Active RC Filtrer
Filter is an electronic circuit made to either pass or
block specific frequencies from an electrical signal.
Types of filters:
Passive filter
Active filter
Passive filter:
passive filters are made up of passive components,
such as resistors, capacitors & inductors.
It does not need any external source of energy.
Therefore there is no voltage gain in these
filters. The output voltage is always less than its
input voltage.
It can easily filter a high-frequency signal but it
cannot process any low frequencies.
1
Active filter
In addition to the resistor & capacitor, Active filter
uses an active component such as an operational
amplifier, transistors, etc.
The downside is that it needs an external source
of power, but it provides a high voltage gain.
This gain is used for amplifying any weak input
signals.
The active filter can filter very low-frequency
signals but it cannot process very high-
frequency signal.
They may have a little bit of complex design but
they provide very high input & low output
impedance. That is why; the load impedance
does not affect the characteristics of the active
filters.
Ideal Filter Responses:
2
Ideal frequency response cannot be realized
practically, because its impulse response is non
causal (there is a result before applying
excitation), therefore approximation is used .
The required filter specifications are:
1. Cut-off frequency fc.
2. Stop band attenuation.
3. Stop band frequency range.
4. Allowable pass band ripple.
Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Elliptic functions can
be used to approximate ideal one.
Filter Transfer Function:
3
The general form of analog filter transfer function
is given in S-domain.
𝑁(𝑠) 𝑎𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑠1 + 𝑎0
𝐻(𝑠) = =
𝐷(𝑠) 𝑠 𝑛 +𝑏𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + ⋯ +𝑏1 𝑠1 +𝑏0
(𝑠 − 𝑧1 )(𝑠 − 𝑧2 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑧𝑚 )
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐾
(𝑠 − 𝑝1 )(𝑠 − 𝑝2 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 )
z1,z2,…,zm are zeros of the transfer function
p1,p2,…,pn are poles of the transfer function
The biquadratic function (second order):
𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎1 𝑠 + 𝑎0
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏0
Butterworth polynomials is common in all pole
Approximation of low pass characteristic
𝐻(0)
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝐷(𝑠)
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Where D(s) is Butterworth polynomial whose magnitude
is given by:
2(
𝑤 2𝑛
𝐷 𝑤) = 1 + ( )
𝑤𝑜
Where n is order of polynomial (will be filter order).
Assume normalize frequency wo =1 rad/s.
D(s)=S+1 (n=1)
D(s)=S2+1.414S+1 (n=2)
D(s)=(S+1)( S2+S+1) (n=3)
Example:
Determine the order of LPF (Butterworth) that provide
40 dB attenuation at (w/wo)=2.
5
𝐻(𝑗𝑤) 2 1
| | = 𝑤
𝐻(0) 1 + ( )2𝑛
𝑤𝑜
1
(0.01)2 =
1+22𝑛
n=6.64 use n=7 (seventh order)
( (0.01) corresponds to 40 db attenuation)
