PRESENTATION CONVENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GANDHI NAGAR

SUBJECT:MATHEMATICS
CLASS:XI
CHAPTER I

SETS

Definition: Any collection of well defined and well distinguished objects is called a set.The
objects of a set are called elements or members of a set.Sets are generally denoted by capital
letters A,B,C etc and the elements are denoted by small letters a,b,c etc.

Belongs to (∈) / Does not belongs to(∉).

If ‘a’ is an element of a set A,then we write ∈ and say ‘a’ belongs to A or ‘a’ is a member
of A. If ‘a’ does not belong to A,then we write ∉ .

Note: Every set is a collection of objects but every collection of objects is not a set.

ILLUSTRATION OF SETS(WELL DEFINED COLLECTIONS)

I. The collection of vowels in English alphabet is a set containing five elements a,e,i,o,u.
II. The collection of first five prime number numbers is a set containing the elements
2,3,5,7,11.
III. The collection of odd natural numbers less than 10i.e. 1,3,5,7,9 is a set.
IV. The collection of the rivers of India is a set.
V. The collection of prime factors of 210 is a set consisting of four elements namely
2,3,5 and 7.
VI. The collection of the solutions of the equation − 5 + 6 = 0 is a set consisting of
two elements i.e. 2 and 3.
VII. The collection of all states of India is a set.

ILLUSTRATION OF NOT WELL DEFINED COLLECTIONS AND HENCE NOT

SETS.

I. The collection of good cricket players of India is not a set ,since the term good
player is vague and it is not well defined.
II. The collection of bright students in class XI of a school is not a set as the term
“bright” is not well defined.
III. The collection of renowned mathematicians of the world is not a set as the term
renowned is not well defined.
IV. The collection of beautiful girls of the world is not a set as the term beautiful is
not well defined.
V. The collection of rich persons in India is not a set as the term rich is not well
defined.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET

Sets can be represented in two forms (methods)

1.Roster form or Tabulation form or Enumerataion Method

2.Set builder form or Rule or Property Method

Roster form: In roster form all the elements are written and separated by commas and
written in curly braces(brackets).

Example:

1) If A is the set of vowels in English alphabet ,then A={ a , e , i , o , u }.

2) If B is the set of prime numbers less than 20,then B = { 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}
3) The set of even numbers can be described as { 2 , 4 , 6 ,........}.Here the dots stand for
‘and so on’
4) The set of all natural numbers which divide 42 is { 2,3 6,7,14,21,42}.

Note:

1) The order of writing the elements of a set is immaterial .For example {1,2,3} ,
{3,1,2} , {1,3,2} , {2,3,1} all denote the same set.
2) An element of a set is not written more than once.Thus the set {1,1,3,5,3,6} can be
written as {1,3,5,6}
3) In roster form no element is repeated.

Set Builder form: In set builder form ,elements are not written but their characteristic
property is written and we write it as A={x: x has the property P(x)} and is read as ‘A is the
set of all elements x such that x has the property P’.The symbol ‘:’ or ‘/’ stands for ‘such
that’.

Examples:

1) If A={1,2,3,4} then we write, A={x : x is a natural number less than 5}

2) If B ={ a , e , i , o , u } ,then we write it as B={x : x is a vowel in the English
alphabet}.

Some Standards Sets:

1) N denotes the set of all naturals numbers={1,2,3,4,.......}

2) Z or I denotes set of all integers={...........-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,.........
3) denotes the set of all positive numbers={1,2,3,4..........}=N
4) denotes the set of all whole numbers={0,1,2,3,4,......}
5) Q denotes the set of all rational numbers.
6) denotes the set of all positive rational numbers
7) R denotes the set of all real numbers
8) denotes the set of all positive real numbers
9) − denotes set of all irrational numbers
10) denotes the set of all complex numbers.

Exercise 1.1

Q1.Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer

i. The collection of all the months of a year.
ii. The collection of ten most talented writers of India.
iii. A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world.
iv. The collection of all boys in your class.
v. The collection of all natural numbers less than 100.
vi. A collection of novels written by the writer Munshi Prem Chand.
vii. The collection of all even integers.
viii. The collection of questions in this chapter.
ix. A collection of most dangerous animals of the world.
Q2. If A ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10},then insert the appropriate symbol ∈ ∉in each of the
following blank spaces:
(i) 4........A (iii) 12.......A (v) 0......A
(ii) -4.......A (iv) 9.......A (vi) -2.......A
Q3.Describe the following sets in Roster form:
i. {x:x is a letter in the English alphabet}
ii. {x:x∈ and < 25}
iii. {x:x is prime number,10< < 20}
iv. {x:x∈ , = 2 , ∈ }
v. {x:x is prime number which is a divisor of 60}
vi. {x:x is a two digit number such that the sum of its digit is 8}
vii. The set of all the letters in the word ‘TRIGONOMETRY’.
viii. The set of all letters in the word ‘BETTER’.
ix. The set of all the letters in the word ‘WOLF’.
x. The set of all letters in the word ‘FOLLOW’.
xi. {x:x is positive integer and a divisor of 9}
xii. {x:x is letter of the word ‘PROPORTION’}.
xiii. {x:x= 1 ≤ ≤ 3,where n∈N}
xiv. A={ : ∈ , =3 = 1}
xv. B={ : ∈ , = + , = = 1}
Q4.Describe the following sets in set-builder form:
i. A={1,2,3,4,5,6}
ii. B={1 , ½ ,1/3 ,1/4 ,1/5 ,1/6}
iii. C={0,3,6,9,12,......}
iv. D={10,11,12,13,14,15}
v. E={0}
vi. F={1,4,9,16,............100}
vii. G={2,4,6,8,..........}
viii. H={5,25,125,625}
 ix. I={1/2 ,2/5 , 3/10 , 4/17 , 5/26 , 6/37 ,7/50 }
x. J={ 1 ,2 , 5 , 10}

TYPES OF SETS:

EMPTY SETS:A set is said to be empty or null or void set if it has no element and it is
denoted by ∅.In Roster method,∅ is denoted by { }.

Example: 1.{ x:x∈ , = −2}

2.{x : x∈ ,5 < < 6}

3.{x : x is an even prime number}

SINGLETON SET:A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Example:1.{x : x ∈ = 9}.

2.A={5}

FINITE SET:A set is said to be finite set if it either void set or its element can be
listed(counted , labelled). OR A set in which process of counting of elements surely comes to
an end and is called a finite set.

Example:1.Set of all persons on the earth.

2.Set of all even natural numbers less than 50.

3.{x : x is an natural number and divisor of 100}.

4. Empty set is finite set.

CARDINAL NUMBER OF A FINITE SET:The number of distinct elements present in a

finite set is called cardinal number or order of a finite set A and it is denoted by n(A).

INFINTE SET:A set which is not a finite set is called infinite set.In other words, a set in
which the process of counting does not come to an end is called an infinite set.

Example:1 Set of all points in a plane .

2.{ x : x is an integer and less than 1}

3.Set of natural numbers,set of integers,set rational numbers , set of real numbers all are
infinite set.

EQUAL SETS :Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of set A is an
element of set B and every element of set B is an element of set A.Thus if ∈ ⟹ ∈
∈ ⟹ ∈ ,then A and B are equal.
Example : 1.{2,5,6} and {5,2,6} are equal sets.(Note:The order in which the elements of set
are listed is immaterial)

EQUIVALENT SETS: Two finite sets are said to be equivalent if ( ) = ( ).

Note: Equal sets are always equivalent but the converse need not be true.

Exercise 1.2

1. Which of the following set empty sets ?

I. Set of all even natural number divisible by 5.
II. Set of all even prime numbers.
III. A={ : − 2 = 0 and x is rational}.
IV. B={x : x is a natural number , < 8 and simultaneously > 12}.
V. C={x:x is a point common to any two parallel lines}.
VI. D={x:x is an odd natural numbers}
VII. E={ : = 25, is an odd integer}
2. Which of the sets are finite and infinite sets ?
I. Set of concentric circles in a plane.
II. Set of letters in English Alphabets.
III. = { : ∈ , > 5}
IV. = { : ∈ , < 200}
V. = { : ∈ , < 6}
VI. D= { : ∈ , 0 < < 1}
VII. E= { : ∈ − 5 + 6 = 0}
VIII. F= { : ∈ is even}
IX. G={ : ∈ = 36}.
3. Which of the following sets are equal?
I. A={1,2,3}
II. B= { : ∈ , − 2 + 1 = 0}
III. C={1,2,2,3}
IV. D={ : ∈ , − 6 + 11 − 6 = 0}
4. Are the following pairs of sets equal?
I. A={2,3} , B={ : is a solution of + 5 + 6 = 0}.
II. A={ : is a letter in the word “WOLF”} , B={ : is a letter in word
“FOLLOW”}.
III. A={ : is a letter of the word “CATARACT”} , B={ : is a letter in the
word “ TRACT ”}.
IV. A=The set of letters in “ALLOY” and B = The set of letters in “LOYAL”.
V. A=The set of letters inthe word “LITTLE” and B = The set of letters of letters
in the word “TITLE”.
5. From the sets given below,select equal sets and equivalent sets:
A={0,a} , B={1,2,3,4} , C={3,1} , D={3,1,2,4} , E={1,0} , F={8,4,12} ,
G={1,5,7,11} ,H={a,b}.
 SUBSETS:

Subsets: Let A and B be two sets .Then the set A is said to be subset of set A if every
element of set A is an element of B. Symbolically it is written as A ⊆ B which is read
as “A is a subset of B” or “A is contained in B”.Thus ,A⊆B iff ∈ ⟹ ∈ .The
symbol “⟹” stands for “implies”.
Example:
I. A={1,2,3}is a subset of B={1,2,3,4,5}
II. A={1,2,3,4} ,B={1,3,2,4}.Here A⊆B and B⊆A.(Note: Two sets A and B are
also equal if they are subset of each other.
III. A={x :x is a student of class XI of your school} , B ={ x: x is a student of your
school}.Here A⊆B.
Example:
I. Let A ={1},then the subsets of A are ∅ and {1}.
II. Let A={1,2} then the subsets of A are ∅ ,{1} , {2} , {1,2}.
III. Let A ={1,2,3},then the subsets of A are
∅ ,{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3}.
IV. Let A ={1.2.3.4} then the subsets of A are ∅ ,{1} , {2} , {3} ,{4} ,
{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{3,4},{1,2,3},{1,2,4},{1,3,4},{2,3,4},{1,2,3,4}.
V. If A =∅,then A has only one subsets ∅.
Note
I. If A is a subset of B ,then we say that B contains A or B is super set of A.
II. Every set is subset of itself.
III. The empty set is subset of every set.
IV. A is said to be proper subset of B if ≠ ,it is written as ⸦ .
V. An improper subset is a subset containing every element of the original set.
VI. A proper subset contains some but not all of the elements of the original set.
VII. The empty set is proper subset if given set.
VIII. The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements are 2 .
IX. The total number of proper subsets of a finite set containing n elements are
2 .
X. N ⸦ W ⸦ Z ⸦ Q ⸦ R.

COMPARABLE SETS:Two sets A and B are said to be comparable if one of them is a

subset of the other i.e. either A⊆B or B⊆A.

INTERVALS AS SUBSETS OF R(real numbers)

CLOSED INTERVAL: Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two given real numbers such that a< .Then ,the
set of all real numbers such that ≤ ≤ is called a closed interval and is denoted by
[a,b].Thus [ , ] = { : ∈ , ≤ ≤ }.

Example:
 I. [2,5]={ : ∈ , 2 < < 5} is the set of all real numbers lying between 2and 5
including end points.Clearly it is an infinite subset of R.

OPEN INTERVAL: Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two given real numbers such that a< .Then ,the set
of all real numbers such that < < is called open interval and is denoted by (a,b).Thus
( , ) = { : ∈ , < < }.

Example:

II. (2,5)={ : ∈ , 2 < < 5} is the set of all real numbers lying between 2 and 5
excluding the end points 2 and 5.

SEMI-OPEN OR SEMI-CLOSED:If a and b are two real numbers such that < ,then the
sets ( , ] = { : ∈ , < ≤ } and [ , ) = { : ∈ , ≤ < } are semi-open or
semi-closed intervals.

Note: The number − is called the length of any intervals (a,b) , [a,b] , [a,b) , (a,b].

UNIVERSAL SET: A set is said is said to be universal set if it contains all the sets taken
under consideration . OR A set that contains all sets in given context is called the universal
set.Universal set is denoted by U.

Example:

I. When we study two dimensional coordinate geometry,then the set of all points in xy-
plane is the universal set.
II. If A ={1,2,3} , B ={2,4,5,6} and C ={1,3,5,7} then U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} can be taken as
universal set.
III. When we are using intervals on a real line ,the set R of real numbers is taken as the
universal set.

POWER SET:Let A be any set.Then the collection or family of all subsets of A is called the
power set of A and is denoted by P(A).i.e. P(A)={ S : S ⸦ A}.

Note: Since the empty set and the set A itself are subsets of A and are therefore elements of
P(A). Thus ,the power set of a given set is always non-empty.

Example:
I. Let A ={1},then P(A)={ ∅ , {1}}.
II. Let A={1,2} then P(A) = { ∅ ,{1} , {2} , {1,2}}.
III. Let A ={1,2,3},then P(A) ={ ∅ ,{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3}}.
IV. Let A ={1.2.3.4} then P( A)
={∅ ,{1},{2},{3},{4},{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{3,4},{1,2,3},{1,2,4},{1,
3,4},{2,3,4},{1,2,3,4}}.
V. If A =∅,then P(A)={ ∅}.
VI. The total number of elements in a power set of a set containing n elements are
2 . . [ ( )] = 2 .
 EXERCISE 1.3

1) If = {4 − 3 − 1: ∈ } = {9( − 1): ∈ }, ℎ ⸦ .
2) Two finite sets have m and n elements.Then total number of subsets of the
first set is 56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set.Find the
values of m and n.
3) Show that n{P[P(P(∅))]}=4.
4) Let A ={a,b,c,d},B={a,b,c} and C={b,d}.Find all sts X such that :
a) ⸦ ⸦
b) X⸦A and X is not subset of B.
5) Let B be a subset of a set A and Let P(A:B)={X:X∈ ( ): ⊃ }.
a) Show that P(A:∅)=P(A).
b) If A ={a,b,c,d} and B ={a,b}.List all the members of the set P(A:B).
6) Which of the following statements are true? Give reason to support your
answer.
i. For any two sets A and B either A ⊆ B or B ⊆ A.
ii. Every subset of infinite set is infinite.
iii. Every subset of a finite set is finite.
iv. Every set has a proper subset.
v. {a,b,a,b,a,b,.....}is an infinite set.
vi. {a,b,c} and {1,2,3} are equivalent sets.
vii. A set can have infinitely many subsets.
7) Write which of the following statements are true?Justify your answer.
i. The set of all integers is contained in the set of all rational numbers.
ii. The set of all cows is contained in the set of all birds.
iii. The set of all rectangles is contained in the set of all squares.
iv. The set of all real numbers is contained in the set of all complex
numbers.
v. The set P={a} and B={{a}} are equal.
vi. {2,3,4}is subset of {1,2,3,4,5}
vii. {x:x is a circle in the plane} is subset of {x : x is a circle in the same
plane with radius 1 unit}.
viii. {x :x is an even natural number} is subset of { x : x is an integer}.
8) Examine whether the following statements are true or false:
i. {a,b} ⸦ {a,b,c,d}
ii. {a,e} ⸦ {x : x is a vowel in the English alphabet}.
iii. {a} ∈ {a,b,c}.
iv. {a} ⸦{a,b,c}.
9) Let A={1,2,{3,4},5}.Which of the following statements are incorrect and
why?
i. {3,4}⸦A v. 1⸦A
ii. {3,4}∈ vi. {1,2,5}⸦ A
iii. {{3,4}}⸦ vii. {1,2,5}∈
iv. 1∈ viii. {1,2,3} ⸦ A
 ix. ∅ ∈ xi. {∅}⸦
x. ∅ ⸦
10) Write down all the subsets of the following sets
i. {a} iv. {1,2,3,4}
ii. {a,b,c} v. ∅.
iii. {a,b}
11) Write the following as intervals:
i. { : ∈ , −4 < ≤ 6}
ii. { : ∈ , −12 < < −10}
iii. { : ∈ , 0 ≤ < 7}
iv. { : ∈ , 3 ≤ ≤ 4}
12) Write the following intervals in set-builder form:
i. (-3,0) iv. ( -7 , 0 )
ii. [ 6 , 12 ] v. [ -20 , 3)
iii. [ -12 , 5 )
13) Write universal set(s) would you propose for each of the following:
i. The set of right triangles.
ii. The set of isosceles triangles.
14) If = {8 − 7 − 1: ∈ } = {49( − 1): ∈ ,then prove that
⊆ .
15) How many elements has P(A) , if A=∅?

OPERATION ON SETS:

UNION OF SETS: Let A and B be two sets .The union of A and B is the set of all those
elements which belong either to A or to B or to both A and B.It is denoted by A∪B(read as
“A union B”).

Thus A∪ ={ : ∈ ∈ }

Example :

i. Let A = { 1,2,3,4} , B = {2,3,4,5,6} then A∪B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

ii. Let A { x:x is an odd natural number},B={x: x is an even natural number},then A∪B
= {x: x is a natural number}
iii. Let A ={1,2,3} , B={1,2,3,4,5},then A∪B = {1,2,3,4,5} [Note :If A ⸦ B then
A∪B= B].

Note :

i. ∈ ∪ ⇔ ∈ ∈
ii. ∉ ∪ ⇔ ∉ ∉
iii. ⊆ ∪ ⊆ ∪
iv. If , , , … … … . is a finite family of sets,then their union is denoted by ⋃

PROPERTIES OF UNION SETS:

 i. A∪B= B∪A (Commutative Law)
ii. (A∪B)∪C = A∪(B∪C) (Associative Law).
iii. A∪ ∅ =A
iv. A∪A = A
v. U ∪A = A

INTERSECTION OF SETS: Let A and B be two sets.The intersection of A and B is the set
of all those elements that belong to both A and B.The intersection of A and B is denoted by
A∩B ( read as “A intersection B”).

Thus A∩B = { : ∈ ∈ }

Example :

i. Let A ={1,2,3,4} , B = {2,3,4,5,6} ,then A∩B = {2,3,4}

ii. Let A { x:x is an odd natural number},B={x: x is an even natural number},then
A∩B=∅
iii. Let A ={1,2,3},B ={1,2,3,4,5},then A∩B={1,2,3}=A [Note : If A⸦B,then A∩B=A]

PROPERTIES OF INTERSECTION OF SETS:

i. A∩B=B∩A (Commutative Law)

ii. (A∩B)∩C=A∩(B∩C) (Associative Law)
iii. A∩ ∅ = ∅ ,U ∩A = A.
iv. A∩A = A
v. A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B)∪(A∩C) (Distributive Law)

Note:

i. ∈ ∩ ⇔ ∈ ∈
ii. ∉ ∩ ⇔ ∉ ∉
iii. ∩ ⊆ ∩ ⊆
iv. If , , ,………… is a family of sets,then their intersection is denoted by
⋂

DISJOINTS SETS : Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if A∩B= ∅.

Note : If A∩B≠ ∅,then A and B are said to be intersecting sets or overlapping sets.

Example: Let A { x:x is an odd natural number},B={x: x is an even natural

number},then A∩B=∅.Here A and B are disjoint sets.

DIFFERENCE OF SETS:Let A and B be two sets.The difference of A and B, written as A-

B,and is defined as the set of all those elements of A which do not belong to B.

Thus − ={ : ∈ ∉ } { ∈ : ∉ }.

Note : ∈ − ⇔ ∈ ∉ }
Also B – A is the set of all those elements of B which do not belong to A.

Example: Let A ={1,2,3,4,5} , B {3,4,5,6},then A - B ={1,2} and B-A={6}

SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS: Let A and B be two sets.The symmetric

difference of sets A and B is the set ( − ) ∪ ( − ) and is denoted by A∆B. (where ∆ is
read as delta).

Thus , ∆ = ( − ) ∪ ( − ).

Example : let A ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and B={1,3,5,6,7,8,9} the A-B={2,4},B-A={9} then

A ∆ B={2,4,9}

EXERCISE 1.4

1) Find the union and intersection of each of the following pair of sets:
i. X={1,3,5} , Y={1,2,3}
ii. A={a,e,i,o,u} , B ={a,b,c}
iii. A={x :x is a natural number and multiple of 3},B={x:x is a natural number
less than 6}
iv. A={ x : x is a natural number and 1< ≤ 6} , B ={ x : x is a natural number
and 6 < < 10}
v. A={1,2,3}, B =∅.
2) Let A {a,b} , B ={a,b,c} .Is A is subset of B ? What is A∪B?
3) If A and B are two sets such that A⸦B,then what is A∪B?
4) If A={1,2,3,4} , B={3,4,5,6} , C={5,6,7,8} and D ={7,8,9,10} ;find
i. A∪B iv. ∪ vii. ∪ ∪
ii. A∪C v. ∪ viii. ∪ ∪
iii. ∪ vi. ∪ ix. ∪ ∪
5) Let A {3,5,7,9.11},B={7,9,11,13} , C={11,13,15} , D={15,17}: find
I. ∩ III. ∩ V. ∩
II. ∩ IV. ∩
6) If = { : }, = { : }, =
{ : }, = { : },

I. ∩ III. ∩ V. ∩
II. ∩ IV. ∩ VI. ∩
7) Which of the following pair of sets are disjoint:
i. {1,2,3,4} and { x :x is a natural number and 4 ≤ ≤ 6}
ii. {a,e,i,o,u} and {c,d,e,f}
iii. {x : x is an even integer} and {x : x is an odd integer}
8) If A ={3,6,9,12,15,18,21} , B ={4,8,12,16,20} , C={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16} ,
D={5,10,15,20}: find
i. A-B iii. A-D v. B-C
ii. A-C iv. B-A vi. B-D
 vii. C-A ix. C-D xi. D-B
viii. C-B x. D-A xii. D-C
9) If X={a,b,c,d} , B={f,b,d,g} , find X-Y , Y-X and X∩Y.
10) If R is the set of real numbers and Q is the set of rational numbers ,then what is R-Q?

COMPLEMENT OF A SET:Let U be the universal set and let A ba asset such that
⸦ .Then ,the complement of A with respect to U is denoted by / − and is
defined the set of all those elements of U which are not in A.
/ /
Thus ={ : ∈ , ∉ }.Clearly , ∈ ⇔ ∉ .
/
Example: If U ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and A={1,3,5,7,9} then = {2,4,6,8}

PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT OF SET:

/
i. =∅
/
ii. ∅ =
/ /
iii. =
/
iv. ∪ =
/
v. ∩ =∅
vi. De Morgan’s Law (i) ( ∪ )/ = /
∩ /
(ii) ( ∩ )/ = /
∪ /

EXERCISE 1.5

1) Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A ={1,2,3,4} , B={2,4,6,8} , C={3,4,5,6} .Find

i. /
iv. ( / )/
/
ii. v. ( ∪ )/
/ ( − )/
iii. vi.
2) If = { , , , , , , , ℎ},find the complement of the following sets:
i. ={ , , } iii. ={ , , , }
ii. ={ , , , } iv. = { , , ℎ, }
3) Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set,write down the complements of
the following sets:
i. { : }
ii. { : }
iii. { : 3}
iv. { : }
v. { : 3 5}
vi. { : }
vii. { : }
viii. { : + 5 = 8}
ix. { : 2 + 5 = 9}
x. { : ≥ 7}
 xi. { : ∈ 2 + 1 > 10}
4) If U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A ={2,4,6,8} , b={2,3,5,7}.Verify that
i. ( ∪ )/ = / ∩ / ii. ( ∩ )/ = / ∪ /
5) Let U be the set of all triangles in a plane.If A is the set of all triangles with atleast
/
one angle different from 60 , ℎ ?

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS:

If A,B and C are sets,and U be the finite universal set,then

i. ( ∪ )= ( )+ ( )− ( ∩ )
ii. ( ∪ )= ( )+ ( )⇔ , .
iii. ( − )= ( )− ( ∩ )
iv. ( ∆ ) = [( − ) ∪ ( − )] = ( ) + ( ) − 2 ( ∩ )
v. ( ∪ ∪ ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( )− ( ∩ )− ( ∩ )− ( ∩ )+
( ∩ ∩ )
vi. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C= ( ∩ ) + ( ∩ ) +
( ∩ ) − 3 ( ∩ ∩ ).
vii. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C ( ) + ( ) + ( ) −
2 ( ∩ ) − 2 ( ∩ ) − 2 ( ∩ ) + 3 ( ∩ ∩ ).
viii. ( / ∪ /) = ( ) − ( ∩ )
/
ix. ∩ / = ( ) − ( ∪ ).

EXERCISE 1.6

Q1.If X and Y are two sets such that n(X)=17 , n(Y)=23 and n(X∪Y)=38,find n(X∩Y).
Q2.If X and Y are two sets such that X∪Y has 18 elements,X has 8 elements and Y has
15 elements;how many elements does X∩Y have?
Q3.In a group of 400 people,250 can speak Hindi and 200 can speak English.How many
people can speak both Hindi and English?
Q4.If S and T are two sets such that S has 21 elements,T has 32 elements and S∩T has 11
elements,how many elements does S∪T?
Q5.In a group of 70 people,37 like coffee,52 like tea and each person likes at least one of
the two drinks.How many people like both coffee and tea?
Q6.In a group of 65 people ,40 like cricket,10 like both cricket and tennis.How many like
tennis only and not cricket?How many like tennis?
Q7.In a committee,50 people speak French,20 speak Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish
and French . How many speak at least one of these two languages?

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:

1. Decide, among the following sets, which sets are subsets of one and another:
A= {x: x ∈ R and x satisfy x2 – 8x + 12 = 0},
B = {2, 4, 6},
C = {2, 4, 6, 8…},
D = {6}.
Solution:
According to the question,
We have,
A = {x: x ∈ R and x satisfies x2 – 8x + 12 =0}
2 and 6 are the only solutions of x2 – 8x + 12 = 0.
Hence, A = {2, 6}
B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8 …}, D = {6}
Hence, D ⊂ A ⊂ B ⊂ C
Hence, A ⊂ B, A ⊂ C, B ⊂ C, D ⊂ A, D ⊂ B, D ⊂ C
2. In each of the following, determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true,
prove it. If it is false, give an example.
(i) If x ∈ A and A ∈ B, then x ∈ B
(ii) If A ⊂ B and B ∈ C, then A ∈ C
(iii) If A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C, then A ⊂ C
(iv) If A ⊄ B and B ⊄ C, then A ⊄ C
(v) If x ∈ A and A ⊄ B, then x ∈ B
(vi) If A ⊂ B and x ∉ B, then x ∉ A
Solution:
(i) False
According to the question,
A = {1, 2} and B = {1, {1, 2}, {3}}
Now, we have,
2 ∈ {1, 2} and {1, 2} ∈ {1, {1, 2}, {3}}
Hence, we get,
A∈B
We also know,
{2} ∉ {1, {1, 2}, {3}}
(ii) False
According to the question
Let us assume that,
A {2}
B = {0, 2}
And, C = {1, {0, 2}, 3}
From the question,
A⊂B
Hence,
B∈C
But, we know,
A∉C
(iii) True
According to the question
A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C
Let us assume that,
x∈A
Then, we have,
x∈B
And,
x∈C
Therefore,
A⊂C
(iv) False
According to the question
A⊄B
Also,
B⊄C
Let us assume that,
A = {1, 2}
B = {0, 6, 8}
And,
C = {0, 1, 2, 6, 9}
∴A⊂C
(v) False
According to the question,
x∈A
Also,
A⊄B
Let us assume that,
A = {3, 5, 7}
Also,
B = {3, 4, 6}
We know that,
A⊄B
∴5∉B
(vi) True
According to the question,
A⊂B
Also,
x∉B
Let us assume that,
x ∈ A,
We have,
x ∈ B,
From the question,
We have, x ∉ B
∴x∉A
3. Let A, B and C be the sets such that A ∪ B = A ∪ C and A ∩ B = A ∩ C. show that B =
C.
Solution:
According to the question,
A∪B=A∪C
And,
A∩B=A∩C
To show,
B=C
Let us assume,
x∈B
So,
x∈A∪B
x∈A∪C
Hence,
x ∈ A or x ∈ C
When x ∈ A, then,
x∈B
∴x∈A∩B
As, A ∩ B = A ∩ C
So, x ∈ A ∩ C
∴ x ∈ A or x ∈ C
x∈C
∴B⊂C
Similarly, it can be shown that C ⊂ B
Hence, B = C
4. Show that the following four conditions are equivalent:
(i) A ⊂ B (ii) A – B = Φ
(iii) A ∪ B = B (iv) A ∩ B = A
5. Let A and B be sets. If A ∩ X = B ∩ X = ϕ and A ∪ X = B ∪ X for some set X, show
that A = B.
(Hints A = A ∩ (A ∪ X) , B = B ∩ (B ∪ X) and use Distributive law)
Solution:
According to the question,
Let A and B be two sets such that A ∩ X = B ∩ X = ϕ and A ∪ X = B ∪ X for some set X.
To show, A = B
Proof:
A = A ∩ (A ∪ X) = A ∩ (B ∪ X) [A ∪ X = B ∪ X]
= (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ X) [Distributive law]
= (A ∩ B) ∪ Φ [A ∩ X = Φ]
= A ∩ B (i)
Now, B = B ∩ (B ∪ X)
= B ∩ (A ∪ X) [A ∪ X = B ∪ X]
= (B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ X) … [Distributive law]
= (B ∩ A) ∪ Φ [B ∩ X = Φ]
= A ∩ B (i)
Hence, from equations (i) and (ii), we obtain A = B.
6. Find sets A, B and C such that A ∩ B, B ∩ C and A ∩ C are non-empty sets and
A ∩ B ∩ C = Φ.
Solution:
Let us assume, A {0, 1}
B = {1, 2}
And, C = {2, 0}
According to the question,
A ∩ B = {1}
B ∩ C = {2}
And,
A ∩ C = {0}
∴ A ∩ B, B ∩ C and A ∩ C are not empty sets
Hence, we get,
A∩B∩C=Φ
7. In a survey of 600 students in a school, 150 students were found to be taking tea and
225 taking coffee, 100 were taking both tea and coffee. Find how many students were
taking neither tea nor coffee?
Solution:
Let us assume that,
U = the set of all students who took part in the survey
T = the set of students taking tea
C = the set of the students taking coffee
Total number of students in a school, n (U) = 600
Number of students taking tea, n (T) = 150
Number of students taking coffee, n (C) = 225
Also, n (T ∩ C) = 100
Now, we have to find that number of students taking neither coffee nor tea i.e. n (T ∩ C’)
∴ According to the question,
n ( T ∩ C’ )= n( T ∩ C )’
= n (U) – n (T ∩ C)
= n (U) – [n (T) + n(C) – n (T ∩ C)]
= 600 – [150 + 225 – 100]
= 600 – 275
= 325
∴ Number of students taking neither coffee nor tea = 325 students

8. In a group of students, 100 students know Hindi, 50 know English and 25 know both.
Each of the students knows either Hindi or English. How many students are there in the
group?
Solution:
Let us assume that,
U = the set of all students in the group
E = the set of students who know English
H = the set of the students who know Hindi
∴ H∪ E=U
Given that,
Number of students who know Hindi n (H) = 100
Number of students who knew English, n (E) = 50
Number of students who know both, n (H ∩ E) = 25
We have to find the total number of students in the group i.e. n (U)
∴ According to the question,
n (U) = n(H) + n(E) – n(H ∩ E)
= 100 + 50 – 25
= 125
∴ Total number of students in the group = 125 students

9.. In a survey of 60 people, it was found that 25 people read newspaper

newspaper H, 26 read
newspaper T, 26 read newspaper I, 9 read both H and I, 11 read both H and T, 8 read
both T and I, 3 read all three newspapers. Find:
(i) The number of people who read at least one of the newspapers.
(ii) The number of people who read exactly
exac one newspaper.
Solution:
(i) Let us assume that,
A = the set of people who read newspaper H
B = the set of people who read newspaper T
C = the set of people who read newspaper I
According to the question,
Number of people who read newspaper H, n (A) = 25
Number of people who read newspaper T, n (B) = 26
Number of people who read the newspaper I, n (C) = 26
Number of people who read both newspaper H and I, n (A ∩ C) = 9
Number of people who read both newspaper H and T, n (A ∩ B) = 11
Number of people who read both newspaper T and I, n (B ∩ C) = 8
And, Number of people who read all three newspaper H, T and I, n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 3
Now, we have to find the number of people who read at least one of the newspaper
∴ , we get.

= 25 + 26 + 26 – 11 – 8 – 9 + 3
= 80 – 28
= 52
∴ There are a total of 52 students who read at least one newspaper.
(ii) Let us assume that,
a = the number of people who read newspapers H and T only
b = the number of people who read newspapers I and H only
c = the number of people who read newspapers T and I only
d = the number of people who read all three newspapers
According to the question,
D = n(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 3
Now, we have:
n(A ∩ B) = a + d
n(B ∩ C) = c + d
And,
n(C ∩ A) = b + d
∴ a + d + c +d + b + d = 11 + 8 + 9
a + b + c + d = 28 – 2d
= 28 – 6
= 22
∴ Number of people read exactly one newspaper = 52 – 22
= 30 people
10. In a survey it was found that 21 people liked product A, 26 liked product B and 29
liked product C. If 14 people liked products A and B, 12 people liked products C and A,
14 people liked products B and C and 8 liked all the three products. Find how many
liked product C only.
Solution:
Let A, B and C = the set of people who like product A, product B and product C respectively.
Now, according to the question,
Number of students who like product A, n (A) = 21
Number of students who like product B, n (B) = 26
Number of students who like product C, n (C) = 29
Number of students who like both products A and B, n (A ∩ B) = 14
Number of students who like both products A and C, n(C ∩ A) = 12
Number of students who like both product C and B, n (B ∩ C) = 14
Number of students who like all three product, n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 8
From the Venn diagram, we get,
Number of students who only like product C = {29 – (4 + 8 + 6)}
= {29 – 18}
= 11 students
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q1.In a survey of 100 persons it was found the 28 read magazine A ,30 read
magazine B ,42 read magazine C,8 read magazines A and B ,10 read magazines
A and C, 5 read magazines B and C and 3 read all the three magazines.Find :
i. How many read none of the three magazines?
ii. How many read magazines C only.
Q2.In a survey of 100 students studing the various languages were found to be
:English only 18 , English but not Hindi 23,English and Sanskrit 8,English
26.Sanskrit 48,Sanskrit and Hindi 8,no language 24.Find
i. How many students were studying Hindi?
ii. How many students were studying English and Hindi?
Q3.In a survey of 25 students ,it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics,12 had
taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry ,5 had taken Mathematics and
Chemistry,9 had taken Mathematics and Physics.4 had taken Physice and
Chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects.Find the number of students that
had
i. Only Chemistry
ii. only Mathematics
iii. only Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics
iv. Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry
v. only one of the subjects
vi. at least one of the three subjects
vii. none of the subjects
Q4.A college awarded 38 medals in Football,15 in Basketball and 20 to Cricket.If
these medals went to a total of 58 men and only three men got medals in all the
three sports,how many received medals in exactly two of the three sports?
Q5.In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A ,
20% families buy newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper C.5% families
buy A and B ,3% buy B and C and 4% buy A and C.If 2% families buy all the
three newspaper,find the number of families which buy
i. A only
ii. B only
iii. none of A ,B and C.
Q6.There are 40 students in a Chemistry class and 60 students in a Physics class.Find
the number of students which are either in Physics class or Chemistry class in the
following cases:
i. The two classes meet at the same hours
ii. The two classes meet at different hours and 20 students are enrolled in
both the subjects.
Q7. In a survey of 700 students in a college ,180 were listed as drinking Limca ,275
as drinking Miranda and 95 were listed as both drinking Limca and Miranda.Find
how many students were drinking neither Limca nor Miranda.
Q8.There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder,120 has been exposed to chemical
,50 to chemical and 30 to both the chemicals and .Find the number of
individuals exposed to
i. Chemical or chemical
ii. Chemical but not chemical
iii. Chemical but not chemical
Q9.Out of 500 car owners investigated,400 owned Maruti car and 200 owned
Hyundai car;50 ownrd both cars,Is this data is correct?
Q10. If A and B be two sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively,what can be
the minimum number of elements in A∪B?Find also,the maximum number of
elements in A∪B.
Q11. A survey shows that 63% of the American like cheese whereas 76% like
apples.If x% of the Americans like both cheese and apples,find the value of x.
Q12. If ∈ such that = { : ∈ }.Describe the set 3N∩7N.
Q13. For any natural number a,we define = { : ∈ }.If b,c,d are natural
number such that ∩ = ,then prove that d is the l.c.m of ‘b’ and ‘c’.
Q14. If = { : = 2 , ∈ } = { : = 3 , ∈ }then find A∩B.
Q15. Suppose , , , … … … … , are thirty sets each with five elements and
, , , … … … are n sets each with three elements.Let ⋃ =
⋃ = .Assume that each element of S belongs to sets exactly ten of the ′
and exactly 9 of ′ .Find n.
Q16. For any two sets A and B ,prove that ∪ = ∩ ⇔ = .
Q17. For any two sets A and B prove that P(A∩ ) = ( ) ∩ ( ).
Q18. For any two set A and B prove that [ ( ) ∪ ( )]⸦ ( ∪ ).
Q19. (De-Morgan’s Laws) If A and B are any two sets,then
i. ( ∪ )/ = / ∩ / .
ii. ( ∩ )/ = / ∪ / .
 /
Q20. Prove that − = ∩

VENN DIAGRAMS :Most of the relationships between sets can be represented by

means of diagrams which are known as Venn Diagrams.Venn Diagrams are named after
the English logician,John Venn (1834-1883).These diagrams cosist of rectangles and
closed curves usually circles.The universal set is represented usually by rectangles and
its subsets by circles.

Venn Diagram of ∪

Venn Diagrams of ( ∩ )

Venn diagram of B-A

Venn Diagram of A-B

EXERCISE:

I. Draw appropriate Venn Diagram for each of the following:

i. ( ∪ )/
/
ii. ∩ /.
iii. ( ∩ )/
/
iv. ∪ /.