UPSC Repeats Itself!

Re-Defining UPSC Preparation 20+ PYQs in Prelims 2024

KFG: Kalam Focus Group Prelims 2025

Research D cument PYQ

UPSC 10-Years PYQs of CSE, CDS, NDA, IES Etc.

Why is a Game-Changer
✅ Analyze PYQs to Decode Recurring
Themes and High-Priority Topics
✅ Marks Maximizer concepts to
Prioritize High-Value Topics

✅ Exclusive Notes-to-Action Plan to

convert Learning into Results

Study With
Ayush Krishna (IFS)
UPSC: (IFS) AIR-06, (CSE) AIR-720
Economy RDT-2509
66th BPSC Rank-09, IIT Guwahati
 Human and social development
POVERTY - State or condition in which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials required for a
minimum standard of living.

World Bank: Anyone living on less than

$2.15 per day (based on 2017 prices) is
considered to be in extreme poverty.

Committees Recommendation

Dandekar & Rath Calorie based Poverty line - 2,250 Kcal/Person/Day

Alagh Committee Calorie based but different line for Urban and Rural
 Urban - 2,100 Kcal/Person/day
 Rural - 2,400 Kcal/Person/Day

Lakdawala  Calorie based and State level poverty line.

Committee  Inflation adjustment done for Urban and rural
Methods of Consumption Expenditure Survey:
 URP: 30-day recall for all items.
 MRP: 30-day recall for food; 365-day recall for non-food.
 MMRP: 7-day recall for perishables; 30-day for other food; 365-day for non-food.

Tendulkar  Uniform Poverty line for Urban & Rural

Committee  Calorie + Non-food expenditure based
 2009-10 Poverty Line: ₹4,298/month (urban family); ₹3,364/month (rural family).
 Poverty Rates: 37.2% (2004-05); 21.9%-22% (2011-12).
 Per Person Poverty Line: Rural ₹816/month; Urban ₹1,000/month.
 Recommendation: Use Mixed Reference Period estimates.

Rangarajan  Separate lines for Urban & Rural

Committee  Food: Calories, Protein, Fats; Non-Food: Tendulkar recommendations + (Conveyance, Rent).
 Spending below ₹47/day in cities = poor (Tendulkar suggested ₹33/day).

MMRP Method:
 365 days: Clothing, education, medical care.
 7 days: Perishables, beverages, intoxicants.
 30 days: Other food, fuel, rents, services.

*Note: Inflation adjustment in both Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees done using Fisher’s Price Index

Alternate Measures to Poverty:

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

● By UNDP under Human Development Report
● If deprived of > 1/3rd of indicators, then
Multidimensionally Poor
● National Multidimensional Poverty Index by
NITI Aayog.

Page | 1
Human Development Index

 Human Development Reports (HDRs) are

produced by the Human Development Report
OfÏce for the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).
 They have been published annually since 1990.
 In 2022, India achieved a Human Development
Index (HDI) score of 0.644, ranking 134th out of 193 countries in the UN's 2023-24 report.
 This places India in the 'Medium Human Development' Category.
 Compared to an HDI of 0.434 in 1990, the 2022 score shows a 48.4% improvement.

Basis Physical Capital Human Capital

Nature Tangible, sold in the market like a commodity. Intangible, built in the body and mind, services sold.
Ownership Separable from its owner. Inseparable from its owner.
Mobility Completely mobile except trade restrictions. Restricted by nationality and culture.
Benefit Creates private benefit. Creates both private and social benefits.
Examples Machinery, tools, buildings, vehicles. Education, healthcare, innovation & leadership skills.
Q. Which one of the following Q. Consider the following statements: [CSE-2018]
is not a dimension of the Human capital formation as a concept is better explained in terms of a process which
Human Development enables
Index?[CDS-II-2019] 1. Individuals of a country to accumulate more capital.
(a) A long and healthy life 2. Increasing the knowledge, skill levels and capacities of the people of the country.
(b) Knowledge 3. Accumulation of tangible wealth.
(c) Access to banking and 4. Accumulation of intangible wealth.
other financial provisions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(d) A decent standard of living (a.) 1 and 2 only (b.) 2 only
(c.) 2 and 4 only (d.) 1, 3 and 4 only

Measure Explanation
Graph showing
cumulative % of income
Lorenz against the population;
Curve
Diagonal represents
perfect equality.
Index (0-1): 0 = perfect
equality
Gini
1 = perfect inequality
CoefÏcient
Measures income
distribution; ideal < 0.5.
Head Proportion of the
Count population below the
Ratio poverty line.
Per capita resources
Poverty
needed to bring all poor
Q. In the context of any country, which one of the following would be Gap
to the poverty line.
considered as part of its social capital? [CSE-2019] Ratio of the poverty gap
Poverty
to the poverty line; used
(a.) The proportion of literates in the population. Gap Index
for deeper poverty
(b.) The stock of its buildings, other infrastructure and machines. (FGT)
analysis.
(c.) The size of the population in the working age group.
(d.) The level of mutual trust and harmony in the society.
Page | 2
Demography Status:
Demographic Dividend: It is the potential for economic gains when
the share of the working-age population (15-64 years) is higher
than the non-working age group.

Q. To obtain full benefits of demographic dividend, what

should India do? [CSE-2013]
(a) Promoting skill development
(b) Introducing more social security schemes
(c) Reducing infant mortality rate
(d) Privatization of higher education
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

India’s Demographic Transition

 Population Shift: From high fertility-mortality
to low, expanding the working-age group.
 2011 Census:
o Working-age: 48%,
o Under 14: 31%,
o Elderly (60+): 9%.
 Dependency Ratio: Declined from 64% (2001)
to 55% (2011).
 Demographic Dividend: To peak in 2041 (59%
working-age, Economic Survey 2018-19).
 Youthful Nation: Median age 28; one of the
youngest globally.

Inclusive Growth
The OECD defines inclusive growth as:
Pathways to achieve inclusive growth:
 Economic growth that is fairly distributed across society.
 Growth that creates opportunities for all.
1.Skill 1.Technological 1.Financial 1.Economic
Development Advancements Inclusion Growth

Q. Which of the following can aid in

furthering the Government's
objective of inclusive growth?
[CSE-2011]
1. Promoting Self-Help Groups.
2. Promoting Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises.
3. Implementing the Right to
Education Act.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a.) 1 only (b.) 1 and 2 only
(c.) 2 and 3 only (d.) 1, 2 and 3

Page | 3
 UPSC Repeats Itself!
Re-Defining UPSC Preparation
20+ PYQs in Prelims 2024

KFG KALAM F O CUS GROUP

An integrated “GS cum CSAT” PYQs Mentorship Program for Notes Making, and to build
Prelims clearing competence for UPSC (CSE) Exam 2025 through 10 Years PYQs.

2400 PYQs (GS+CSAT)

10 Years CSE, CDS, NDA, IES Etc.

UPSC Prelims 2025

Shadow of the Past - PYQ (IAS Prelims)

Shadow of the Past - PYQ (IAS Prelims)
Study With
Ayush Krishna (IFS)
UPSC: (IFS) AIR-06, (CSE) AIR-720
th
66 BPSC Rank-09, IIT Guwahati
 Re-Defining UPSC Preparation

KFG Methodology
PYQ (GS+CSAT) FOCUS CONTENT-TEST-MENTORSHIP
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