give the student a feeling for the wide applicability
of complex-variable techniques even to questions which initially do not seem to
belong to the complex domain. Thus, we try to impart some of the enthusiasm

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 viii Preface to the Second Edition
Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
apparent in the famous statement of Hadamard that "the shortest route between
two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain." The physical
applications of Chapters 14 and 16 are good examples of this, as are the results
of Chapter 11. The material in the last three chapters is designed to offer an even
greater appreciation of the breadth of possible applications. Chapter 17 deals with
the different forms an analytic function may take. This leads directly to the Gamma
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and Zeta functions discussed in Chapter 18. Finally, in Chapter 19, a potpourri of
problems–again, some classical and some novel–is presented and studied with the
techniques of complex analysis.
The material in the book is most easily divided into two parts: a first course
covering the materials of Chapters 1–11 (perhaps including parts of Chapter 13), and
a second course dealing with the later material. Alternatively, one seeking to cover
the physical applications of Chapters 14 and 16 in a one-semester course could omit
some of the more theoretical aspects of Chapters 8, 12, 14, and 15, and include them,
with the later material, in a second-semester course.
The authors express their thanks to the many colleagues and students whose
comments were incorporated into this second edition. Special appreciation is due
to Mr. Pi-Sheng Ding for his thorough review of the exercises and their solutions.
We are also indebted to the staff of Springer-Verlag Inc. for their careful and patient
work in bringing the manuscript to its present form.

Joseph Bak
Donald J. Newmann

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 Complex Analysis (3rd Edition) Newman
Contents

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Preface to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 The Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Field of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The Solution of the Cubic Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Topological Aspects of the Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Stereographic Projection; The Point at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Functions of the Complex Variable z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Analytic Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Differentiability and Uniqueness of Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Analyticity and the Cauchy-Riemann Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 The Functions e z , sin z, cos z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 Line Integrals and Entire Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 Properties of the Line Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 The Closed Curve Theorem for Entire Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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