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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay

Applications Index
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Biology and Ecology Color monitors, 154 Series and shunt circuits, 137
Estimating systolic blood pressure, 398 Computer graphics, 98, 147- 153, Transfer matrix, 137- 138, 139
Laboratory animal trials, 343 474-476
Molecular modeling, 149- 150 Cray supercomputer, 129 Engineering
Net primary production of nutrients, Data storage, 42, 139 Aircraft performance, 398, 413
394-39 5 Error-detecting and error-correcting Boeing Blended Wing Body, 98
Nutrition problems, 85-87 , 9 1 codes, 423,44 7 Cantilevered beam, 269
Predator-prey system, 312-3 13, 319 Game theory, 495 CFD and aircraf t design, 97-98
Spotted owls and stage-matri x models, High-end computer graphics boards, 152 Deflection of an elastic beam, 113, 120
273- 274,3 17-3 19 Homogeneous coordin ates, 148- 149, 150 Deformation of a material, 458
Business and Economics Para llel process ing, 1, 108 Equilibrium temperatures, 12, 92-93, 169
Perspective projections, 151- 152 Feedback controls, 495
Accelerator-multiplier model, 269
Average cost curve, 394-39 5 Vector pipeline architecture, 129 Flexibility and stiffness matrices, 113,
Car rental fleet, 92, 344 Virtual reality, 150 120
Cost vectors, 33 VLSI microchips, 126 Heat conduction, 140
Equilibrium prices , 53-55, 58 Wire-frame models, 97, 147 Image process ing, 4 17-418 , 449-450 ,
Exchange table, 58 455
Feasible set, 436, 538 Control Theory LU factorization and airflow, 98
Gross domestic produ ct, 146 Controllable system, 272 Moving average filter, 269
Indifference curves, 436-437 Control systems engineering, 131 Superposition principle, 71, 74, 88
Intermediate demand, 141 Deco upled system, 316, 322, 325
Investment, 270 Deep space probe, 131 Mathematic s
Leontief exchange model, 1, 53-5 5 State-space model, 272 , 3 11 Area and volume, 17 1- 172, 19 1- 193
Leontief input-output model, 1, 141- 147 Steady-state response, 311 Attractors/repellers in a dynamical
Linear programmin g, 2, 87-88, 129, 460, Transfer function (matrix), 13 1 system, 314, 3 17, 319, 323, 327
495, 498,536- 542 Bessel's inequality, 4 14
Loan amortization schedule, 269 Electrical Engineering Best approximation in function spaces,
Manufacturing operations, 33, 72 Branch and loop currents, 87-88 402-403
Marginal propensity to consume, 269 Circuit design, 2, 136 Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 403
Markov chains, 287, 335-344, C- l -C-63 Current flow in networks, 87-88, 91-92 Conic sections and quadrat ic surfaces,
Maximizing utility subject to a budget Discrete-time signals, 204, 255-256 457
constraint, 436-437 Inductance-capac itance circuit, 218 Differential equations, 2 18, 32 1-323
Population movement, 89, 91-92, 287, Kirchhoff's laws, 137 Fourier series, 410-4 12
337 Ladder network, 137, 139- 140 Hermite polynomials, 248
Price equation, 146 Laplace transforms, 131, 189 Hypercube,5 03-505
Total cost curve, 395 Linear filters, 263-264 Interpolating polynomials, 25, 170
Value added vector, 146 Low-pass filter, 265, 389 Isomorphism, 164, 236-237
Variable cost model, 397 Minimal realization, 138 Jacobian matrix, 3 14
Computers and Comput er Science Ohm 's law, 87-89, 137 Laguerre polynomials, 248
Bezier curves and surfaces, 485, 507-5 08 RC circuit, 322-323 Laplace transforms, 131, 189
CAD, 513, 517 RLC circuit, 230 Legendre polynomials, 406

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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay
Linear transformations in calculu s, 217 , QR algorithm, 288-289, 333 Radar data, 131
300-301 QR factorization, 379-380, 381, 389, 414 Seismic data , 1
Simplex , 501-503 Rank-revealing factorization , 139, 272, Space probe , 131
Splines, 507-510 , 516--517 457 Steady-state heat flow, 12, 140
Triangle inequality, 403 Rayleigh quotient , 334, 415 Superposition principle, 71, 74, 88
Trigonometric polynomials, 410 Relative error, 415 Three-moment equation, 269
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Schur complement, 130 Traffic flow, 56
Numerical Linear Algebra Schur factorization , 415
Trend surface, 395
Band matrix , 140 Singular value decomposition, 139,
Weather, 343
Block diagonal matrix, 129, 310 439-449
Wind tunnel experiment, 25
Cholesky factorization, 430-431, 457 Sparse matrix, 97, 144, 182
Companion matrix, 347 Spectra l decomposition, 422-423
Condition number, 123, 125, 187, 415, Spectral factorization, 139 Statistics
445 Tridiagonal matrix, 140 Analysis of variance, 384, 398
Effective rank, 166, 247, 441 Vandermonde matrix, 170, 347 Covariance , 450-452, 453, 454, 455
Floating point arithmetic, 9, 21, 197 Vector pipeline architecture, 129 Full rank, 441
Fundamental subspaces, 355, 415 , Least-squares error, 385
445-446 Physical Sciences Least- squares line, 389, 390-392
Givens rotation, 95 Cantilevered beam, 269 Linear model in statistics, 390-396
Gram matrix, 458 Center of gravity, 36 Markov chains, 335-336
Gram-Schmidt process, 381 Chemical reactions, 55, 59 Mean-deviation form for data, 393, 451
Hilbert matrix, 125 Crystal lattice, 233, 239 Moore-Penrose inverse, 447
Householder reflection, 170 Decompo sing a force, 362 Multichannel image processing,
Ill-conditioned matrix (problem), 123 Gaussian elimination, 13 417-4 18, 449-455
Inverse power method, 332-333 Hooke 's law, 113 Multiple regression, 395-396
Iterative methods , 329-335 Interpol ating polynomial, 25, 170
Orthogonal polynomials, 403
Jacobi ' s method for eigenvalues, 288 Kepler's first law, 398
Orthogonal regression, 456-457
LAPACK, 108, 129 Landsat image, 417-418
Powers of a matrix, 105
Large-scale problems , 95, 129 Linear models in geology and geography,
LU factorization, 133-134, 138- 139, 140 395-396 Principal component analysis , 417-418 ,
Operation counts, 118, 134, 136, 182 Mass estimates for radioactive 452-453
Outer product s, 109, 128 substances , 397 Quadratic forms in statistics, 425
Parallel processing, 1 Mass-spring system, 209, 230 Regression coefficients, 391
Partial pivoting, 18, 139 Model for glacial cirques, 395 Sums of squares (in regression), 398,
Polar decompo sition, 458 Model for soil pH, 395 407-408
Power method, 329-332 Pauli spin matrices, 170 Trend analysis, 409-4 10
Powers of a matrix, 105 Periodic motion, 304 Variance, 398, 451-452
Pseudoinverse, 446, 458 Quadrati c forms in physics, 425-430 Weighted least-squares, 400, 407-408

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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay

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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay

SIXTH EDITION

Linear Algebra
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and Its Applications

David C. Lay
University of Maryland - College Park

Steven R. Lay
Lee University

Judi J. McDonald
Washington State University

@ Pearson
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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay
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 Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay
To my wife, Lillian, and our children,
Christina, Deborah, and Melissa, whose
support , encouragement, and faithful
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prayers made this book possible.

David C. Lay

About the Authors

David C. Lay
As a founding member of the NSF-sponsored Linear Algebra Curriculum Study Group
(LACSG), David Lay was a leader in the movement to modernize the linear algebra
curriculum and shared those ideas with student s and faculty through his author ship
of the first four editions of this textbook . David C. Lay earned a B.A. from Aurora
University (Illinois), and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Los
Angeles. David Lay was an educator and researc h mathematician for more than 40
years, mostly at the Unjversity of Maryland , College Park . He also served as a visiting
professor at the University of Amsterdam, the Free University in Amsterdam, and the
University of Kruserslautern, Germany. He publi shed more than 30 researc h articles on
functional analysis and linear algebra. Lay was also a coauthor of severa l mathematics
texts, including Introduction to Functional Analysis with Angus E. Taylor, Calculus
and Its Applications, with L. J. Gold stein and D. I. Schneider, and Linear Algebra
Gems-Assets for Undergraduate Mathematics, with D. Carlson, C. R. Johnson, and
A. D. Porter.
David Lay received four university awards for teachin g excellence, including , in
1996, the title of Distinguished Scholar-Teacher of the University of Maryland. In 1994,
he was given one of the Mathematical Association of America's Awards for Distin-
guished Colle ge or University Teaching of Mathem atics. He was elected by the univer-
sity student s to member ship in Alpha Lambda Delta National Scholastic Honor Society
and Golden Key National Honor Society. In 1989 , Aurora University conferred on him
the Outstandjng Alumnu s award. David Lay was a member of the American Mathe-
matical Society, the Canadian Mathematical Society , the International Linear Algebra
Society, the Mathematical Association of America , Sigma Xi, and the Society for In-
dustri al and Applied Mathematics. He also served severa l term s on the national board of
the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Science s.
In October 2018, David Lay passed away, but his legac y continues to benefit students
of linear algebra as they study the subject in this widely acclaimed text.

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iii
iv About the Authors
Linear Algebra and Its Applications (6th Edition) Lay
Steven R. Lay
Steven R. Lay began his teaching career at Aurora University (Illinois) in 1971, after
earning an M .A. and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California at Los
Angeles . His career in mathematics was interrupted for eight years while serving as a
missionary in Japan. Upon his return to the States in 1998, he joined the mathematics
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faculty at Lee University (Tennessee) and has been there ever since . Since then he has
supported his brother David in refining and expanding the scope of this popular linear
algebra text, including writing most of Chapters 8 and 9. Steven is also the author of three
college-level mathematics texts: Convex Sets and Their Applications, Analysis with an
Introduction to Proof, and Principles of Algebra.
In 1985, Steven received the Excellence in Teaching Award at Aurora University.
He and David, and their father, Dr. L. Clark Lay, are all distinguished mathematicians,
and in 1989, they jointly received the Outstanding Alumnus award from their alma
mater, Aurora University. In 2006, Steven was honored to receive the Excellence in
Scholarship Award at Lee University. He is a member of the American Mathematical
Society, the Mathematics Association of America, and the Association of Christians in
the Mathematical Sciences.

Judi J. McDonald
Judi J. McDonald became a co-author on the fifth edition, having worked closely with
David on the fourth edition. She holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics from the University
of Alberta, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. As a professor
of Mathematics , she has more than 40 publications in linear algebra research journals
and more than 20 students have completed graduate degrees in linear algebra under her
supervision. She is an associate dean of the Graduate School at Washington State Uni-
versity and a former chair of the Faculty Senate. She has worked with the mathematic s
outreach project Math Central (http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/) and is a member of the
second Linear Algebra Curriculum Study Group (LACSG 2.0).
Judi has received three teaching awards: two Inspiring Teaching awards at the Uni-
versity of Regina, and the Thomas Lutz College of Arts and Sciences Teaching Award at
Washington State University. She also received the College of Arts and Sciences Insti-
tution al Service Award at Washington State University. Throughout her career, she has
been an active member of the International Linear Algebra Society and the Association
for Women in Mathematics. She has also been a member of the Canadian Mathematical
Society, the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America,
and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics .

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