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(Ebook) Standard symbols for welding, brazing and nondestructive

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(Ebook) Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds by AWS

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 AWS A2.4:2012
An American National Standard

Standard Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and
Nondestructive
Examination

--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Welding Society

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 AWS A2.4:2012
An American National Standard

Approved by the
American National Standards Institute
August 23, 2011

Standard Symbols for

Welding, Brazing, and
Nondestructive Examination

--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
7th Edition

Supersedes AWS A2.4:2007

Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols

Under the Direction of the

AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors

Abstract
This standard establishes a method for specifying certain welding, brazing, and nondestructive examination information
by means of symbols. Detailed information and examples are provided for the construction and interpretation of these
symbols. This system provides a means of specifying welding or brazing operations as well as nondestructive examina-
tion, including the examination method, frequency, and extent.

Copyright American Welding Society

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 AWS A2.4:2012

--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-796-2

American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
© 2012 by American Welding Society
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright
owner.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate
fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:
<www.copyright.com>.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or
made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-
mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS
standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of
those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document
that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements
of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers the
process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-
ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether
special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information
published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or
on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the
advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is
assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication
of amendments or errata. It may also be supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of
AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should
ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of
any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.
The AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted
on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,
in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,
Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex H).

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With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.
These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional
advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals
do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of
AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols. It must be
reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,
additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be
addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS A2 Committee on
Definitions and Symbols and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments.
Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols to express their
comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the
Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American
Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Personnel
AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols
B. B. Grimmett, Chair Areva NP
J. P. Christein, Vice Chair Huntington Ingalls Industries—Newport News Shipbuilding
S. N. Borrero, Secretary American Welding Society
L. J. Barley OTC—Daihen
D. M. Beneteau Centerline (Windsor) Limited
C. K. Ford Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
B. Galliers General Electric Aviation
J. J. Gullotti Electric Boat Corporation
R. L. Holdren Applications Technologies Company, LLC
C. Lander St. John Inspection Services
P. M. Newhouse BC Hydro Engineering—Quality Assurance
W. F. Qualls Consultant
J. J. Vagi Engineering Consultant
J. L. Warren CNH America, LLC
B. D. Worley GE Aviation, Dayton—Elano Division

Advisors to the AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols

J. E. Greer Moraine Valley College
L. J. Siy Consultant

AWS A2C Subcommittee on Symbols

J. P. Christein, Chair Huntington Ingalls Industries—Newport News Shipbuilding
J. J. Gullotti, Vice Chair Electric Boat Corporation
S. N. Borrero, Secretary American Welding Society
C. K. Ford Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
C. Lander St. John Inspection Services
P. M. Newhouse BC Hydro Engineering—Quality Assurance
J. L. Warren CNH America, LLC
B. D. Worley GE Aviation, Dayton—Elano Division

Advisors to the AWS A2C Subcommittee on Symbols

L. J. Barley OTC—Daihen
D. M. Beneteau Centerline (Windsor) Limited
B. Galliers General Electric Aviation
R. L. Holdren Applications Technologies Company, LLC
L. J. Siy Consultant

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 AWS A2.4:2012

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Foreword
This foreword is not part of AWS A2.4:2012, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,
and Nondestructive Examination, but is included for informational purposes only.

Joining processes and examination methods cannot take their proper place as fabricating tools unless means are provided
for conveying information from the designer to joining and inspection personnel. The symbols in this publication are
intended to be used to facilitate communication among the design, fabrication, and inspection personnel. Statements
such as “to be welded throughout” or “to be completely welded,” in effect, transfer the design responsibility from the
designer to production personnel, who cannot be expected to know design requirements.
The symbols presented in this standard provide the means for placing welding, brazing, and nondestructive examination
information on drawings. In practice, many users will need only a few of the symbols, and, if they desire, can select only
the parts of the system that fit their needs.
The publication AWS A2.4 came into existence in 1976 as a result of combining and superseding two earlier documents,
A2.0, Standard Welding Symbols, and A2.2, Nondestructive Testing Symbols. Both of these early documents had their
origins in work done jointly by the American Welding Society and the American Standards Association (ASA) Sectional
Committee Y32. AWS A2.0 was first published in 1947 and was revised in 1958 and 1968. AWS A2.2 first appeared in
1958 and was revised in 1969.
The evolution of AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Testing, is shown below:
ANSI/AWS A2.4-76 Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Testing;
ANSI/AWS A2.4-79 Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Testing, Including Brazing;
ANSI/AWS A2.4-86 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination;
ANSI/AWS A2.4-93 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination;
ANSI/AWS A2.4-98 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination; and
AWS A2.4:2007 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.
This seventh edition of AWS A2.4 has undergone extensive formatting modifications locating the figures closer to their
referencing clauses. Numerous figures and clauses were revised and new figures added for clarification purposes. Several
illustrations were added with the intent of making the standard more user-friendly. For example, Figures 47 and 48 have
been added to illustrate the application of intermittent edge welds, which had previously lacked illustration. In addition,
a new Informative Annex F, ISO 2553 Welding Symbols, was added to introduce users to ISO welding symbols. This
introduction is educational and not intended to replace the official ISO document. Many of the modifications made were
the result of comments and suggestions from the users of this standard.
This new edition also contains some revised technical content. For user clarity, the depth of groove placeholder “S” has
been replaced by “D”, and the groove weld size “(E)” has been replaced by “(S)” throughout the standard for groove
welds. The history behind the “(E)” was to designate effective throat dimension for the groove weld size. These letter
modifications will not alter the meaning of the groove welding symbol. Letters only reflect a placeholder for a numerical
value and thus will not change the meaning of any existing or future use of the groove welding symbol. In addition, this
letter modification will line up with the AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, methodology.
Another change introduced is the standardization of the term “Depth of Groove” throughout the standard. In past revisions,
“Depth of Bevel” was used randomly in place of “Depth of Groove.” This change was made since a bevel weld symbol is
only one symbol of the groove weld symbol family.
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Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,
AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
33126.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

This page is intentionally blank.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Table of Contents
Page No.
Personnel ......................................................................................................................................................................v
Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................vii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................................. xiii

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List of Figures........................................................................................................................................................... xiii

1. General Requirements ........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope ..........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Units of Measurement ................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Safety..........................................................................................................................................................1

2. Normative References .........................................................................................................................................1

3. Terms and Definitions .........................................................................................................................................2

4. Basic Welding Symbols .......................................................................................................................................2

4.1 Distinction between Weld Symbol and Welding Symbol.............................................................................2
4.2 Basis of Reference......................................................................................................................................2
4.3 Weld Symbols.............................................................................................................................................2
4.4 Supplementary Welding Symbols ..............................................................................................................3
4.5 Welding Symbols........................................................................................................................................3
4.6 Placement of the Welding Symbol .............................................................................................................4
4.7 Illustrations .................................................................................................................................................4

5. Joint Types ...........................................................................................................................................................4

6. General Provisions for Welding Symbols..........................................................................................................4

6.1 Location Significance of the Arrow ...........................................................................................................4
6.2 Location of the Weld with Respect to the Joint..........................................................................................6
6.3 Orientation of Specific Weld Symbols .......................................................................................................8
6.4 Break in the Arrow .....................................................................................................................................8
6.5 Combination Weld Symbols.......................................................................................................................8
6.6 Multiple Arrow Lines .................................................................................................................................8
6.7 Multiple Reference Lines ...........................................................................................................................8
6.8 Field Weld Symbol ...................................................................................................................................16
6.9 Extent of Welding Denoted by Symbols ..................................................................................................16
6.10 Weld-All-Around Symbol ........................................................................................................................16
6.11 Tail of the Welding Symbol......................................................................................................................19
6.12 Contour Symbols ......................................................................................................................................19
6.13 Melt-Through Symbol ..............................................................................................................................20
6.14 Melt-Through with Edge Welds ...............................................................................................................20
6.15 Method of Drawing Symbols ...................................................................................................................20
6.16 U.S. Customary and SI Units ...................................................................................................................20
6.17 Weld Dimension Tolerance.......................................................................................................................20
6.18 Changes in Joint Geometry during Welding.............................................................................................20

7. Groove Welds .....................................................................................................................................................23

7.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................23

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Page No.
7.2 Depth of Groove and Groove Weld Size ..................................................................................................25
7.3 Groove Dimensions ..................................................................................................................................35
7.4 Length of Groove Welds...........................................................................................................................35
7.5 Intermittent Groove Welds .......................................................................................................................39
7.6 Contours and Finishing of Groove Welds ................................................................................................39
7.7 Back and Backing Welds..........................................................................................................................44
7.8 Joints with Backing ..................................................................................................................................46
7.9 Joints with Spacers ...................................................................................................................................46
7.10 Consumable Inserts ..................................................................................................................................46
7.11 Groove Welds with Backgouging.............................................................................................................46
7.12 Seal Welds ................................................................................................................................................49
7.13 Skewed Joints ...........................................................................................................................................49

8. Fillet Welds.........................................................................................................................................................52
8.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................52
8.2 Size of Fillet Welds...................................................................................................................................52
8.3 Length of Fillet Welds ..............................................................................................................................52
8.4 Intermittent Fillet Welds...........................................................................................................................57
8.5 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots.................................................................................................................57
8.6 Contours and Finishing of Fillet Welds....................................................................................................57
8.7 Skewed Joints ...........................................................................................................................................57

9. Plug Welds..........................................................................................................................................................58

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9.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................58
9.2 Plug Weld Size..........................................................................................................................................58
9.3 Angle of Countersink ...............................................................................................................................58
9.4 Depth of Filling ........................................................................................................................................58
9.5 Spacing of Plug Welds..............................................................................................................................58
9.6 Number of Plug Welds .............................................................................................................................58
9.7 Contours and Finishing of Plug Welds .....................................................................................................62
9.8 Joints Involving Three or More Members ................................................................................................62

10. Slot Welds...........................................................................................................................................................63

10.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................63
10.2 Width of Slot Welds..................................................................................................................................63
10.3 Length of Slot Welds ................................................................................................................................63
10.4 Angle of Countersink ...............................................................................................................................63
10.5 Depth of Filling ........................................................................................................................................63
10.6 Spacing of Slot Welds...............................................................................................................................63
10.7 Number of Slot Welds ..............................................................................................................................66
10.8 Location and Orientation of Slot Welds ...................................................................................................66
10.9 Contours and Finishing of Slot Welds......................................................................................................66

11. Spot Welds..........................................................................................................................................................67

11.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................67
11.2 Size or Strength of Spot Welds.................................................................................................................67
11.3 Spacing of Spot Welds..............................................................................................................................67
11.4 Number of Spot Welds .............................................................................................................................72
11.5 Extent of Spot Welding.............................................................................................................................72
11.6 Contours and Finishing of Spot Welds .....................................................................................................72
11.7 Multiple-Member Spot Welds ..................................................................................................................72

12. Seam Welds ........................................................................................................................................................74

12.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................74

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Page No.
12.2 Size and Strength of Seam Welds.............................................................................................................74
12.3 Length of Seam Welds..............................................................................................................................74
12.4 Dimensions of Intermittent Seam Welds ..................................................................................................78
12.5 Number of Seam Welds............................................................................................................................78
12.6 Orientation of Seam Welds.......................................................................................................................79
12.7 Contours and Finishing of Seam Welds ...................................................................................................79
12.8 Multiple-Member Seam Welds.................................................................................................................79

13. Edge Welds.........................................................................................................................................................80

13.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................80
13.2 Edge Weld Size.........................................................................................................................................80
13.3 Single- and Double-Edge Welds...............................................................................................................80
13.4 Edge Welds Requiring Complete Joint Penetration .................................................................................80
13.5 Edge Welds on Joints with More Than Two Members.............................................................................80
13.6 Length of Edge Welds ..............................................................................................................................80
13.7 Intermittent Edge Welds ...........................................................................................................................80

14. Stud Welds .........................................................................................................................................................88

14.1 Side Significance ......................................................................................................................................88
14.2 Stud Size...................................................................................................................................................88
14.3 Spacing of Stud Welds..............................................................................................................................88
14.4 Number of Stud Welds .............................................................................................................................88
14.5 Dimension Location .................................................................................................................................88
14.6 Location of First and Last Stud Welds .....................................................................................................88

15. Surfacing Welds.................................................................................................................................................88

15.1 Use of the Surfacing Weld Symbol ..........................................................................................................88
15.2 Size (Thickness) of Surfacing Welds........................................................................................................88
15.3 Extent, Location, and Orientation of Surfacing Welds.............................................................................91
15.4 Surfacing a Previous Weld........................................................................................................................91
15.5 Surfacing to Adjust Dimensions...............................................................................................................91

16. Brazing Symbols................................................................................................................................................91

16.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................91
16.2 Braze Fillet ...............................................................................................................................................91
16.3 Special Preparation Not Specified............................................................................................................91
16.4 Application of Symbols............................................................................................................................91

17. Nondestructive Examination Symbols.............................................................................................................95

17.1 Elements ...................................................................................................................................................95
17.2 Examination Method Letter Designations................................................................................................95
17.3 Supplementary Symbols...........................................................................................................................95
17.4 Standard Location of the Elements...........................................................................................................95
17.5 General Provisions for Nondestructive Examination Symbols ................................................................95
17.6 Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols ................................................................................96
17.7 U.S. Customary and SI Units ...................................................................................................................96
17.8 Supplementary Nondestructive Examination Symbols ............................................................................96
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17.9 Specifications, Codes, and References .....................................................................................................97

17.10 Extent, Location, and Orientation of Nondestructive Examination Symbols ..........................................97
17.11 Number of Examinations..........................................................................................................................97
17.12 Examination of Areas ...............................................................................................................................98

Annex Α (Normative)—Tables...................................................................................................................................99
Annex B (Informative)—Design of Standard Symbols (U.S. Customary Units).....................................................105

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Page No.
Annex C (Informative)—Design of Standard Symbols (SI Units)...........................................................................109
Annex D (Informative)—Commentary on AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,
Annex D (Informative)—and Nondestructive Examination.....................................................................................113
Annex E (Informative)—Welding Symbol Chart.....................................................................................................117
Annex F (Informative)—ISO 2553 Welding Symbols .............................................................................................121
Annex G (Informative)—Informative References....................................................................................................131
Annex H (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.....................................................133
List of AWS Documents on Definitions and Symbols .............................................................................................135

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 AWS A2.4:2012

List of Tables
Table Page No.
A.1 Joint Type Designators ..................................................................................................................................99
A.2 Letter Designations of Welding, Brazing, and Allied Processes and Their Variations ...............................100
A.3 Alphabetical Cross Reference to Table A.2 by Process ..............................................................................101
A.4 Alphabetical Cross Reference to Table A.2 by Letter Designation.............................................................102
A.5 Suffixes for Optional Use in Applying Welding, Brazing, and Allied Processes .......................................104
A.6 Examination Method Letter Designations...................................................................................................104

List of Figures
Figure Page No.
1 Weld Symbols..................................................................................................................................................2
2 Supplementary Symbols..................................................................................................................................3
3 Standard Location of the Elements of a Welding Symbol ..............................................................................3
4 Joint Types.......................................................................................................................................................5
5 Application of Weld Symbols to Indicate the Arrow Side, the Other Side, and Both Sides...........................7
6 Applications of the Break in the Arrow of the Welding Symbol ....................................................................9
7 Combination Weld Symbols..........................................................................................................................10
8 Application of the Symbol for the Specification of the Extent of Welding ..................................................12
9 Application of the “TYPICAL” Welding Symbol ........................................................................................15
10 Specification of the Location and Extent of Fillet Welds..............................................................................17
11 Application of the Melt-Through Symbol.....................................................................................................21
12 Specification of Groove Weld Size, Depth of Groove Not Specified ...........................................................24
13 Application of Dimensions to the Groove Weld Symbol..............................................................................25
14 Specification of Groove Weld Size, (S), Related to Depth of Groove, D .....................................................26
15 Specification of Depth of Groove and Groove Weld Size.............................................................................27
16 Application of Symbols for the Specification of Groove Weld Size Only....................................................29
17 Application of Symbols for Combined Groove and Fillet Welds .................................................................30
18 Application of Symbols for Complete Joint Penetration with Joint Geometry Optional..............................31
19 Partial Joint Penetration with the Joint Geometry Optional..........................................................................32
20 Specification of the Root Opening of Groove Welds ....................................................................................33
21 Specification of the Groove Angle of Groove Welds....................................................................................34
22 Applications of Flare-Bevel and Flare-V-Groove Weld Symbols .................................................................36
23 Specification of the Length of Welding of Groove Welds ............................................................................38
24 Specification of the Extent of Welding of Groove Welds .............................................................................40
25 Applications of Intermittent Groove Welds ..................................................................................................41
26 Application of the Flush and Convex Contour Symbols...............................................................................43
27 Application of Back or Backing Weld Symbol .............................................................................................45
28 Joints with Backing or Spacers .....................................................................................................................47
29 Application of Consumable Insert Symbol ...................................................................................................48
30 Application of the Symbol for Groove Welds with Backgouging ................................................................50
31 Skewed Joint..................................................................................................................................................51

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Figure Page No.

32 Application of the Symbols for the Size and Length of Fillet Welds............................................................53
33 Application of the Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbol......................................................................................54
34 Application of the Fillet Weld Symbol..........................................................................................................56
35 Application of the Plug Weld Symbol...........................................................................................................59
36 Application of Information to Plug Weld Symbols.......................................................................................60
37 Application of the Slot Weld Symbol............................................................................................................64
38 Application of Information to Slot Weld Symbols........................................................................................65
39 Application of the Spot Weld Symbol...........................................................................................................68
40 Application of Information to the Spot Weld Symbol ..................................................................................69
41 Application of the Projection Weld Symbol..................................................................................................71
42 Multiple-Member Spot Weld.........................................................................................................................73
43 Application of the Seam Weld Symbol .........................................................................................................75
44 Application of Information to the Seam Weld Symbol .................................................................................76
45 Multiple-Member Seam Weld .......................................................................................................................78
46 Application of the Edge Weld Symbol..........................................................................................................81
47 Specification of the Length of Welding of Edge Welds ................................................................................84
48 Applications of Intermittent Edge Welds ......................................................................................................85
49 Application of the Stud Weld Symbol...........................................................................................................89
50 Application of the Surfacing Weld Symbol ..................................................................................................90
51 Application of Brazing Symbols ...................................................................................................................92
52 Supplementary Nondestructive Examination Symbols .................................................................................95
53 Standard Location of the Elements in the Nondestructive Examination Symbol .........................................95
D.1 Examples of the Welding of Tubing............................................................................................................114
D.2 Changes in Joint Geometry During Welding ..............................................................................................114
D.3 Example of a Flare Groove .........................................................................................................................115
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 AWS A2.4:2012

Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,

and Nondestructive Examination

1. General Requirements Safety and health information is available from the

following sources:
1.1 Scope. This standard presents a system for indicating
welding, brazing, and nondestructive examination require- American Welding Society:
ments. The system includes provisions for the graphical
(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and
representation of welds, brazes, and nondestructive exam-
Allied Processes
ination methods with conventions for specifying, at a
minimum, the location and extent of their application. (2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets
Optional elements and supplementary symbols provide a
means for specifying additional requirements. (3) Other safety and health information on the AWS
website
The figures included with the text are intended to show
how the correct format and applications of symbols may Material or Equipment Manufacturers:
be used to convey welding, brazing, and nondestructive
examination information. They are not intended to repre- (1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials
sent recommended welding, brazing, nondestructive manufacturers
examination, or design practice. (2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment
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The clause addressing brazing uses the same symbols manufacturers

that are used for welding. The clause on nondestructive Applicable Regulatory Agencies
examination symbols establishes the symbols to be used
on drawings to specify nondestructive examination for Work performed in accordance with this standard may
determining the suitability of components. The nonde- involve the use of materials that have been deemed haz-
structive examination symbols included in this standard ardous, and may involve operations or equipment that
represent nondestructive examination methods as dis- may cause injury or death. This standard does not pur-
cussed in the latest edition of AWS B1.10M/B1.10, port to address all safety and health risks that may be
Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds. Def- encountered. The user of this standard should establish
initions and the details for the use of the various nonde- an appropriate safety program to address such risks as
structive examination methods are found in AWS well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements.
B1.10M/B1.10. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when developing the
safety program.
The limitations included in specifications and codes are
also beyond the scope of this standard.

1.2 Units of Measurement. This standard does not 2. Normative References

require units of measure. Therefore, no equivalents or
conversions are contained except when they are cited in The standards listed below contain provisions that,
examples. through reference in this text, constitute mandatory pro-
visions of this AWS standard. For undated references, the
1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For
beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revi-
addressed herein. sions of, any of these publications do not apply.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

American Welding Society (AWS) standards:1 Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, pro-
vides the basis for terms and definitions used herein.
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Def-
initions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing,
Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;
AWS A5.30/A5.30M, Specification for Consumable 4. Basic Welding Symbols
Inserts; and 4.1 Distinction between Weld Symbol and Welding
AWS B1.10M/B1.10, Guide for the Nondestructive Symbol. This standard makes a distinction between the
Examination of Welds. terms weld symbol and welding symbol. The weld sym-
bol indicates the type of weld and, when used, is a part of
the welding symbol.
4.2 Basis of Reference. In the present system, the joint is
3. Terms and Definitions the basis of reference. The arrow side is the side of the
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Defini- joint to which the arrow of the symbol points. The other
tions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, side is the side of the joint opposite the arrow side.
4.3 Weld Symbols. Weld symbols shall be as shown in
1. AWS standards are published by the American Welding Figure 1. The symbols shall be drawn in contact with the
Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. reference line.

Note: The reference line is shown as a dashed line for illustrative purposes.

Figure 1—Weld Symbols

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 AWS A2.4:2012

4.4 Supplementary Welding Symbols. Supplementary 4.5 Welding Symbols. A welding symbol may consist of
symbols to be used in connection with welding symbols several elements (see Figure 3). Only a horizontal refer-
shall be as shown in Figure 2. ence line and the arrow are required elements. Additional

Figure 2—Supplementary Symbols

Note: See D4.5 in Annex D for commentary on Figure 3.

Figure 3—Standard Location of the Elements of a Welding Symbol

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 AWS A2.4:2012

elements may be included to convey specific welding

information. Alternatively, welding information may be
conveyed by other means such as by drawing notes or
details, specifications, standards, codes, or other draw-
ings that eliminate the need to include the corresponding
elements in the welding symbol.

The tail of the symbol is used for designating additional

information such as specification, process, identification
of the filler metal or electrode, peening, backgouging, or
other operations or references necessary for making the
weld or braze.

All elements, when used, shall have specific locations

within the welding symbol as shown in Figure 3. Manda-
tory requirements regarding each element in a welding
symbol refer to the location of the element and should
not be interpreted as a necessity to include the element in
every welding symbol.

4.6 Placement of the Welding Symbol. The arrow of the

welding symbol shall point to a line, location, or area that
conclusively identifies the joint, location, or area to be
welded.

4.7 Illustrations. The examples given, including the

dimensions, are illustrative only and are intended to dem-
onstrate the proper application of drafting practices. They
are not intended to represent design practices or to replace
code or specification requirements.

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5 . Joint Types
The basic welding joint types—butt, corner, T-, lap, and
edge—are shown in Figure 4. Joint type designators are
shown in Annex A, Table A.1.

6. General Provisions for Welding

Symbols
6.1 Location Significance of the Arrow. Information
applicable to the arrow side of a joint shall be placed
below the reference line. Information applicable to the
other side of a joint shall be placed above the reference
line.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

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Figure 4—Joint Types

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 AWS A2.4:2012

6.1.1 Fillet, Groove, and Edge Weld Symbols. For 6.2.2 Other Side. Welds on the other side of the joint
these symbols, the arrow shall contact the outer surface shall be specified by placing the weld symbol above the
of one of the joints, and this side shall be considered the reference line (see 6.1.1).
arrow side of the joint. The side opposite the arrow side
of the joint shall be considered the other side of the joint
(see Figure 5).
6.1.2 Plug, Slot, Spot, Projection, and Seam Weld
Symbols. For these symbols, the arrow shall contact the
outer surface of one of the joint members at the center-
line of the desired weld. The member toward which the
arrow points shall be considered the arrow-side member.
The other joint member shall be considered the other-side
member (see the figures cited in Clauses 9 through 12).
6.1.3 Symbols with No Side Significance. Some weld
symbols have no arrow-side or other-side significance, 6.2.3 Both Sides. Welds on both sides of the joint
although supplementary symbols used in conjunction with shall be specified by placing weld symbols both below
them may have such significance (see 11.1.2 and 11.1.4). and above the reference line.
6.2.3.1 Symmetrical Weld Symbols. If the weld
symbols used on both sides of the reference line have
axes of symmetry that are perpendicular or normal to the
reference line, these axes of the symbols shall be directly
aligned across the reference line. Staggered intermittent
welds are an exception.

6.2 Location of the Weld with Respect to the Joint

6.2.1 Arrow Side. Welds on the arrow side of the 6.2.3.2 Nonsymmetrical Weld Symbols. If either

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joint shall be specified by placing the weld symbol below of the weld symbols used lacks an axis of symmetry per-
the reference line (see 6.1.1). pendicular or normal to the reference line, the left sides
of the weld symbols shall be directly aligned across the
reference line. Staggered intermittent welds are an
exception.

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 AWS A2.4:2012

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Figure 5—Application of Weld Symbols to Indicate

the Arrow Side, the Other Side, and Both Sides

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 AWS A2.4:2012

6.3 Orientation of Specific Weld Symbols. Fillet, 6.6 Multiple Arrow Lines. Two or more arrows may be
bevel-groove, J-groove, and flare-bevel-groove weld used with a single reference line to point to locations
symbols shall be drawn with the perpendicular leg where identical welds are specified [see Figures 8(A)
always to the left. and 9].
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6.4 Break in the Arrow

6.4.1 Groove Welds. When only one joint member is
to have a bevel-groove, J-groove, or both, the arrow shall
have one break and point toward that member (see Figure
6). The arrow need not be broken if it is apparent which
member is to have the bevel- or J-groove (see Figure 7). 6.7 Multiple Reference Lines
It shall not be broken if there is no preference as to which 6.7.1 Sequence of Operations. Two or more refer-
member is to have the bevel- or J-groove. A broken ence lines may be used to indicate a sequence of opera-
arrow need not be used for joints where combined welds tions. The first operation is specified on the reference
are to be specified and it is apparent which member is to line nearest the arrow. Subsequent operations are speci-
be beveled. fied sequentially on additional reference lines.

6.4.2 Fillet Welds. The arrow may or may not be bro-

ken to indicate fillet weld locations [see Figure 8(A)].
6.5 Combination Weld Symbols. For joints requiring
more than one weld type, a symbol shall be used to spec-
ify each weld (see Figure 7).

8
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 AWS A2.4:2012

Figure 6—Applications of the Break in the Arrow of the Welding Symbol

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 AWS A2.4:2012

--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 7—Combination Weld Symbols

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Figure 7 (Continued)—Combination Weld Symbols

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 AWS A2.4:2012

--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 8—Application of the Symbol for the Specification of the Extent of Welding

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 AWS A2.4:2012

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Figure 8 (Continued)—Application of the Symbol for the Specification of the Extent of Welding

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 AWS A2.4:2012
--``,`,``,``,`,````,``,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 8 (Continued)—Application of the Symbol for the Specification of the Extent of Welding

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 AWS A2.4:2012

Figure 9—Application of the “TYPICAL” Welding Symbol

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