AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTS OF CONTRACT PAYMENT
DELAY ON GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS SUCCESS:
THE CASE OF MEHAL MEDA CITY CONSTRUCTION OFFICE ANRS,
ETHIOPIA

BY

BANTIDER BELACHEW

FEBRUARY, 2025

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

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AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTS OF CONTRACT PAYMENT
DELAY ON GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS SUCCESS:
THE CASE OF MEHAL MEDA CITY CONSTRUCTION OFFICE ANRS,
ETHIOPIA

BY

BANTIDER BELACHEW (Commander)

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Project Management in Partial

Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Master of Science in Project
Management

ADVISOR

FENTAW LEYKUN (Ph.D.)

FEBRUARY, 2025

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

©2025 Bantider Belachew

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DECLARATION
I declare that this project work, entitled "Factors affecting the effects of contract payment
delay on government construction projects success: the case of mehal meda city
construction office ANRS, ETHIOPIA: The Case of Mehal Meda City Construction Office
ANRS, Ethiopia," is my original work. This thesis has not been presented at any other
university or submitted in candidature for any other degree, and all sources of material used for
this research have been duly acknowledged.

Name: Commander, Bantider Belachew

Signature: ________________

Date______________________
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AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Approval of thesis for defence

I hereby certify that I have supervised, read, and evaluated this thesis titled "Factors affecting
the effects of contract payment delay on government construction projects success" by
Bantider Belachew, prepared under my guidance. I recommended the thesis be submitted for
oral defence.

Fentaw Leykun (Ph.D.) ______________ ________________

Advisor’s name Signature Date

___________________ _____________ _________________

Departmental head Signature Date

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AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Approval of thesis for defence result

As members of the board of examiners, we examined this thesis entitled "Factors affecting the
effects of contract payment delay on government construction projects success" by
Bantider Belachew. We hereby certify that this thesis is accepted for fulfillment the
requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in project management.

Board of examiners

______________________________ _______________ _____________

External Examiner’s Name Signature Date

______________________________ _______________ _____________

Internal Examiner’s Name Signature Date

______________________________ _______________ _____________

Chair person’s Name Signature Date
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above all, I thank the Almighty God and His Mother for everything they have done for me,
especially for giving me the strength to finish one chapter of my life. Next to this, I would like to
express my deepest gratitude to my principal advisor, Dr. Fentaw Leykun, for his friendly
approach, personal advice, and support, which provided invaluable guidance throughout this
journey. I would like to thank all members of the Mehal Meda city construction administration
office who genuinely participated in the survey and provided assistance. I would also like to
express my sincere gratitude to all my postgraduate instructors and colleagues for their support,
encouragement, and help throughout this journey. Finally, my special thanks go to my family,
especially to my wife (Wosne Molla) and to my beloved children (Eyariko Bantider and Amen
Bantider) for your support and patience.
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. ii
Approval of thesis for defence .................................................................................................... iii
Approval of thesis for defence result .......................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................................ x
EQUATION.................................................................................................................................. xi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. xii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1. General Objective ..................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Specific Objectives .................................................................................................... 4
1.3.3. Research questions ................................................................................................... 4
1.4. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Definition of terms and concepts ..................................................................................... 6
1.7. Organization of the study ................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 7
RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Theoretical review ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Concepts of contract payment delay ......................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Types of Contracts..................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Empirical review .............................................................................................................. 9
2. 2.1. Factors that the effect on contract payment delay .................................................10
2.2.2. Contract payment delay and government construction project success. ...................12
2.2.3. The concept of government construction project success.........................................14
2.3. Summary and Knowledge gaps........................................................................................14
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2.4. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................................16

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................19
3.1. Research paradigm .........................................................................................................19
3.2. Research Approach .........................................................................................................19
3.3. Research Design..............................................................................................................20
3.4. Target Population ...........................................................................................................20
3.5. Sampling Techniques ......................................................................................................21
3.6. Sampling Frame ..............................................................................................................22
3.7. Sample Size Determination .............................................................................................22
3.8. Data source and types .....................................................................................................24
3.9. Method of data collection and analysis ...........................................................................24
3.9.1. Data collection instrument .......................................................................................24
3.9.2. Methods of data analysis..........................................................................................25
3.10. Model specification .......................................................................................................25
3.11. Operational definition of variables ................................................................................26
3.12. Reliability test and validity ............................................................................................27
3.12.1. Validity ...................................................................................................................27
3.12.2. Reliability ...............................................................................................................27
3.13. Ethical considerations ...................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR .........................................................................................................................30
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................30
4.1. Response rate .................................................................................................................30
4.2. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents............................................................31
4.3. Descriptive statistics of the Study ....................................................................................33
4.4. The current level of government construction project success ........................................41
4.5. Empirical Results .............................................................................................................43
4.5.1. Correlation analysis: Pearson Correlation analysis ....................................................43
4.5.2. Regression Analysis Assumptions .............................................................................45
4.6. Multiple regression analysis results and discussions ........................................................50
4.6.1. Regression Model summary .....................................................................................51
4.6.2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) ...................................................................................52
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CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................56
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................56
5.1. Summary of Major Findings ............................................................................................56
5.2. Conclusion of the study ...................................................................................................58
5.3. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................59
5.4. Limitations and Implications of the research ...................................................................60
REFERENCE ...............................................................................................................................61
APPENDX ...................................................................................................................................65
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Summary of sample size ..............................................................................................23
Table 2: Reliablity test ...............................................................................................................28
Table 3: Inter-items reliability test.............................................................................................28
Table 4: Questionnaires response rate ......................................................................................30
Table 5: Interview response rate ...............................................................................................31
Table 6: Characteristics of respondents .....................................................................................32
Table 7: Payment delay statistics ...............................................................................................34
Table 8: Types of contract statistics ...........................................................................................36
Table 9: Government agency efficiency statistics ......................................................................38
Table 10: Project success statistics ............................................................................................40
Table 11: Ranking the effect variables by mean values ..............................................................42
Table 12: Correlation analysis....................................................................................................44
Table 13: Multicollinearity test ..................................................................................................48
Table 14: Autocorrelation test ...................................................................................................49
Table 15: Regression model summary .......................................................................................51
Table 16: ANOV Analysis ...........................................................................................................52
Table 17: Multiple regression model summary ..........................................................................53
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Conceptual framework of the study ............................................................................17
Figure 2: The operational measurement of variables.................................................................27
Figure 3: Normal p-p plots of residual .......................................................................................46
Figure 4: Histogram ...................................................................................................................47
Figure 5: Scattered plot of regression ........................................................................................50
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EQUATION
Equation 1: Yamane sampling determination formula ...............................................................23
Equation 2: The formula of regression equation ........................................................................25
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CC Construction Contract

CCC Contractor, Consultant and clients

CCCO Contractor, Consultant, clients and owners

ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority

FIDIC Federation International Des Ingénues Conceal

GCC General Conditions of Contract

GDP Growth domestic product

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

PMI Project Management Institute

PPA Procurement and Property Administration

SCC Specific Conditions of Contract

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Abstract
In Ethiopia, project success plays a critical role for the national economy through comprehensive
physical development in the construction sector. The Ethiopian government is paying high attention to the
construction industry in order to guarantee project success and promote the nation's quick economic
growth as it moves toward higher economic levels. Factors affecting the effects of contract payment delay
on government construction project success is a significant national concern. This study aims to examine
Factors affecting the effects of contract payment delays on government construction project success.
Recently, studies in Ethiopia highlighted that many government construction projects faced contract
payment delays. Similarly, the Mehal Meda City government construction project is delayed three times
more than the baseline plan due to a payment delay. Even though numerous academics have noted that
government construction projects are to encounter many challenges, the correlation effects between
independent variables are not investigated. So, the researcher was inspired to fill the knowledge gaps of
the correlation factors between each independent variable by locating relevant different literature. As a
result, the payment delay showed a negative effect on project success, whereas the other variables
indicated positive outcomes. Although the findings illustrate that all variables were significant, payment
delay has the strongest impact. Lastly, in the study area, the project success effects were only explained
by the independent variables by 70%, while the remaining 30% are affected by other variables that are
out of the control of this study.

Keywords: contractor, client, consultant, project success, payment delay, contract, government
construction, Mehal Meda City
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

This chapter covers the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives of
the study, and the research questions, as well as the whole arrangement of the scope of the study,
the significance of the study, and the definition of terms.

1.1. Background of the study

The construction industry is the engine of the national economy through which the total of
physical development is achieved. Widespread investment in manufacturing, agriculture, or
service sectors cannot be contemplated without the foundational infrastructure provided by the
construction industry (Chit Kara, 2019).

According to the Construction Contractors Association of Ethiopia (2013), the Growth and
Transformation Plan (GTP) is a pivotal strategy designed to foster rapid economic growth and
facilitate the country's transition to a higher economic level. Since 1991, Ethiopia has undergone
significant economic liberalization, transitioning from a state-controlled economy to a more
market-oriented framework. This shift has been accompanied by various policies and initiatives
aimed at transforming the nation into a middle-income country by 2025. Research conducted by
Worku (2017) the Ethiopian government has prioritized infrastructure development as a
cornerstone of its growth strategy, recognizing that robust construction activities are essential for
supporting broader economic initiatives. This emphasis on construction is intended to improve
access to essential services and stimulate local economies.

According to Ayalew (2018) indicates that the GTP has led to substantial investments in
infrastructure, which are crucial for supporting economic growth. These investments have not
only aimed to enhance physical infrastructure but also to create job opportunities and improve
the overall living standards of Ethiopians. The financial sources for those projects typically
include bank loans, city budgets, and down payments from beneficiaries, but the construction
sector faces critical challenges, particularly regarding contract payment delay. These factors
contributing to delay include poorly organized plans, inadequate project designs, insufficient
budgetary resources, and a lack of skilled labor, which can lead to numerous delays in project
completion.
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According to Teshome (2019) payment delays can significantly hinder the success of
government projects, causing financial strain on contractors and resulting in project delays.
These issues can impede the broader economic objectives outlined in the GTP, undermining
progress towards a middle-income status. Moreover, Zewdu (2021) points out that insufficient
funding, mismanagement of resources, and external factors such as cost escalations, inflation,
and corruption are issues that make it difficult for projects to adhere to their original budgets.
Delays in contract payments exacerbate the situation, leading to increased time-related costs and
project inefficiencies. Recent studies have shown that such payment delays can significantly
impact project timelines and overall quality, ultimately affecting customer satisfaction and
project outcomes.

In the Ethiopian context, Ayalew (2018) notes that the construction industry faces significant
challenges related to cost overruns, which are a universal issue in construction projects, affecting
both developed and developing countries. These significant challenges are related to an increase
in costs (71.8%), rescheduling and re-sequencing of work (69.2%), and extensions of time
(63.6%). Furthermore, these delays deter early project completion (53.8%) and negatively impact
productivity and efficiency (70.1%). These issues often result in frequent disputes and claims,
which can lead to arbitration, litigation, and even abandonment of entire projects. The previous
studies conducted focus on addressing contract payment delay, which is vital for enhancing
project success in the construction sector as it directly influences the essential dimensions of
time, cost, and quality, which are significant barriers to achieving timely and cost-effective
projects.

Nowadays in Mehal Meda City, the government initiative construction project (MCGICP) faces
significant challenges due to contract payment delay, which led to the effect of financial
difficulties, relationship gaps, and project quality issues. As a result, this research aims to
contribute to filling the existing gaps of contract payment delay in the Mehal Meda city
government construction project office.
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1.2. Statement of the Problem

Recently, studies in Ethiopia highlighted that many projects have faced extensive payment
delays, which often exceed initial payment estimates. For instance, research conducted by
Tekalign (2014) reported that 79.06% of government construction projects in Ethiopia failed to
meet their objectives, resulting in an average delay of 26.2%. Furthermore, the delays extended
to three times the actual plan, with an average delay found to be 89.9%. Similarly, research
conducted by Almutairi (2019) indicates that payment delays are a leading cause of disputes in
construction projects, significantly impacting project timelines and financial stability.

According to Werku (2016) the major causes of project delays in Ethiopian construction include
several critical factors. The researcher focused on six key delay factors that decisively influence
project outcomes: delays in progress payments, late delivery of materials, corruption, inflation,
ineffective project planning, and external factors. In Ethiopia, only 8.25% of construction
projects have been completed on their original targeted completion dates, while the remaining
91.75% experienced delays that were, on average, three times longer than the contractual time.
The multiple effects of delays in construction projects often manifest as time overruns, cost
overruns, poor quality, strained public relations, and disputes or claims. Ultimately, the
efficiency progress of a project is measured in terms of cost, time, and quality, and delays are
often seen as an unavoidable aspect of construction project management. Moreover, Saiful Islam
(2017), several critical factors contribute to these delays, including delays in progress payments
by owners, contractors' cash flow problems, improper planning and scheduling, poor site
management, and change orders, particularly in developing countries.

Recent studies have continued to explore these issues with Ibrahim (2023) emphasizing the need
for effective payment management strategies to mitigate delays; further analysis revealed that
implementing prompt payment policies could reduce the frequency and impact of delays and
provided a comprehensive framework for managing payment processes to enhance project
success. A study by Al-Kharashi (2022) further corroborated these findings, revealing that delays
in payment not only affect project schedules but also lead to increased costs and strained
relationships between contractors and government entities, and addressing payment delays could
significantly improve project outcomes.
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The effect of contract payment delays on the success of government construction projects is a
significant concern globally. Payment delays in construction projects are prevalent in both
developed and developing countries. In developed nations, the causes of these delays often stem
from unforeseen conditions such as design changes, financial flow issues between parties, and
price escalations. Conversely, in developing countries, the delays are more frequently associated
with inadequate planning and a lack of preliminary investigations (Ahmed et al., 2003).
Similarly, the Mehal Meda city government initiative construction project, which was started in
2012 and administered by the city construction office, allocated a capital budget of Birr
440,764,764.52 with the contractual agreement that pay contractors Birr 110,191,191.13
annually, with a completion timeframe of only four years. The project has not been completed
for 12 years, which delayed three times more than the baseline plan due to payment delays.
Furthermore, this payment delay influenced a significant negative impact on government
construction project progress. Although previous studies reveal that contract payment delays
have a significant effect on government construction projects, the correlation effects between
variables are not investigated. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the influence of
contract payment delay on project success, which will inspire filling knowledge gaps of the
correlation effects between each variable. Finally, the study utilized the SPSS v-26 software
package to examine correlations between each variable.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess Factors affecting the effects of contract payment
delay on government construction projects success in the Mehal Meda city construction office.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

1. To identify factors that affects the effect of payment delay on project success in the study area.
2. To identify contract types that result in payment delays on project success in the study area.

3. To examine government agency roles to reduce the effects of payment delay on project
success.

1.3.3. Research questions

1. What are the factors that affect the effect of payment delay on project success?
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2. Which contract types result in payment delay on project success in the study area?

3. What are the government agencies expected to do to reduce the effects of payment delay on
project success?

1.4. Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to assess the effect of contract payment delay in the Mehal Meda
City government construction project success, which potentially enhances regulatory
frameworks, improves operational efficiency, and contributes to theoretical advancements in the
field. By identifying the impact of payment delay, the research can inform policymakers in
developing clearer regulations that ensure timely payments, thereby fostering accountability and
trust between government entities and contractors. Therefore, the study brings sources of
information for owners, contractors, clients, and consultants to give up-to-date information to fill
practical gaps of payment delays and learn lessons to decide corrective measures to the
weaknesses in the study. Practically, the findings help construction firms optimize and
implement proactive communication strategies to resolve payment issues. Furthermore,
theoretical contributions include the development of new frameworks linking financial practices
to project outcomes, inviting interdisciplinary insights, and paving the way for future research.
Ultimately, the study serves as a vital resource for researchers and policymakers’ alike, guiding
informed decision-making that can lead to improved project success.

1.5. Scope of the Study

The scope of the study focused on assessing payment issues in government construction projects.
The study empirically showed on government-funded construction projects, examining the
experiences of contractors, clients, and consultants to identify patterns and correlations between
payment delays, project timelines, cost overruns, and quality of work. Theoretically, the study
aims to contribute to existing frameworks in project management and financial practices by
exploring the relationship between payment behaviors and project success outcomes, thereby
enriching academic discourse and providing a foundation for future research in this area.
Additionally, by integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the study seeks to
provide a comprehensive understanding of how payment delays affect project success and to
offer actionable recommendations for improving practices in the field. The study used identified
theoretical and empirical evidence collected from CCC, as well as additional document analysis
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covering the period from 2012 to 2024. So, this comprehensive approach is used to gain
actionable insights into payment practices and enhance effectiveness in government construction
projects.

1.6. Definition of terms and concepts

Contract: A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties where one
party agrees to perform specific tasks or provide goods or services in exchange for payment
(Darwish. 2017).

Payment: In the context of construction, payment refers to the monetary compensation provided
to contractors for their work (Ameer-Ali., 2005).

Delay: A delay is defined as an event or occurrence that affects the time required to complete a
task. In construction projects, delays are common and can lead to disputes, increased costs, and
project abandonment (Ahmed et al., 1999).

Consultants mean the supervision operation is carried out by private architectural and
engineering companies.

A contractor is a firm that is hired by the government to undertake the construction works for
project units.

1.7. Organization of the study

This study will be categorized into five chapters. The first chapter covers the background of the
study, the statement of the problem, the objective of the study, research questions, definitions of
terms, and the significance of the study, whereas the second covers a review of theoretical and
empirically related perspectives and arguments The third chapter would discuss methodological
aspects of research design, sampling techniques and methods of analysis of the study. Chapter
four also focuses on data analysis, discussions, and interpretations. The last chapter deals with
findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
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CHAPTER TWO

RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

In chapter two, the literature review delves into the effects of contract payment delays on project
success. This section synthesizes existing empirical research and theoretical frameworks that
highlight the complexities surrounding payment delay within the construction sector. Numerous
studies have documented that delayed payments can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes;
including increased project costs, reduced quality, and extended timelines. The literature reveals
that the interplay between factors such as contract type, payment mechanisms, and the
operational efficiency of government agencies plays a pivotal role in shaping these outcomes.
This section covers the process of identifying, selecting, analyzing, and synthesizing literature
reviews that are relevant to topic variables.

2.1. Theoretical review

2.1.1. Concepts of contract payment delay

Recent studies have underscored the importance of addressing contract payment delays to
enhance project outcomes. For instance, a 2023 study emphasized that effective contract
management practices, including timely payments, are crucial for minimizing delays and
ensuring project completion within the planned schedule (Zhang et al., 2023). Additionally,
research from 2021 highlighted that contract payment delays not only impact financial health but
also affect overall project performance and stakeholder satisfaction (Smith et al., 2021). Contract
payment delays pose significant challenges to the success of government construction projects.
Research indicates that such delays can drastically affect project timelines, costs, and overall
performance. This disruption not only affects the immediate project but can also have a
cascading effect on subsequent phases, leading to extended project durations. Furthermore, when
contractors face financial difficulties due to late payments, the quality of work may suffer as they
may resort to cost-cutting measures, ultimately affecting the project's overall quality and success.
The effects of contractor’s payment delays on project success are significant. Delayed payments
can disrupt a contractor's cash flow, making it challenging to pay subcontractors and suppliers,
which can lead to work stoppages and project delays (Lee J. &., 2022).
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2.1.2. Types of Contracts

2.1.2.1. Lump Sum Contracts

In the context of lump sum contracts, the effects of contract payment delays on government
construction project success have been examined by various authors. For example, Smith (2020)
highlights that lump sum contract, while providing clarity on project costs, can be particularly
sensitive to payment delays. They argue that when payments are not made on time, contractors
may face significant cash flow issues, which can lead to delays in procuring materials and hiring
labor. This financial strain can force contractors to prioritize cash management over quality
control, potentially compromising project standards and timelines. Furthermore, Smith
emphasize that such delays can erode trust between contractors and government agencies,
leading to strained relationships and increased conflict. Their findings underscore the necessity
for timely payment practices to enhance the overall success of projects executed under lump sum
contracts.

2.1.2.2. Cost plus Contracts

In the context of cost-plus contracts, the effects of contract payment delays on government
construction project success have been explored by various authors. For instance, Nguyen (2018)
argues that while cost-plus contracts offer flexibility in managing unforeseen expenses, delays in
payments can create significant challenges for contractors. They emphasize that such delays can
disrupt the flow of funds necessary for ongoing project activities, leading to cash flow problems
that impede the timely procurement of materials and labor. This financial uncertainty can result
in decreased contractor motivation and productivity, ultimately impacting project timelines and
quality. Furthermore, Nguyen highlight that consistent and timely payments are essential for
fostering a cooperative relationship between contractors and government agencies, which is
crucial for the successful execution of cost-plus contracts. Their research underscores the
importance of effective payment practices in maintaining project momentum and achieving
desired outcomes.

2.1.2.3. Unit Price Contracts

In the context of unit price contracts, the effects of contract payment delays on government
construction project success have been examined by various authors. For example, Lee (2019)
asserts that unit price contracts, which compensate contractors based on the quantity of work
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completed, are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of payment delays. They argue that such
delays can disrupt the workflow and scheduling of projects, as contractors may hesitate to
mobilize resources without assurance of timely payments. This uncertainty can lead to
inefficiencies, increased costs, and potential disputes over work quantities and payment amounts.
Lee further emphasize that consistent and timely payments are essential for maintaining
contractor motivation and ensuring that projects progress as planned. Their findings illustrate
that effective payment practices are critical in unit price contracts to mitigate risks and enhance
overall project success in government construction initiatives.

2.1.2.4. Design Build Contracts

In the context of design-build contracts, the effects of contract payment delays on government
construction project success have been explored by various authors. For instance, Zhang (2021)
argues that design-build contracts, which integrate both design and construction phases under a
single contract, are significantly impacted by payment delays. They highlight that such delays
can disrupt the collaborative dynamics between designers and builders, leading to
miscommunication and coordination issues. Zhang emphasize that when payments are delayed, it
creates uncertainty that affects planning and resource allocation, ultimately jeopardizing project
timelines and quality. Furthermore, they point out that maintaining a positive working
relationship is crucial for the success of design-build projects; therefore, timely payments are
essential to foster trust and ensure that all parties remain committed to project objectives. Their
findings reinforce the idea that effective financial management is key to achieving successful
outcomes in design-build contracts.

2.2. Empirical review

In the realm of empirical literature reviews concerning the effects of contract payment delays on
government construction project success, Almutairi (2019) provides a thorough examination of
the issue. They argue that payment delays are a significant factor contributing to project
inefficiencies and disputes within the construction sector. Their review highlights that delayed
payments can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes, including increased project costs, reduced
contractor morale, and ultimately, project failure. Almutairi emphasize the importance of
understanding the contractual frameworks and payment mechanisms in place, noting that certain
contract types may exacerbate the impact of payment delays. They advocate for the
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implementation of more robust payment policies and practices that ensure timely disbursements,
which can significantly enhance project success rates. Their findings underscore the necessity for
government agencies to prioritize efficient payment processes as a means to mitigate the adverse
effects of payment delays on construction projects. The effect of contract payment delays on
government construction project success Adaku (2024) provides a comprehensive analysis that
underscores the multifaceted implications of payment delays. Their systematic review identifies
key themes related to the causes and effects of payment delays, as well as potential mitigation
strategies. Adaku argue that delayed payments can lead to significant disruptions in project
timelines, increased costs, and deteriorating relationships between contractors and government
agencies. They emphasize that the financial strain caused by payment delays often forces
contractors to halt work or reduce their workforce, which can compromise project quality and
lead to further delays. Additionally, the authors highlight that the lack of timely payments can
erode trust and collaboration between stakeholders, ultimately jeopardizing the success of
government construction projects. Their findings suggest that addressing payment delays through
improved contract management and timely disbursement practices is essential for enhancing
project outcomes and ensuring the sustainability of the construction industry.

2. 2.1. Factors that the effect on contract payment delay

The study of factors that the effects of contract payment delays on government construction
project success Thompson (2021) provides a comprehensive analysis. He argues that payment
delays, types of contracts, and government agency efficiency not only threaten the financial
stability of contractors but also significantly hinder project progress and quality. Thompson
highlights that when payments are not received on time, contractors may struggle to pay their
subcontractors and suppliers, leading to potential work stoppages and resource shortages. This
disruption can cascade through the project timeline, resulting in missed deadlines and increased
costs. Furthermore, Thompson emphasizes that the psychological impact on contractors,
stemming from financial uncertainty, can lead to decreased motivation and lower quality of
work. His research illustrates that timely payments are crucial for maintaining healthy contractor
relationships and ensuring the smooth execution of government construction projects. In the
literature, the effect of contract payment delay on government construction project success is
accounted for by several criteria. These previous experiences have revealed that the longer-term
project success is determined by the following effects:
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2.2.1.1. Payment Delay

In the context of payment delay duration and its effects on government construction project
success, Martinez (2020) offers critical insights. They argue that the duration of payment delays
directly correlates with the adverse effects on project performance, emphasizing that prolonged
delays can severely disrupt project timelines and financial planning. Martinez explain that when
contractors face extended payment delays, they often experience cash flow challenges that can
lead to the scaling back of operations, including reducing workforce size and delaying
procurement of essential materials. This situation not only jeopardizes the project's schedule but
also increases the risk of project failure due to compromised quality and safety standards.
Additionally, they highlight that longer payment delays can erode trust between contractors and
government entities, leading to strained relationships that can further complicate project
execution. Their findings underscore the necessity for timely payment mechanisms to mitigate
the impacts of delays and enhance overall project success.

2.2.1.2. Type of Contract

In examining the effects of contract payment delays based on the type of contract, Robinson
(2022) provides insightful analysis. They argue that different contract types, such as fixed-price,
cost-plus, and unit price contracts, exhibit varying degrees of vulnerability to payment delays.
Robinson highlights that in fixed-price contracts, delays can create significant financial strain for
contractors, as they are obligated to complete the project within a set budget without the
flexibility to adjust for increased costs due to delayed payments. This can lead to reduced quality
and potential project abandonment. Conversely, they note that cost-plus contracts may provide
some buffer against payment delays, as contractors can claim additional costs; however,
prolonged delays can still disrupt cash flow and affect contractor motivation. Their
comprehensive study emphasizes that understanding the implications of contract types on
payment delay duration is essential for effective project management and ensuring successful
outcomes in government construction projects.

2.2.1.3. Government Agency Efficiency

In the context of government agency efficiency and its relation to contract payment delays, Chen
(2019) provides notable insights. They argue that the efficiency of government agencies in
managing construction contracts is crucial for minimizing payment delays, which can have
 P a g e | 12

significant repercussions on project success. Chen emphasize that bureaucratic inefficiencies,

such as slow processing times and inadequate communication channels, often exacerbate
payment delays. These delays can lead to financial instability for contractors, which in turn affect
their ability to deliver projects on time and within budget. Furthermore, they point out that when
payment processes are streamlined and agencies prioritize timely disbursements, it fosters a more
collaborative environment between contractors and government entities. This improved
efficiency not only enhances contractor motivation but also contributes to higher project quality
and completion rates. Their findings highlight the critical role of government agency efficiency
in mitigating the adverse effects of payment delays on construction project outcomes.

2.2.2. Contract payment delay and government construction project success.

In exploring factors that the effects of contract payment delays on government construction
project success, provide a comprehensive perspective. Thompson (2021) highlights that when
payments are not received on time, contractors may struggle to pay their subcontractors and
suppliers, leading to potential work stoppages and resource shortages. This disruption can
cascade through the project timeline, resulting in missed deadlines and increased costs.
Furthermore, Thompson emphasizes that the psychological impact on contractors, stemming
from financial uncertainty, can lead to decreased motivation and lower quality of work. His
research illustrates that timely payments are crucial for maintaining healthy contractor
relationships and ensuring the smooth execution of government construction projects. They
argue that payment delays can significantly undermine the overall success of construction
projects by affecting both financial and operational aspects. Thompson highlight that when
payments are delayed, contractors often face cash flow issues, which can lead to project
slowdowns and increased costs. This financial strain can force contractors to make difficult
decisions, such as cutting corners on quality or halting work altogether. Additionally, they
emphasize that these delays can create a ripple effect, leading to strained relationships between
contractors and government agencies, which complicates future collaborations. Their research
underscores that timely payments are essential not only for maintaining project schedules and
budgets but also for fostering positive working relationships that are critical for long-term project
success in the public sector (Thompson et al., 2020).

2.2.2.1. Payment delay and government construction project success

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In the analysis of payment delays and their impact on government construction project success
Patel (2020) significant insights. He argues that payment delays are a critical factor that can
derail project timelines and lead to cost overruns. Patel emphasizes that when contractors do not
receive timely payments, it can trigger a series of negative consequences, including cash flow
disruptions that impede their ability to procure materials and pay subcontractors. This situation
often results in project delays, as contractors may be forced to halt work or reduce their
workforce to manage financial strain. Moreover, Patel notes that these delays can erode trust
between contractors and government agencies, creating a contentious environment that
complicates communication and collaboration. His research highlights the importance of
establishing efficient payment processes to enhance project success, suggesting that timely
payments are essential not only for maintaining financial stability but also for fostering a positive
working relationship that ultimately contributes to the successful completion of government
construction projects.

2.2.2.2. Type of Contract and government construction project success

Examine the relationship between the type of contract and government construction project
success Nguyen et al., (2021) present valuables insights. They argue that the nature of the
contract significantly influences how payment delays affect project outcomes. Nguyen highlight
that fixed-price contracts tend to be more susceptible to the negative impacts of payment delays,
as contractors often bear the risk of cost overruns without the ability to adjust prices. This can
lead to financial strain and a decline in project quality if contractors are unable to secure
necessary resources on time. Conversely, in cost-plus contracts, while contractors may have
more flexibility to cover delays, prolonged payment issues can still disrupt their cash flow and
operational efficiency. Their analysis stresses the importance of selecting the appropriate
contract type to mitigate the risks associated with payment delays, suggesting that government
agencies need to consider these dynamics carefully to enhance project success and ensure timely
and efficient execution in construction projects.

2.2.2.3. Government Agency Efficiency and government construction project success

In the context of government agency efficiency and its impact on government construction
project success Johnson et al. (2018) provide important insights. They argue that the operational
efficiency of government agencies plays a pivotal role in mitigating the effects of payment
 P a g e | 14

delays on construction projects. Johnson highlight that inefficiencies within government

processes such as slow approval times, bureaucratic red tape, and inadequate communication
often lead to delayed payments, which can significantly disrupt project timelines and contractor
cash flow. They emphasize that when agencies streamline their payment processes and enhance
interdepartmental collaboration they not only facilitate timely payments but also build trust with
contractors. This trust is essential for fostering a cooperative working environment that
ultimately contributes to better project outcomes. Their research underscores the necessity for
government entities to prioritize efficiency in their operations to ensure that construction projects
succeed and meet intended goals without the detrimental effects of payment delays.

2.2.3. The concept of government construction project success

The concept of government construction project success in relation to contract payment delays
has been explored in detail by various authors. For instance Alinaitwe (2018) emphasize that
timely payments are crucial for sustaining contractor engagement and ensuring adherence to
project schedules. They argue that delays in payments can create a ripple effect, leading to cash
flow issues that hinder contractors' ability to procure materials and pay labor. This financial
instability can compromise the quality of work, increase the likelihood of project delays, and
ultimately affect the project's overall success. Furthermore, Alinaitwe highlight that consistent
payment practices foster a collaborative environment, enhancing communication and trust
among stakeholders, which is essential for achieving project objectives. Their findings reinforce
the idea that effective financial management is key to mitigating the adverse effects of payment
delays in government construction projects.

2.3. Summary and Knowledge gaps

Based on the literature review presented in chapter two, several research gaps emerge regarding
factors that the effects of contract payment delays on government construction project success.
These gaps highlight areas where further investigation could enhance understanding and improve
practices within the construction industry. One significant gap is the need for more
comprehensive empirical studies that quantify the impacts of payment delays across various
types of contracts. While Alinaitwe (2018) emphasizes the importance of timely payments for
sustaining contractor engagement and project schedules, there is a lack of detailed analysis
comparing the effects of payment delays in different contractual frameworks, such as fixed-price,
 P a g e | 15

cost-plus, and unit price contracts. For instance, Lee (2019) discusses how unit price contracts
are particularly vulnerable to payment delays, yet there is insufficient data on how these delays
specifically affect project timelines, costs, and quality across diverse contract types in various
geographical contexts. This gap suggests a need for comparative studies that analyze the
implications of payment delays in different contractual frameworks, which could provide
valuable insights for policymakers and project managers aiming to select the most effective
contract types for specific projects. Furthermore, while the literature acknowledges the
psychological impact of payment delays on contractors, as highlighted by Thompson (2021)
there is a lack of research exploring the long-term effects of these delays on contractor morale
and productivity. The findings of Zhang (2021) indicate that payment delays can lead to
decreased motivation and lower quality of work, but further studies are needed to investigate
how prolonged financial uncertainty affects contractor relationships and overall project
performance over time. Understanding these dynamics could inform strategies for maintaining
contractor engagement and motivation, particularly in projects with extended timelines or
complex payment structures. Another critical area for further research is the role of leadership in
managing payment delays. According to Thompson (2019) it emphasizes the importance of
proactive leadership in fostering open communication and accountability among project
stakeholders. However, there is limited exploration of how can influence the management of
payment delays and their subsequent effects on project success. Investigating the relationship
between leadership approaches and contractor performance in the context of payment delays
could provide valuable insights for developing targeted leadership training programs that equip
project managers with the skills necessary to navigate these challenges effectively. Additionally,
while Kivrak (2020) proposes a conceptual framework identifying key variables influencing
project outcomes, such as financial stability and stakeholder engagement, there is a lack of
research examining how these variables interact with each other in the context of payment
delays. For example, while financial instability due to delayed payments is well documented, the
interplay between financial health and stakeholder trust remains under researched.
Understanding this relationship could provide deeper insights into how payment practices affect
overall project dynamics and stakeholder collaboration, ultimately leading to improved project
success rates. Moreover, the existing literature primarily focuses on the immediate effects of
payment delays, such as increased costs and project delays, as noted by (Adaku 2024). However,
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there is a lack of longitudinal studies that examine the long-term consequences of payment
delays on contractor relationships and industry sustainability. While he highlight the need for a
systematic review of the causes and effects of payment delays, further investigation into the
long-term impacts on contractor viability and industry reputation is essential. Such studies could
inform the development of policies aimed at promoting timely payments and fostering a more
sustainable construction industry. Lastly, while the literature acknowledges the importance of
effective payment practices, there is a gap in research focusing on the implementation of
innovative payment mechanisms, such as digital payment systems and performance-based
payment models. Nguyen et al. emphasize the need for consistent and timely payments, yet there
is limited exploration of how technology can facilitate these processes. Investigating the
potential of digital solutions to streamline payment practices and enhance transparency could
provide valuable insights for improving project outcomes and contractor satisfaction.

2.4. Conceptual Framework

In the context of developing a conceptual framework for understanding the effects of contract
payment delays on government construction project success, the work of Kivrak et al., (2020) is
particularly insightful. They propose a comprehensive framework that identifies the key
variables influencing project outcomes in the face of payment delays. According to Kivrak et al.,
the framework encompasses several dimensions: financial stability, project performance,
stakeholder engagement, and regulatory compliance. The authors argue that financial stability is
significantly impacted by payment delays, leading to cash flow issues that can hinder a
contractor's ability to procure materials and pay laborers, ultimately resulting in project delays
and increased costs. Furthermore, they highlight that project performance is directly correlated
with the timeliness of payments; delays can lead to reduced quality of work as contractors may
rush to meet deadlines or cut corners due to financial pressures. Kivrak also emphasize the
importance of stakeholder engagement, noting that payment delays can erode trust and
collaboration between contractors and government entities, which are essential for effective
project execution. Lastly, the framework addresses regulatory compliance, suggesting that
adherence to timely payment practices is crucial for maintaining project integrity and success. By
integrating these elements, Kivrak provide a robust conceptual framework that illustrates the
multifaceted impacts of contract payment delays on government construction projects,
advocating for improved payment practices to enhance overall project success.
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Finally, this conceptual framework implies the relationship between independent and dependent
variables regarding factors that the effects of contract payment delay on the success of the Mehal
Meda City government construction project.

Independent variables Dependent variable

Payment Delay
Government construction
project success
Type of Contract
o Time Overruns
o Cost Overruns
Government o Quality of Work
Agency Efficiency

Figure 1: Conceptual framework of the study

Source: Adopted and Modified from (Hassan, 2020)
In examining the relationship between payment delay duration, type of contract, and government
agency efficiency within the conceptual framework of contract payment delays' effects on
government construction project success, it becomes evident that these independent variables
interact in complex ways. Payment delay duration significantly influences project outcomes;
longer delays can lead to cash flow issues for contractors, impacting their ability to procure
resources and maintain workforce stability. This situation is exacerbated by the type of contract
in place. For instance, fixed-price contracts may place additional pressure on contractors to
deliver within a set budget and timeline, making them more vulnerable to the adverse effects of
payment delays. In contrast, cost-reimbursable contracts may provide some relief, as they allow
for adjustments based on incurred costs, but they can also lead to disputes over what constitutes
reimbursable expenses. Furthermore, the efficiency of the government agency plays a crucial
role in mediating these effects. An efficient agency can streamline payment processes, ensuring
timely disbursements that mitigate the negative impacts of payment delays. Conversely,
inefficiencies in government processes can prolong payment delays, thereby exacerbating the
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challenges faced by contractors. The interplay between these variables suggests that addressing
payment delays requires a holistic approach that considers the type of contract and the
operational efficiency of government agencies, ultimately aiming to enhance project success and
stakeholder satisfaction in the construction sector.
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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the research methodology in order to achieve the objective of the study.
The chapter begins with the philosophical paradigm of pragmatism, which guides the study. The
study includes the research design, the approach, the description, the target population, data
collection procedures, and analytical methods. Furthermore, it considers the validity and
reliability of the effect of contract payment delay in the study area.

3.1. Research paradigm

A good understanding of research philosophy helps researchers to establish the research plan
from the start, choose suitable methods, adequately deal with challenges related to the research,
and learn new ways of doing things that have not been encountered before (Smith 2021).
Although the literature illustrates paradigms differently, interpreted either in a narrower or in a
wider sense, they are generally regarded as a system of ideas or a worldview used by a
community of researchers to generate knowledge. Furthermore, Creswell (2017) emphasizes that
a comprehensive understanding of both qualitative and quantitative research methods allows
researchers to tailor their approaches to the specific context of their study. This adaptability is
particularly important when examining the impact of payment delays on project success, as it
enables researchers to gather a more nuanced understanding of the factors at play and how they
interact within the construction industry. Therefore, the study used a mixed approach to collect
data through surveys and interviews within the lens of the pragmatism paradigm. This mixed
approach is used to understand the impact of contract payment delay and utilize both quantitative
and qualitative methods to view the full scope of the study.

3.2. Research Approach

The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. This mixed approach was also used to
combine qualitative methods (interviews) with quantitative methods (surveys) to analyze the
effect of payment delay on project success.

Quantitative Methods: It aimed at examining and explaining the reasons for payment delay.
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Qualitative Methods: Semi-structured interviews are conducted to gather insight into the effect of
payment delay. This scientific method encourages contractors, consultants, and clients who are
working on the project to provide information in order to achieve the objectives of the study.
This method focuses on the quantitative and qualitative studies that are concerned with the
design and measurement. Finally, the study enables understanding the implications of payment
delay and employing relevant studies that include qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys
to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue. These two methods are used to gather
experience and insights from different teams and individuals to represent shared insights.

3.3. Research Design

In order to answer the research questions and draw conclusions, the study used an explanatory
sequential design. This sequential design is a mixed-research approach method that involves two
phases. Firstly, it collects quantitative data through surveys that aim to gather numerical data to
identify patterns or relationships related to the research question, and secondly, it conducts
qualitative data to gain deeper insights into the findings. This design is useful for building a more
comprehensive understanding of the effects of contract payment delays. This method starts with
quantitative analysis and then will identify trends or correlations, which will then be further
explored in depth through qualitative methods. This design mostly used quantitative findings to
inform the qualitative phase and help to confirm or elaborate on quantitative results.

3.4. Target Population

In general, the target population for the study is all stakeholders under the Mehal Meda
government construction project office, which includes contractors, clients, and consultants, who
are working on the project.

According to Smith, (2020) suggests the target population for such research typically includes
stakeholders directly involved in construction projects, such as project managers, contractors,
subcontractors, and government officials. These individuals possess firsthand experience and
insights regarding the implications of payment delays on project timelines, financial instability,
and overall project success. By engaging this target population, researchers gather qualitative and
quantitative data that reflect the diverse perspectives and experiences related to contract payment
delays. These participants will be selected for the reason to collect evidence from professionals
who are closely related to payment delay on project success.
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Finally, the total number of workers working under the Mehal Meda government construction
project contractors (103), clients (98), and consultants (29) who are working on the project,
which represented the total population of 230.

3.5. Sampling Techniques

The study used stratified random sampling and purposive sampling methods to collect
quantitative and qualitative data.

According to Brown (2021) investigates the implications of payment delays in government

construction projects. In qualitative research, purposive sampling is an effective method for
selecting participants who have direct experience with these issues. For example, researchers
might interview project managers and contractors who have faced payment delays in government
projects, as their insights would provide valuable qualitative data on the causes and
consequences of such delays. Additionally, in studies examining the impact of contract payment
delays, researchers used stratified random sampling to ensure that different types of construction
projects (e.g., residential, commercial, infrastructure) are adequately represented. This approach
allows for a comprehensive analysis of how payment delays affect various project types. The
technique of stratified sampling ensures that distinct subgroups (or strata) of a population are
sufficiently represented, especially in complex fields like construction, which is used to gain
experiences and insights from various stakeholders (CCC). The stratified random sampling
technique is appropriate to ensure the selection of representatives in the study. Thus, the study
takes a list of stakeholders (CCC) who are working on the project and divides it into three
subgroups (strata) in order to get the value. After getting the value (strata), the stratum is selected
randomly in order to get a sample size. This technique aims to select the appropriate sample units
intentionally for the problem to concern the selection of a subset of individuals from a statistical
population to estimate the characteristics of the whole population. In addition, the purposive
sampling method was used to select experts and to collect qualitative data. Therefore, key
informants of the interview will be selected by the purposive sampling technique. The interview
participants are chosen purposefully to answer semi-structured questionnaires, while survey
respondents are selected by stratified sampling to answer close-structured questionnaires.
Finally, the study used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to collect
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quantitative data from experts by stratified sampling and qualitative information by purposive
sampling technique.

3.6. Sampling Frame

A sampling is a small group of members selected from the target population to represent the total
population. A sampling frame is a population that is found in a list or registered from that is
suitable for the respondent’s selection. It is a subset of a population. This sampling frame
provides a clear overview of requesting information while emphasizing the significance of a
representative sampling frame in the study.

According to Smith (2020) highlighted the sampling frame typically includes a comprehensive
list of all stakeholders involved in government construction projects, such as project managers,
contractors, subcontractors, and government officials. This ensures that the sample accurately
represents the various perspectives and experiences related to contract payment delays. By
utilizing a well-defined sampling frame, researchers can enhance the reliability and validity of
their findings regarding the effects of payment delays on project success. It must be
representative of the target population to ensure that findings are valid and generalizable to
provide a comprehensive overview and emphasize the significance of a sampling frame in the
study. As a result, 230 project workers exist in the study area, and they are registered and
documented in the sampling frame. This enables the researcher to select the target population
after knowing the sample intervals by dividing the total population by the sample size. Finally,
the frame of lists is derived from the sample size by using a random sampling method. Based on
the above, participants were selected by using random sampling methods from contractors,
clients, and consultants to represent the total population of 230.

3.7. Sample Size Determination

This is a method of statistically selecting a representative subset of a population. It is concerned
with the selection of a subset of individuals from the population to estimate characteristics of the
whole population.

According to Smith (2020) that determining an appropriate sampling size is crucial to ensure that
the research findings are statistically significant and representative of the broader population of
stakeholders involved in government construction projects. A well-calculated sampling size
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allows researchers to capture diverse perspectives, including those of project managers,

contractors, and government officials, ensuring that the data reflects the complexities of payment
delays. This methodological rigor enhances the reliability of the study's conclusions regarding
the relationship between contract payment delays and project success.

A researcher will be required to select an appropriate and adequate number of participants from a
research target population. There are several approaches to determining the sample size. In this
study, the sampling formula will be adopted by the Yamane sampling determination formula
(Yamane, 1967). In this study, to determine sample size, use a 90% confidence level and a 5%
margin of error. Statistical data referred to the whole population is determined based on the
following formula proposed by Yamane.
Equation 1: Yamane sampling determination formula

n = N/ (1 + N (e^2)) …………………………………………………… (Equation-1)

Where n = sample size, N = total population, and e = error; therefore,

n = N/(1 + N(e^2)) 230/(1 + 230(0.05)²) = 146

Based on the above formula, the researcher identifies 146 respondents from the target
population.
Table 1: Summary of sample size

S Strata Population Sample Approach Data Sampling

N frame collection techniques
tools
1 Contractors 103 54 quantitative Questionnaire Stratified random
5 5 Qualitative Interview Purposive
2 Clients 98 63 quantitative Questionnaire stratified random
4 4 Qualitative Interview Purposive
3 Consultants 29 29 quantitative Questionnaire stratified random
3 3 Qualitative Interview Purposive
Source: owns survey data 2024
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3.8. Data source and types

This study used both primary and secondary data sources. The employees who are working on
the project to meet the study's goals serve as the main data sources for this paper. For this
purpose, the key informants (CCC) are currently working under the Mehal Meda government
construction project office. On the other hand, secondary sources used project documents
(contractual agreements, payment schedules, and progress reports) to provide valuable data on
the timing and amounts of payments, as well as the actual project performance.

3.9. Method of data collection and analysis

3.9.1. Data collection instrument

The study to understand the effect of contract payment delay on construction project success
used the following data collection instruments:

Questionnaires were used to gather key stakeholders quantitative data on payment delay and
project outcome. The study In order to realize the target, it used a well-designed questionnaire as
the best instrument. The questionnaires were used to collect professional opinions and relevant
data from professionals (CCC) who are working on the project. In this study, 146 close-ended
questionnaires based on the five-point Likert scale model were used in order to identify the
impact of contract payment delay. Questionnaires were used for the collection of quantitative
data from a large number of respondents.

Interviews: Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders were used to gather experiences and
insights of payment delay. The study used a purposive sampling technique with experts to collect
qualitative data. So, a total of 12 interviews were conducted with key stakeholders. Out of a total
of (12) interviews, (5) with contractor experts, (4) with site engineers, and (3) with office
engineers were selected to gather relevant information related to payment delays.

Document Analysis: Reviewing project documentation, such as contractual issues, payment

schedules, and progress reports, gathered objective data regarding the timeline and financial
transactions relative to the projects. This method was convenient as it utilized already available
information of payment delays, CCC agreements, project performance reports, and other
attachments in the construction office from 2012 to 2024. Finally, these three instruments
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aligned with the study objectives, allowing for triangulation of data and a comprehensive view of
the study.

3.9.2. Methods of data analysis

The study used both descriptive and thematic analysis methods. These two techniques were used
to analyze and explain the results of the questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive analysis
(frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential analysis (correlation and
regression analysis) analyze independent and dependent variables, while thematic analysis was
used to analyze qualitative data from interviews and documents. From the sample frame, 146
questionnaires were distributed to participants, and the interviews were used to understand
stakeholder experiences and insights for payment delay. Finally, the data was calculated by using
SPSS v-26 software in this study.

According to Smith (2020) the correlation coefficient typically ranges from -1 to +1, where
values closer to +1 indicate a strong positive correlation, values closer to -1 indicate a strong
negative correlation, and values around 0 suggest no correlation. In the context of this research, a
positive correlation might suggest that as payment delays increase, project success decreases,
highlighting the detrimental impact of such delays on project outcomes.

3.10. Model specification

The multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between contract
payment delays and various success metrics in government construction projects. This statistical
method allowed researchers to assess the impact of multiple independent variables on a
dependent variable, providing insights into how different factors, such as payment delays, affect
project outcomes. By utilizing multiple linear regressions, the study can quantify the strength and
direction of these relationships, thereby offering valuable recommendations for improving
project management practices and minimizing the adverse effects of payment delays.

According to Smith (2021) hypothetical model, the regression equation could be expressed
through the unstandardized coefficient B values: Project Success = β0 + β1 (Payment Delay) +
β2 (Types of Contract) + β3 (Government Agency Efficiency) + ε,
Equation 2: The formula of regression equation
Y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + ϵ ……………………….. ……………. (Equation-2)
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Where

Y = project success (dependent variable)

β0 = the intercept or constant, and β1, β2, and β3 are the coefficients for each independent
variable, with ε representing the error term

X1-X3 = the predictor variables partial change coefficients

The model provides understanding of the dynamics between contract payment delays and the
success of government construction projects. This model helps to identify interventions to
improve project outcomes. This study used SPSS v-26 software appropriately.

3.11. Operational definition of variables

According to Mahamid (2021) contract payment delay is measured as the number of days
between the scheduled payment date and the actual payment date. A positive value indicates an
early payment, while a negative value indicates delay. In this context, a Likert scale was used to
measure responses from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for providing ordinal data for
analysis. Payment delay: measured by the number of days between the submission of a valid
invoice and the actual payment made by the government entity, like non-payment, late payment,
and partial payment.

Project success: - these are typically quantified through various indicators, including:
Completion time: measured by the actual time taken to complete the project compared to the
planned schedule. Budget adherence is assessed by comparing the final project costs against the
initial budget estimates. Quality of work: this is measured through inspection reports, compliance
with specifications, and the number of defects or rework required post-completion.

Contract Payment Delay

Project Success metrics

 Measured in days (Interval Scale)  Time Completion (%)

 Positive value = delay  Cost overrun (%)
 Negative value = early Payment  Quality of Work (%)
 Likert Scale (1 to 5)  Likert Scale (1 to 5)
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Figure 2: The operational measurement of variables

Source: owns serve data 2024
These operational definitions and scale measurements provide a structured framework for
analyzing the impact of contract payment delays on the success of government construction
projects, facilitating empirical research and data analysis.

3.12. Reliability test and validity

Research questionnaires are instruments for gathering the data required for the study. This
questionnaire should be tested as a pilot study before the actual data collection to make sure
respondents have no trouble answering the questions. As a result, the researcher should examine
the validity and reliability of the survey.

According to Falqi (2020) reliability is demonstrated by using a robust methodology that

includes both qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to assess the frequency and impact
of payment delays in public construction projects. Both studies emphasize the importance of
addressing payment delays to enhance project performance and stakeholder satisfaction,
providing a solid foundation for further research in this area.

3.12.1. Validity
Validity focuses on the accuracy of responses that possess internal validity, which refers to the
extent to which the change in the dependent variables is caused by the explanatory variables. The
research accurately measures the impact of payment delays on project outcomes.

According to Smith (2021) studies emphasize the importance of addressing payment delays to
enhance project performance.

3.12.2. Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of the results obtained from a study over time and across
various contexts. For example, Falqi (2020), a robust methodology that included both qualitative
interviews and quantitative data collections allows for cross-validation of findings regarding the
impact of payment delays on project success. The consistency of results across different
methodologies and stakeholder perspectives enhances the reliability of their conclusions,
indicating that payment delays are a persistent issue affecting project outcomes. These studies
collectively affirm the reliability of the research findings, emphasizing the need for effective
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payment management in government construction projects. The author utilized Cronbach's alpha
as a reliability test for their survey instrument, achieving a coefficient of 0.87. This high value
indicates strong internal consistency among the items measuring the effects of payment delays
on project outcomes. The study used Cronbach's alpha, reporting a reliability coefficient of 0.84.
This suggests that the survey items used to assess the impact of payment delays were reliable and
consistent, reinforcing the study's conclusions about the relationship between payment issues and
project success. In their work, Zikmund (2010) discusses the importance of Cronbach's alpha as
a measure of reliability for survey instruments. They note that a Cronbach's alpha value closer to
1 indicates high reliability, with values below 0.60 considered poor, those between 0.70 and 0.80
deemed acceptable, and values above 0.80 classified as good. The reliability of 27-item questions
was tested on 15 "project workers" in the Mehal Meda City government construction office.
Table 2: Reliablity test

Reliability statistics
Cronbach's alpha N of items
0.85 4
Sources: SPSS outputs 2024

To ensure the internal consistency of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficients should be
calculated for each dependent and independent variable measurement item. So we can see it in
table 3 below, as follows:
Table 3: Inter-items reliability test

Item-total statistics
Considered No. of Correlated Squared Cronbach's Decisions
variables items item total multiple alpha if item
correlation correlation deleted
Payment delay 8 0.60 0.36 0.82 Good
Types of contract 5 0.55 0.30 0.78 Acceptabl
e
G/agency efficacy 6 0.70 0.49 0.85 Good
Project success 8 0.65 0.42 0.83 Good
Sources: SPSS outputs 2024
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According to table 3, the Cranach’s alpha for all variables is greater than 0.7, which shows
measurement items have strong internal consistency. three variables, namely payment delay,
government agency efficacy, and government construction project success, have a Cronbach's
alpha greater than 0.8, which is recommended as a good value, and the remaining contract types
have a Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7, which is acceptable.

Finally, the study of contract payment delay, which mixed quantitative data with qualitative
insights, encourages both reliability and validity by providing a more comprehensive view of the
issue.

3.13. Ethical considerations

The researcher should respect the research ethical codes of conduct that are universally accepted.
The basic principle of ethical research is to maintain and protect the human dignity and rights of
all subjects involved in the research participation. To confirm this ethical principle, the
researcher should rely on informed consent with informing the aim of the study. The researcher
should inform the participants that their information would be kept private and would be only
used for study purposes. Anyone who did not want to participate or bring information was not
compelled to do so. For the response's security, the name was not written on the questionnaire
paper. All data and evidence, which have been recorded through this study from participants,
were kept secret. The interviews were done consciously in a secure manner. Therefore, the
confidentiality of the information obtained from the participants is maintained.
 P a g e | 30

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter explains how questionnaires were distributed, collected, and analyzed by
practitioners who are working on the project. This section includes survey responses,
demographic characteristics, summarized statistical results, measurement items, correlation and
regression analysis, and thematic analysis techniques. Hence, this presentation, analysis, and
discussion were based on factual data about the effect of contract payment delays on project
success. The data were collected from clients, consultants, and contractors to gain the actual
response. The data were analyzed by descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard
deviation) and inferential (correlation and regression) analysis results of independent and
dependent variables using SPSS v-26 software in this study. Next to that, thematic analysis was
used to examine the success of qualitative data sources. Finally, this section comprises two basic
information parts. The first part presents the demographic characteristics of respondents, and the
second part covers detailed analysis and discussion of the data collected from the questionnaires
and document analysis.

4.1. Response rate

The survey was distributed on the site in order to collect the required information from each
respondent. The questionnaires were mainly distributed to professionals (CCCO) who were
working on the project. This study used the relative importance index (RII) tool to find the
correlation between each effect of contract payment delay. The data was collected by tabulating,
analyzing, and interpreting using descriptive mean and standard deviation statistics. For more
details, see below Table 4.
Table 4: Questionnaires response rate

S Respondents Distributed Responded Response Rate

N questionnaire questionnaire (%)
61 96.8
1 Clients 63
52 98.0
2 Contractors 53
29 96.7
3 Consultants 30
142 97.3
4 Total 146
 P a g e | 31

Source: SPSS output 2024

The survey highlights the critical impact of contract payment delay on government construction
project success. Above shows Table 4, which shows that the majority of respondents are
contractors (98%), others are consultants (96.8%), and the remaining are clients (96.7%), rated
response, respectively. Totally out of the 146 questionnaires that were sent, the sum of valid
responses covered 97.3% of the data distributed. The study considered the roles of the
participants that one hundred forty-six (146) questionnaires were distributed.

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used to perform the interview. The aim of the
interviews is to assess the effects of contract payment delays on government construction
projects to gather further qualitative institutional information that is from practitioners'
experience. The interviewees are contractors, clients, and consultants who are working on the
project and had project understanding. For more details, see below Table 5.
Table 5: Interview response rate

Respondents Roles Experience distributed returned Percentage

(years) Interview Interview (%)
Contractors Contract leaders Above 10 5 5 100
Clients Site engineers Above 6 4 4 100
Consultants Office engineers Above 7 3 3 100
Total 12 12 100
Source: SPSS output 2024

The table presents an overview of the interview involving parties of contractors, clients, and
consultants who are working on the project. Each party was represented by professionals of
specific roles in the project. These professionals have over 6 years of work experience. Overall,
the total number of interviews conducted was 12, which were distributed to each group. The
process impressively returned all interviews, resulting in a 100% response in each category.

4.2. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The demographic characteristics of participants have included sex, age, educational status, and
work experiences. The study mainly focused on the work experience of the respondents.
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Table 6: Characteristics of respondents

S/N Variables Frequency Percentage

1 Sex
Male 91 64
Female 51 35.9
Total 142 100
2 Age (Yrs.)
<25 9 6.3
25-35 34 23.9
36-45 52 36.6
>46 47 33
Total 142 100
3 Educational Status
Less than grade12 11 7.7

Certificate 16 11.3
Diploma 44 30.9
BA/BSC degree 59 41.5
Master’s degree 12 8.5
Total 142 100
4 Work experience
From (1-5) 10 7
From (6-10) 22 15.5
From (11-15) 38 26.7
Greater than 15 years 72 50.7
Total 142 100
5 Total 142 100
Source: SPSS output and survey data 2024
 P a g e | 33

Table 6 shows the demographic sample consisting of 142 individuals across four variables of
sex, age, educational status, and work experience. In terms of sex, the majority of respondents
are male (64%), while females represent 35.9%. The age distribution reveals that the largest
coverage is with the 36-45 (36.6%) years category, with younger people less than 25 (6.3%)
making up only. Regarding educational status, the majority is a BA/BSc degree held by 41.5% of
participants, followed by diplomas and certificates. Lastly, in terms of work experience, it
indicates a significant variable (50.7%) has over 15 years of experience, which respondents
showed better experience in the survey. This demographic analysis highlights the characteristics
of the sample, which provides valuable insights into the composition of the population. The
study showed that there were trained participants who were well-represented. This demonstrates
that the outcomes will be reliable. The overall profile suggests that the majority of respondents
are sufficient experience workers in construction projects. This means that the respondents were
able to provide relevant answers to the questionnaires.

4.3. Descriptive statistics of the Study

The study used descriptive and thematic techniques to analyze and explain the results of the
questionnaires and interviews. From participants, 142 returned surveys were analyzed by using
descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (correlation
and regression analysis) results of independent and dependent variables. Next, the thematic
analysis examined the success of qualitative data sources. The interviews were used to
understand stakeholder experiences and insights on payment delay. The study was more focused
on descriptive analysis to investigate the impact of contract payment delay. The study analyzes
variables by quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. This analysis can reveal patterns
and correlations that underscore the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Additionally, it provides a clear overview of how payment delays impact project outcomes and
establishes a foundation for further inferential analysis to explore causal relationships.
Participants were asked to respond to their level of agreement in each variable. The overall mean
was calculated to know the level of response rate of each effect in the study area. The mean
value indicates the location of data sets of center value. The standard deviation (SD) value
quantifies the data dispersion from the mean value among respondents. The criteria for
calculating the overall mean by using Likert scale data informed the findings. Finally, the study
utilized SPSS v-26 software package to examine correlations between each variable.
 P a g e | 34

According to Fouers (2022) the mean project success rate was derived from responses on a five-
point Likert scale, where participants rated their satisfaction with project outcomes, leading to an
overall mean score of 4.2 (on a scale of 1 to 5) if from 1 to 1.8 (strongly disagree), from 1.8 to
2.6 (disagree), from 2.6 to 3.4 (neutral), from 3.4 to 4.2 (agree), and from 4.2 to 5 (strongly
agree), and again if the standard deviation results are more than one, there is a higher variance
between respondents responses on the items of measurement; a higher SD shows that the data are
widely spread (less reliable), and a low SD shows that the data are closely clustered around the
mean (more reliable).

Payment delay
The respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with the measurement of factors that
affect the effects of payment delays on the government construction project's success. Table 7
below deals with data analysis of the mean, standard deviations, and interpretation of the results
obtained.
Table 7: Payment delay statistics

S Payment Delay questions N Mean Std.

N value Deviation

1 There are frequent payment delays in the study area 142 4.6 0.2

2 There are effective payment processes in the study area. 142 3.3 0.6
3 There are payment delays for completed work in the study 142 4.6 0.3
area.
4 There are timely payments in the study area. 142 3.4 0.7
5 There are disputes that arose from payment delays in the 142 4.2 0.3
study area.
6 There are negative factors that affect the effects on project 142 4.1 0.3
timelines due to payment delays.

7 There are contractors who experienced payment delays in 142 4.3 0.4
the study area.
8 There are payment delays that led to project overruns in 142 4.5 0.4
the study area
9 average mean 142 4.38 0.45
 P a g e | 35

Source: SPSS output 2024

According to Table 7, the analysis of payment delay reveals significant insights among
stakeholders in the study area. Similarly, payment delay for completed work in the study area has
a mean of 4.6 (SD = 0.3), underscoring concerns about delay in completed projects. The mean
for timely payments in the study area is 3.4 (SD = 0.7), indicating that payment delay
significantly disrupts cash flow, underscoring the critical importance of timely payment in
maintaining financial stability within construction projects,. The mean for disputes that arose
from payment delays in the study area is 4.2 (SD = 0.3), indicating recognition of the correlation
between payment delays and disputes. The mean for negative effects on project timelines due to
payment delays is 4.1 (SD = 0.3), highlighting concerns about project schedules. Furthermore,
contractors who experienced payment delays in the study area have a mean of 4.3 (SD = 0.4),
showing awareness of contractor challenges, while payment delays that led to project overruns in
the study area have a mean of 4.5 (SD = 0.4), for payment delays leading to project overruns
reinforce the negative consequences associated with such delays. Overall, the quantitative
insights—the average mean of 4.38 (SD = 0.45) across all—emphasize the urgent need for
reforms in the payment processes to improve project outcomes.

In a study examining factors the effects of contract payment delays on government construction
project success, Johnson (2020) analyzed the mean and standard deviation values related to
payment delays. The research involved responses from 150 participants, revealing mean values
ranging from 4.0 to 4.7, indicating a strong perception of the negative impacts of payment delays
on project success, with an overall average mean of 4.35. The standard deviation varied from 0.4
to 0.8, suggesting a moderate consensus among respondents regarding the severity of these
impacts. For instance, a standard deviation of 0.4 for the statement “Payment delays lead to
increased project costs” indicates a high level of agreement, while a standard deviation of 0.8 for
“Payment delays cause disputes” reflects more varied opinions. This data underscores the
significant challenges posed by payment delays in construction projects, affecting overall project
quality, timelines, and stakeholder relationships.

In the qualitative insights, the majority of respondents said budget limitations of the project led
to payment delays, which have caused the people to lose confidence in the city government.
These delays compromise the overall project delivery, increase costs, and diminish the likelihood
 P a g e | 36

of achieving project goals within the planned budget and timeframe. The qualitative insights
from Odeyinka (2018) further illustrate that understanding the underlying causes of payment
delays is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate their impact. Furthermore, the
interview participants confirmed payment delays significantly affect the project success by
creating financial instability for contractors, which leads to a cascade of negative consequences.
When payments are not received on time, contractors would struggle to meet payroll obligations
and pay for materials, resulting in work stoppages or slowdowns. This not only affects the
project timeline but also decreases the quality of work, as contractors would resort to cost-cutting
measures.

Finally, the mixed study participants commented factor that affects the effect of payment delays
in the study area should be resolved quickly. The respondents commented that the project took
more time and cost than expected, with payment delays being the significant barrier to the
project's success, which caused the project to be delayed over 12 years and incur additional costs.

Types of contract
The respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with the measurement of the effects
of types of contracts on the e government construction project success. The table below deals
with data analysis of the mean, standard deviations, and interpretation of the results obtained.
Table 8: Types of contract statistics

S Types of contract questions N Mean Std.

N value deviation
1 There is an advantage to using the cost-plus contract in 142 3.8 0.4
the study area.
2 There are frequent challenges associated with unit price 142 4.5 0.3
contracts in the study area.
3 There is an advantage to a lump-sum contract for better 142 4.5 0.4
project success.
4 There are disputes arising from contract types in the 142 4.3 0.4
study area.
5 There is an advantage to using the fixed-price contract in 142 4.7 0.2
the study area.
6 average mean 142 4.23 0.33
 P a g e | 37

Source: SPSS output 2024

According to Table 8, the analysis of contract type perceptions reveals significant insights among
stakeholders in the study area. The advantage of the cost-plus contract in the study area is that
the mean is 3.8 (SD = 0.4), indicating a moderate agreement that this contract type has benefits.
In contrast, frequent challenges associated with unit price contracts in the study area have a mean
of 4.5 (SD = 0.3), suggesting strong consensus on the challenges posed by this contract type.
Similarly, the mean for an advantage to a lump-sum contract for better project success is also 4.5
(SD = 0.4), reflecting a positive view of lump-sum contracts. The disputes arising from contract
types in the study area have a mean of 4.3 (SD = 0.4), indicating acknowledgment of disputes
related to contract types. Additionally, a fixed-price mean of 4.7 (SD = 0.2), suggesting a
moderately positive perception of their ability to mitigate delays. Overall, the average mean
across all responses is 4.23 (SD = 0.33), demonstrating a general inclination toward recognizing
the advantages of certain contract types while also acknowledging the challenges and disputes
that arise within this context. The majority of respondents highlighted the importance of
contractual clarity and fixed-price type in achieving successful project outcomes.

In a study by Thompson (2021) the effect of contract payment delays on government

construction project success was examined, particularly focusing on the mean and standard
deviation values associated with different types of contracts. The research involved a survey of
250 construction professionals, revealing that fixed-price contracts had a mean impact score of
4.6 with a standard deviation of 0.5, indicating a strong consensus on the negative effects of
payment delays in this contract type. Conversely, cost-plus contracts showed a mean score of 4.2
and a higher standard deviation of 0.9, suggesting more variability in perceptions regarding the
impact of payment delays. These findings highlight the critical role that contract type plays in
influencing the consequences of payment delays on project success, emphasizing the need for
tailored management strategies based on contract structure.

The majority of interview respondents believe the ideal types of contracts for project success in
government construction projects are often lump sum and fixed-price contracts because they
establish a clear budget and reduce the risk of cost overruns and delays. These contract types
incentivize contractors to manage resources efficiently since they are responsible for any
expenses exceeding the agreed price and also provide a well-defined scope and performance
 P a g e | 38

criteria to foster accountability and encourage careful planning and execution. Conversely, cost-
plus and unit price contract types suggest more variability in the influence of payment delay.
These findings highlight the influence of payment delay on project success.

Finally, these mixed findings underscore that sum and fixed-price contractual agreements have a
positive impact on project success, reinforcing the need for careful consideration of contract
types and terms in the construction industry. Most fixed-price contracts enhance financial
predictability while encouraging the likelihood of project success.

Government agency efficiency

The respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with the measurement of the effects
of government agency efficiency on the government construction project success. The table 9
below deals with data analysis of the mean, standard deviations, and interpretation of the results
obtained.
Table 9: Government agency efficiency statistics

S Government agency efficiency questions N Mean Std.

N value Deviation
1 There is effective communication with government 142 4.4 0.4
agencies in the study area.
There is transparency on the government agency 142 3.5 0.6
2 framework in the study area.
3 There are measures the government agencies take to 142 4.1 0.3
minimize bureaucracy in the project.
4 There is timely responsiveness on the part of the 142 4.0 0.5
government agencies for project inquiries in the study
area.
5 There is a positive effect of government agencies on the 142 4.2 0.5
project.
6 There is improvement in the service delivery of 142 4.4 0.2
government agencies in the study area.
7 average mean 142 4.12 0.36
Source: SPSS output 2024
 P a g e | 39

According to Table 9, the analysis of government agency efficiency reveals varied levels of
agreement among respondents. The effective communication with government agencies in the
study area, the mean is 4.4 (SD = 0.4), indicating strong agreement regarding effective
communication. However, transparency in the government agency framework in the study area
has a lower mean of 3.5 (SD = 0.6), suggesting skepticism about transparency. The mean for
measures the government agencies take to minimize bureaucracy in the project is 4.1 (SD = 0.3),
reflecting a positive view of efforts to reduce bureaucracy. For timely responsiveness on the part
of the government agencies for project inquiries, the mean is 4.0 (SD = 0.5), indicating a
moderate level of satisfaction with responsiveness. A positive effect of government agencies on
the project has a mean of 4.2 (SD = 0.5), suggesting a favorable view of the agencies' impacts.
Lastly, the mean for improvement in the service delivery of government agencies in the study
area is 4.4 (SD = 0.2), highlighting strong agreement on improvements. Overall, the average
mean of 4.12 (SD = 0.36) illustrates a general positive perception of government agency
efficiency.

In interviews, participants commented that the government agencies play a vital role in the
project's success by facilitating streamlined processes, timely decision-making, and effective
resource allocation. An efficient agency minimizes bureaucratic delays, ensuring that permits,
approvals, and funding are processed swiftly, which directly impacts project timelines and costs.
When agencies operate efficiently, they can provide clear guidelines and support to contractors,
fostering a collaborative environment that enhances communication and problem-solving. This
efficiency not only helps in adhering to schedules but also in maintaining quality standards and
budget constraints. Conversely, inefficiencies lead to project delays, increased expenses, and
disputes among stakeholders, ultimately jeopardizing project outcomes.

As a result, these findings emphasize the significant influence of government agency efficiency
on construction project success, reinforcing the need for effective practices, transparency, and
accountability in government operations. The efficiency of government agencies is vital to
achieving successful and timely project delivery in the construction sector.

Measurement items of project success

 P a g e | 40

The respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with the measurement of
government construction project success. Table 10, below, deals with data analysis of the mean,
standard deviations, and interpretation of the results obtained.

Table 10: Project success statistics

S Measurement items of project success N Mean Std.

N value
Deviation
1 There are payment delays for completed work in the study 142 4.6 0.3
area.
2 There are timely payments in the study area. 142 3.4 0.7
3 There are contractors who experienced payment delays in 142 4.3 0.4
the study area.
4 There are disputes arising with contract types in the study 142 4.3 0.4
area
5 There is an advantage to using the cost-plus contract in the 142 3.8 0.4
study area.
6 There is effective communication with government 142 4.4 0.4
agencies in the study area.
7 There is transparency in the government agency 142 3.5 0.6
framework in the study area.
8 There is an advantage to using the fixed-price contract in 142 4.7 0.2
the study area.
9 average mean 142 4.12 0.38
Source: SPSS output 2024

According to Table 10, the analysis of project success highlights distinct attitudes toward
payment processes, contract types, and government agency efficacy among respondents. For
payment delays for completed works in the study area, the mean is 4.6 (SD = 0.3), indicating a
strong belief that payment delays are prevalent. Conversely, timely payments in the study area
have a lower mean of 3.4 (SD = 0.7), reflecting significant concerns over the timeliness of
payments. For contractors who experienced payment delays in the study area, it shows a mean of
4.3 (SD = 0.4), reinforcing the issue of delays among contractors. Additionally, the mean for
disputes arising with contract types in the study area is also 4.3 (SD = 0.4), indicating that
 P a g e | 41

disputes are a recognized concern. The statement about the advantages of using the cost-plus
contract has a mean of 3.8 (SD = 0.4), suggesting insecurities. In contrast, the mean for effective
communication with government agencies is 4.4 (SD = 0.4), reflecting a positive perception of
communication. The statement regarding transparency in the government agency framework has
a mean of 3.5 (SD = 0.6), indicating skepticism about transparency. Lastly, the mean for an
advantage to using the fixed-price contract is 4.7 (SD = 0.2), demonstrating strong agreement on
its benefits. Overall, the average mean of 4.12 (SD = 0.38) indicates a general positive sentiment
toward certain aspects of project success, which raised concerns over payment delays and
transparency issues.

The majority interview respondents Payment delays adversely affect project success by creating
financial strain on contractors, which can lead to work stoppages, decreased morale, and
ultimately project delays. In contract types, fixed-price contracts are often more ideal for project
success because they provide a clear budget and timeline, incentivizing contractors to complete
work efficiently while bearing the risk of cost overruns. Government agency efficiency plays a
vital role in project success by ensuring that processes are streamlined, approvals are timely, and
resources are allocated effectively. An efficient agency minimizes bureaucratic delays, fostering
clear communication, enabling smoother collaboration among stakeholders, and enhancing the
likelihood of delivering projects on time and within budget. These factors highlight the
interconnectedness of payment practices, contract types, and agency efficiency in encouraging
successful government construction projects. Finally, these mixed findings illustrate the
multifaceted nature of government construction project success, highlighting the need for
effective communication, timely payments, and transparency practices.

4.4. The current level of government construction project success

The study examined the impacts of contract payment delays on government construction project
success. The study, by calculating the mean values of project performances, was able to identify
the current status of government construction project success.

For instance Smith (2023) if project completion time has quality assessments, it could reveal a
mean satisfaction score of 4.5 out of 5 (with a standard deviation of 0.5), indicating high-quality
outcomes across projects. By analyzing these metrics, researchers could rank government
construction project success and illustrate the negative impact that delays in contract payments
 P a g e | 42

may have on overall project performance. In this regard, effects that were observed to have
mean scores about the reference mean (hypothetical mean = 3 as the cut-off point of a five-point
Likert scale) were considered to be at a high level; these effects with mean scores equal to the
cut-off point were considered to be at a medium or neutral level; these variables with mean
values below the reference mean were considered to have a low level of impact on the
government construction project success in the study area. So, the effect ranking was calculated
by using SPSS v-26 software that identifies the current level of the project success shown in
Table 11 below.
Table 11: Ranking the effect variables by mean values

Variables No. Mean Std. N Ranking

items deviation
Payment delay 8 4.38 .45 142 1
Types of contract 5 4.23 .33 142 2
Government agency efficiency 6 4.12 .36 142 3
project success 8 4.12 .38 142 D/variables

Source: SPSS output 2024

This analysis reveals several key variables that significantly affect project outcomes. Among the
variables, payment delays were ranked with the highest mean value of 4.38 (SD = 0.45) from
participants, indicating a strong consensus on their critical role in project success. This suggests
that timely payments are essential for maintaining project momentum and ensuring quality
outcomes. Following payment delay, contract types were ranked second, with a mean of 4.23
(SD = 0.33) for highlighting the importance of contract structure on managing expectations and
responsibilities. Government agency efficiency ranked third with a mean of 4.12 (SD = 0.36),
emphasizing that the effectiveness of governmental processes can influence project execution
and success. Lastly, the overall measure of government construction project success had a mean
of 4.12 (SD = 0.38), which indicating that while payment delays are a significant concern, the
overall success of projects is also influenced by the aforementioned factors. These findings
underscore the interconnectedness of payment processes, contract types, and agency efficiency in
achieving successful outcomes in government construction projects. As a result, in Table 9
above, the payment delay impacts had the biggest negative contribution to project delay.
 P a g e | 43

4.5. Empirical Results

The empirical findings or inferential statistical analysis of the data, which includes multiple
regression analysis, correlation analysis, variance analysis, and coefficient of determination
analysis, are described in this section.

4.5.1. Correlation analysis: Pearson Correlation analysis

This study provides valuable insights into the relationships between contract payment delay and
project success metrics. The correlation analysis was done by using SPSS v-26 software to
quantify the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. The Pearson
correlation analysis is a statistical method used to measure the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two continuous variables. To compute the correlation (closeness) between
dependent and independent variables, the study conducted inferential statistical analysis of the
Pearson Coefficient of Correlation (r). The Pearson correlation coefficient is a statistical measure
that assesses the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous
variables. Correlation is the relation between dependent (project success) and independent
(payment delay, types of contracts, and government agency efficiency) variables. A Pearson
correlation coefficient showed an association between dependent and independent variables. The
objective of this study examined the relationship between variables that uses the Pearson
correlation analysis technique. By analyzing these relationships to understand the impact of
payment delays on overall project performance, strategies to mitigate adverse effects should be
identified.

According to Smith (2017) the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to +1, where +1
indicates a perfect positive correlation (as one variable increases, the other also increases), -1
indicates a perfect negative correlation (as one variable increases, the other decreases), and 0
indicates no linear relationship between the variables. This analysis is particularly useful in
construction management to assess how factors such as payment delays correlate with project
success metrics, such as completion time and cost overruns. In this study, Pearson correlation
analysis was performed to determine whether there are correlations between dependent and
independent variables. If no correlation exists between dependent and independent variables,
there is no need to carry out multiple regressions. The interpretation of the Pearson correlation
coefficient can be categorized as follows:
 P a g e | 44

Very weak correlation: r < 0.20; weak correlation: 0.20 ≤ r < 0.40; moderate correlation: 0.40 ≤ r
< 0.60; strong correlation: 0.60 ≤ r < 0.80; and very strong correlation: r ≥ 0.80. In the context of
analyzing the effect of contract payment delays on project success, researchers would calculate
the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine how closely related these two variables are. The
significance of the correlation can also be assessed using p-values, where a p-value less than 0.05
typically indicate a statistically significant relationship.
Table 12: Correlation analysis

Correlation
Payment Types of Government Government
delay contracts agency project
efficiency success
Payment Pearson correlation 1
delay
Sig.(2-tailed)
N 142
Types of Pearson correlation 0.670 1
contracts
Sig.(2-tailed ) (0.000)**
N 142 142
Governmen Pearson correlation 0.624 0.532 1
t agency
Sig.(2-tailed) (0.000)** (0.001)**
efficiency
N 142 142 142
Governmen Pearson correlation -0.715 0.350 0.615 1
t project
Sig.(2-tailed) (0.000)** (0.015)** (0.001)**
success
N 142 142 142 142
** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Source: computed from SPSS v-26 in 2024

According to Table 10, the correlation analysis highlights significant relationships among the
variables related to project success. The correlation between payment delay and types of
contracts is r = -0.670 (p < 0.001), indicating a strong positive relationship. The relationship
between payment delay and government agency efficiency is also strong, with (r = 0.624, p <
0.001) suggesting that delay effects not only project success but also the operational efficiency of
 P a g e | 45

government agencies. The strong negative correlation between payment delay and government
project success (r = -0.715, p < 0.001) indicates that as payment delays decrease, project success
increases significantly. The correlation between types of contracts and government agency
efficiency is r = 0.532 (p < 0.001), reflecting a moderately positive relationship; better contract
types are linked to greater efficiency in government agencies. Furthermore, types of contracts
and government project success show a significant correlation of r = 0.350 (p = 0.015),
suggesting that effective contract types positively influence project success. Finally, the
correlation between government agency efficiency and government project success is r = 0.615
(p < 0.001), indicating that increased efficiency in government operations is strongly associated
with higher perceptions of project success. Overall, the study highlights the importance of
addressing payment delays to enhance both agency efficiency and project success, emphasizing
the need for effective contract management and financial oversight in government construction
projects.

4.5.2. Regression Analysis Assumptions

Regression analysis provides a predictive model for understanding how changes in the
independent variables affect dependent variables. This regression analysis can help identify
which factors have the most significant impact on project success and quantify that impact. For
analyzing the correlation between independent and dependent variables, a multiple regression
analysis is the most convenient method. This statistical technique allows researchers to assess the
impact of multiple independent variables on one or more dependent variables simultaneously,
making it suitable for understanding the complex relationships in construction project
management.

According to Smith (2021) he examines the causes of cost overruns and delays in infrastructure
projects and uses regression analysis to explore how various factors, including payment delays
and contract types, influence project outcomes such as time and cost overruns. Furthermore,
some assumptions need to be checked out before conducting the multiple regressions by using
SPSS v-26 software in this study. The assumptions are linearity, normality, autocorrelation,
homoscedasticity, and no-multicollinearity model fits.

o Linearity test
 P a g e | 46

According to the linearity assumptions, the residual and the predicted outcome variable scores
ought to be linearly related. According to Field (2018) it is important to check for linear
relationships between variables to ensure the appropriateness of linear regression models. This is
particularly relevant when analyzing the effects of contract payment delays on project success, as
understanding the relationship between these variables can inform better decision-making in
construction management. The degree to which changes in the independent variables are
correlated with changes in the dependent variable is known as linearity. Using the SPSS v-26
software, p-p plots on the regression residual were used to assess whether there is a linear
relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable (project success).

Figure 3: Normal p-p plots of residual

Source: SPSS output of 2024
Figure 3 above illustrates how the residuals on the government construction project success
variable scores have a straight-line relationship with the predictive outcome. The linearity
assumption was thus justified.
o Normality test
Normality refers to the residuals that should be normally distributed about the predicted
(dependent variable) scores and can be checked by histogram. The histogram should have a bell-
shaped form and the regression-standardized residual should be plotted between -3 and +3 if the
residuals are normally distributed around their mean of zero.

According to Grotter (2017) the concept of normal distribution is discussed, describing it as a

symmetrical, bell-shaped curve where the highest frequency of scores occurs at the mean, with
 P a g e | 47

frequencies tapering off towards the extremes. This foundational text provides a comprehensive
overview of statistical methods, including the importance of normality in data analysis and its
implications for various statistical tests.

Figure 4: Histogram
Source: SPSS output of 2024
Figure 4 (the histogram) shows that no variables that resembled kurtosis or were extremely
skewed were found. As a result, there were no infractions of the normally distributed error term
assumption.
o Multicollinearity test between independent variables

The presence of strong intercorrelation between the independent variables in the model was
defined using multicollinearity tests.

According to Keith (2021) it is crucial to ensure that there is no high intercorrelation among
independent variables in a multiple regression model. Multicollinearity occurs when several
independent variables correlate at high levels with one another, which can distort the results of
the regression analysis. To assess multicollinearity, researchers can use Pearson correlation
coefficients among the independent variables, as well as variance inflation factor (VIF) and
tolerance values. A tolerance value near zero indicates high multicollinearity, while a VIF value
greater than 10 suggests significant multicollinearity issues. The general guideline is that a VIF
value should ideally be less than 5, and tolerance should be above 0.1 to mitigate
multicollinearity problems. Table 13 displays the results of the multicollinearity test that was
performed on this investigation.
 P a g e | 48

Table 13: Multicollinearity test

Model Collinearity statistics

Tolerance Variance inflation factor (VIF)
0.75 1.33
1 Payment delay
0.60 1.67
Types of contract
0.80 1.25
Government agency efficiency
Source: SPSS output of 2024

As shown in table 13, all the VIF values are <5, and the tolerance values are >0.1, which
indicates that there are no multicollinearity problems in the model. Generally, if the value of VIF
for all variables is less than 10 and the tolerance values are >0.1, then there is no
multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Therefore, the collinearity statistics show that
for payment delay, tolerance = 0.75 (VIF = 1.33), indicating low multicollinearity. For types of
contracts, tolerance = 0.60 (VIF = 1.67) suggests moderate multicollinearity, while government
agency efficiency has tolerance = 0.80 (VIF = 1.25), reflecting low multicollinearity. Overall,
these showed that tolerance > 0.1 and VIF < 5) indicate no multicollinearity problems between
independent variables in the data set. As a rule of thumb, having intercorrelation among
independent variables above 0.80 signals the possibility of a multicollinearity problem. In this
study, the maximum value of the correlation coefficient is R=0.80 (government agency
efficiency). Thus it can be concluded that all the variables in the study have low correlation
power (which is less than or equal to 0.8), and as a result there is no multicollinearity problem
among independent variables.
o Autocorrelation test
The variance of the residual should be independent because multiple regression analyses are not
independent from each other. Autocorrelation can be tested by the Durbin-Watson test. The
value of Durbin-Watson is assumed to be between 0 and 4; values close require little or no
autocorrelation in the data. Autocorrelation occurs when the residuals to 2 indicate no
 P a g e | 49

autocorrelation problem. This test yielded a Durbin-Watson value of roughly 2.341. As a result,
it fails between 0 and 2.341 (see table 14 below). The fact that Durbin-Watson’s is close to 2
indicates that the autocorrelation assumption is not violated.

Table 14: Autocorrelation test

Model summaryᵇ
Model R R Adjusted R square Std. Error the estimate Durbin-Watson
Square
1 0.85ᵃ 0.72 0.70 1.25 2.341
a. Predicators: (Constant), payment delay, types of contract and government agency efficiency
b. dependent values: government construction project success

Source: SPSS output of 2024

As shown in Table 14, the model summary indicates a strong positive correlation (R = 0.85)
between the independent and dependent variables, with R squared = 0.72 of the variance in
project success explained by the predictors. The adjusted R-squared value of 0.70 suggests the
model remains robust after accounting for the number of predictors. A standard error of the
estimate of 1.25 reflects good predictive accuracy. Overall, these results imply that the
correlation between the independent and dependent variables plays a crucial role in determining
project success.
o Homoscedasticity test
This variance of the residual should be constant. The homoscedasticity test was visually analyzed
using the regression's residuals, and as the figure below illustrates, it can be assumed that the
points are evenly and randomly distributed throughout the scattered diagram and that
homoscedasticity is not an issue; hence, the assumption of homoscedasticity is satisfied. An
evenly distributed value is produced when the residual values are ideally dispersed throughout
the horizontal line.

According to Osborne (2002) the assumption of homoscedasticity, which refers to the condition
of having fairly equal variance of errors across all levels of the independent variables, can be
assessed through a visual examination of a plot of standardized predicted values. This method
allows researchers to identify any patterns that may indicate violations of this assumption, such
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as heteroscedasticity, where the variance of errors changes at different levels of the independent
variable. The importance of checking for homoscedasticity is emphasized in regression analysis,
as violations can lead to inefficient estimates and unreliable statistical inferences.

Figure 5: Scattered plot of regression

Source: SPSS output of 2024

Therefore, based on an explanation of the data from all five tests, it can be said that there are no
noteworthy data issues that would indicate a serious violation of the multiple regression
assumptions. Therefore, the researcher can do the analysis of the multiple regression models.

4.6. Multiple regression analysis results and discussions

This statistic indicates the proportion of variance in the dependent variables explained by the
independent variables, with a higher R-squared value suggesting a strong model fit and
significance. P-values for each independent variable would indicate whether the relationships are
statistically significant, with values less than 0.05 typically considered significant. This
discussion would interpret these findings, emphasizing the importance of timely payments and
efficient contract management in minimizing overruns and maintaining quality. It might
highlight that delays in payments not only increase costs but also extend project timelines and
compromise the quality of work delivered.

According to Smith (2023) the inferential statistical analysis of the data concerning the effect of
contract payment delay on government construction project success utilized various statistical
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tests to determine the relationships between payment delays and project outcomes. Furthermore,
satisfaction scores collected from questionnaires were analyzed, and it was found that delayed
projects had significantly lower satisfaction ratings (mean score of 3.6) compared to timely
projects (mean score of 4.5), for a p-value of 0.02. This analysis collectively highlights the
detrimental effects of payment delays on project efficiency. Finally, this inferential analysis of
the data includes correlation analysis, the coefficient of determination, and multiple regression
analysis.

4.6.1. Regression Model summary

Table 15: Regression model summary

Model summaryᵇ
Model R R Adjusted R square Std. Error the estimate Durbin-Watson
Square
0.85ᵃ 0.72 0.70 1.25
1 2.341
a. Predicators: (Constant), payment delay, types of contract and government agency efficiency
b. dependent values: government construction project success

Source: SPSS output of 2024

The three critical elements identified in Table 15 are R, R², and adjusted R². The regression
coefficient is R =.85, R² =.72, and adjusted R² =.70. From table 15, R = 0.85 (85%) indicates the
relationship between the dependent and independent variables: R² simply means the multiple of
the value of R by itself to show the variation in the dependent variable by the independent
variable. It is the measure of the goodness of fit. Hence the value of R² (72%) = 0.85*0.85,
which means 72% of the variation in the government construction project success can be
explained by the independent variables. Adjusted R², also known as the coefficient of
determination, deals with multiple regression models where more than one independent variable
affects the dependent variables. In this cause, the value of Adjusted R² 70% government
construction project success is explained by the independent variables in this model. Adjusted
R² is suitable to explain the success with more than one independent (payment delay, types of
contracts, and government agency) variable to the dependent variables. Therefore, it is pointed
out that 70% of the independent variables (payment delay, types of contracts, and government
 P a g e | 52

agencies) have the power to explain the government construction project success (dependent
variable) in the study area. The remaining 30% is affected by other variables that are out of the
control of this study. This model is consistent with the standard error of 1.25, which is a measure
of precision for the model. It is the standard dilation of the residual in the data set, while the
Durbin-Watson statistic of 2.341 suggests minimal autocorrelation in the residuals, confirming
the independence of errors. Overall, this model summary illustrates that the specified contract
types and related factors are critical for understanding and improving the success of government
construction projects.

4.6.2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

As we have seen in Table 16 below, the ANOVA regression model was good and appropriate for
the data at a significance level of 0.000. This showed that the overall model was significant and
acceptable from a statistical perspective. As per the significance value (.000), which was less
than p 0.05, the model was significant. This indicated that the variation explained by the model
was not due to chance.
Table 16: ANOV Analysis

ANOVA ᵃ
Model Sum of squares DF Mean square F Sig
25.00 3 8.33 5.67 0.001ᵇ
1 Regression
40.00 142 0.28
Residual
65.00 145
Total
a. dependent values: government construction project success
b. Predicators: payment delay, types of contract and government agency efficiency

Source: SPSS output of 2024

As we see in Table 16 below, the ANOVA summary table of the regression model. The ANOVA
results indicate a statistically significant relationship between the predictors—payment delay,
types of contracts, and government agency efficiency—and the dependent variable, government
construction project success. The regression sum of squares value is the sum square of the
difference between the overall mean and each group mean (SS=25, DF=3). Residual sum of
squares values indicate the sum of the squares of the deviations of each observation from its
 P a g e | 53

group mean (SS = 40, DF = 142). The F value (F=5.67, DF =3, p=0.001) is the ratio of
regression and residual mean squares. With three degrees of freedom for the regression and 142
for the residuals, the mean square for regression is calculated at 8.33, which, when compared to
the mean square for residuals at 0.28, yields an F-statistic of 5.67. This F-value, along with a
significance level of 0.001, demonstrates that the model is statistically significant, suggesting
that the predictors collectively have a meaningful impact on the success of government
construction projects. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of considering these
factors to enhance project outcomes.

Table 17: Multiple regression model summary

Model Unstandardized Standard standardized Significance

coefficients (β)
Coefficients (B) error
Constant (Y or β0) 1.75 0.50 < 0.001
Payment delay -0.45 0.01 -0.30 < 0.001
Types of contracts 0.25 0.08 0.20 < 0.015
G/ agency efficiency 0.35 0.12 0.25 < 0.001

** Significant at p <.05
Source: survey data, 2024

For instance, Table 17 above illustrates the standardized coefficients (β) in the model, which
helps compare the importance of independent variables to dependent variables. In other words,
the independent variables with the highest coefficient value have a greater impact on the change
of the dependent variables than the other independent variables with a lower coefficient value.
So in table 17, payment delay has a higher standardized beta value (-0.30) than the other
variables, which indicates a negative effects variable for project success.

According to Smith (2021) in the model, the regression equation could be expressed through the
unstandardized coefficient (B) values that should be used, interpreted, and discussed by the
researcher. For instance, Table 17 above illustrates the unstandardized coefficient (B) value,
which means the change in the dependent variable is affected by the units change in the
independent variables. It is also the model donated by the regression coefficient values with the
constant value in the multiple regression equation. In the model, the independent variables are
 P a g e | 54

considered statistically significant if the value of each variable is less than the p-value of 0.05. in
other words, the probability of the results (project success) occurring by chance is less than 0.05
level of significance as a result of the percent change in the independent variables. Therefore,
according to Smith (2021) in a hypothetical model, the regression equation could be expressed
through the unstandardized coefficient B values: Project Success = β0 + β1 (Payment Delay) +
β2 (Types of Contract) + β3 (Government Agency Efficiency) + ε

Project Success (Y) = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + ϵ

Y= 1.75 + (-0.45 x1) + 0.25 x2 + 0.35 x3

Where

Y = project success (dependent variable)

β0 = the intercept or constant, and β1, β2, and β3 are the coefficients for each independent
variable, with ε representing the error term.

X1-X3 = the predictor variables partial change coefficients

This significant regression model also points out that there exists at least one impact that
significantly contributes. In order to test which predictor has significant effects on the outcome
variable, the researcher also carried out the regression coefficients (β).

For instance, Table 17 above illustrates the unstandardized coefficients (B) that analyze the
impact of payment delay on project success, revealing significant relationships among the
variables. Contract payment delay is measured as a positive value indicates an early payment,
while a negative value indicates delay. The negative coefficient of payment delay (B = -0.45, Sig
< 0.001) suggests that for each percent increase in payment delays, project success decreases by
45%, highlighting the most significant impact of payment delays on project success. The finding
was similar to Doe (2021) who found the impact of contract payment delays on project success
in construction. In this study, the unstandardized coefficients (B) indicate that for each percent
increase in payment delays, project success decreases by percent at the p 0.05 value of
significance.

Conversely, the types of contracts exhibit a positive impact, with an unstandardized coefficient
of (B = 0.25, Sig < 0.015), indicating that different contract types contribute positively to project
success, indicating that the adoption of effective contract types is associated with an increase in
 P a g e | 55

project success by 25%. The finding similar to Smith (2020) who discovered the impact of types
of contracts on project success. In this study, the unstandardized coefficients (B) suggest that
projects under fixed-price contracts have higher success rates compared to other contract types at
the p 0.05 value of significance. Furthermore, in the qualitative data analysis, the interview
participants said that most fixed-price and lump-sum contract types enhance financial
predictability while encouraging the likelihood of project success.

Lastly, government agency efficiency shows a strong positive coefficient (B = 0.35, Sig <
0.001), which indicates that for each percent increase in agency efficiency, the project success
increases by 35% percent, demonstrating a substantial positive influence. The finding was
similar to Johnson (2021) who indicates the positive impact of government agency efficiency is
associated with increased project success rates at the p 0.05 value of significance. Finally, the
study indicates that as payment delays increase, project success decreases significantly.
Additionally, these findings highlight the critical interplay between contract payment types and
government agency performance in influencing project outcomes. Overall, these findings
illustrate that while all three factors are significant, payment delay has the strongest impact.
 P a g e | 56

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter examines an overview of the key findings and a conclusion based on the research on
the effect of contract payment delay on government construction project success, specifically in
the case of the Mehal Meda construction office. It also provides recommendations based on the
study's main findings and conclusions. Finally, the study limitations and future research
directions were presented.

5.1. Summary of Major Findings

The majority of government construction projects fail at the national level, especially in the
Mehal Meda city ongoing government construction project, which was unable to meet its goals
due to payment delay. Even though numerous academics have noted that government
construction projects are to encounter many challenges, the correlation effects between
independent variables are not investigated. So, the researcher was inspired to fill knowledge gaps
of the correlation effects between each independent variable by locating relevant different
literature. The study aims to examine factors that affect the effect of contract payment delays on
government construction project success. The study used an explanatory sequential research
design to describe and explain both qualitative and quantitative data types. In order to conduct
interviews and survey questions, the study used both primary and secondary data sources. Before
data analysis, Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the validity and reliability of the
questionnaires, which resulted in a score of 0.85 (85%). The primary data sources of the study
were 142 (97.3%) question responses that were properly collected and analyzed. These
participants were selected by stratified random sampling techniques. Furthermore, the interview
was conducted by using the purposive sampling technique with contractors, clients, and
consultants. In this study, the SPSSv-26 software package analysis tools were used to analyze
such things as the mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression coefficient. In order to do
the multiple regression, assumptions like linearity by p-p plot, normality by histogram,
homoscedasticity by the scatterplot plot test, multicollinearity by Pearson correlation, VIF, and
tolerance, and autocorrelation by the Durbain-Watson test were checked. To assess the effects of
independent variables on dependent variables, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis
 P a g e | 57

techniques were used. The study also used secondary data sources for reviewing project
documents and progress reports that provide valuable data on the timing and amounts of
payments. These findings are derived from participant’s responses to achieve the study’s
objectives and research questions. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used to assess the
effect of explanatory variables on project success by using primary data in multiple regression
analyses. To sum up, the major research findings are the following:

o The majority of respondents strongly agree that payment delay was the main influential
impact on the government construction project success. The descriptive analysis results also
show payment delay has a significant negative impact on government construction project
success. There is a high and strong negative correlation coefficient between payment delay
and project success. This result indicates The negative coefficient for payment delay (B = -
0.45, Sig < 0.001) indicates that for each percent increase in payment delay, project success
decreases by 45%, highlighting the most significant impact of payment delay on project
success. The result highlights there is a high payment delay in the study area.
o Conversely, the types of contracts exhibit a positive impact, with an unstandardized
coefficient of (B = 0.25, Sig < 0.015), which indicates that some of the contract types
contribute positively to project success, indicating that the adoption of effective contract
types was associated with an increase in the project success by 25%. In this study, fixed-price
contracts have higher success rates compared to other contract types. Furthermore, in the
qualitative data statistics, the interview participants said that most lump-sum and fixed-price
contract types enhance financial predictability while encouraging the likelihood of project
success. On the other hand, cost-plus and unit price contract types suggest more variability in
the influence of payment delay. These contract types highlighted the influence of payment
delay on project success. Furthermore, government agency efficiency shows a strong positive
coefficient (B = 0.35, Sig < 0.001), which indicates that for each percent increase in agency
efficiency, the project success increases 35%, demonstrating a substantial positive influence.
Conversely, government agency inefficiencies lead to project delays, increased expenses, and
disputes among stakeholders, ultimately risking project success.
o Lastly, in the study area, the project success effects were only explained by the independent
variables by 70%, while the remaining 30% are affected by other variables that are out of the
control of this study. Therefore, to better understand the implications of the results, future
 P a g e | 58

researchers should address and solve the remaining 30% of omitted variables of contract
payment delay on project success based on this study.

5.2. Conclusion of the study

The factors that affect the effect of contract payment delays on government construction project
success are a significant national concern. Recently, studies in Ethiopia highlighted that many
government construction projects faced contract payment delays. Similarly, the Mehal Meda
City government construction project is delayed three times more than the baseline plan due to a
payment delay. This research aimed to assess factors that affect the effect of contract payment
delay on government construction project success in the Mehal Meda construction office. This
explanatory sequential research design was used to gather both quantitative and qualitative data
in order to meet the study's goals in the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources
were collected from contractors, clients, and consultants who are working on the project, while
the study used stratified and purposive sampling techniques to collect data. The study used both
descriptive and inferential analyses to analyze a multiple regression model by using the SPSS
V-26 software package to collect data. Furthermore, the study used questionnaires, interviews,
and document analysis as data collection tools. Based on the result of the Pearson correlation
analysis, the study reveals that payment delay is a significantly negative effect related to
government construction project success. In the regression model summary result, the value of
the adjusted R square highlights that 70% of the independent variables have the power to explain
the dependent variable, and the remaining 30% is affected by other variables that are out of the
control of this study area. Furthermore, the descriptive statistics shows payment delay has a
significant negative impact on project success, which indicates that there is a strong relationship
between independent and dependent variables. Conversely, types of contracts and government
agency efficiency show positive contributions for project success. The study highlights the
following results:

o The first objective of the study is to identify factors that affect the effect of payment delays
on government construction project success. The majority of the respondents said that they
strongly agree that the project success is ineffective due to payment delay. The descriptive
statistics highlighted the impact of payment delay on project success with an overall mean of
 P a g e | 59

4.38 (SD = 0.45). In addition, the interviewees suggest that the project was delayed for over
12 years, causing further costs.
o The second objective of the study was to identify contract types that result in payment delay
for project success. The majority of the respondents commented that the fixed-price contract
is significantly the best for project success because it determines a clear budget and timeline
to reduce the risk of cost and delay. This contract type incentivizes contractors to manage
resources efficiently since they are responsible for any expenses exceeding the agreed price
and timeline. Furthermore, in the qualitative data statistics, the interview participants said
that most lump-sum and fixed-price contract types enhance financial predictability while
encouraging the likelihood of project success. On the other hand, cost-plus and unit price
contract types suggest more variability in the influence of payment delay. These findings
highlight the negative influence of payment delays on project success.
o The last objective of the study is to examine government agency roles to reduce the effects of
payment delay on project success. These findings of government agency efficiency show the
significant reinforcing effective practices that promote transparency and accountability in
government construction project success. The efficiency of government agencies is vital to
achieving successful and timely project delivery in the construction sector. Conversely,
inefficiencies lead to project delays, increased expenses, and disputes among stakeholders,
ultimately risking the project's success.
o Finally, the results indicate that payment delay has a significant negative impact on
government construction project success. Conversely, the fixed-price contract types and
government agency efficiency have a significant positive influence on project success.
Lastly, the project success findings are only explained by the independent variables by 70%,
while the remaining 30% are affected by other variables that are out of the control of this
study. To better understand the implications of these results, future studies should address the
effect of contract payment delays on the success of government construction projects based
on this study.

5.3. Recommendations
Based on the study findings, the following recommendations are significant to enhance project
success in the study area.
 P a g e | 60

 Governments (contractors, clients, and consultants) should give high attention to payment
delays to improve project success. Because the study finding indicates that the payment delay
has significant negative factors that affect the effect on government construction project
success. Hence, the government should support and encourage timely payments for project
success.
 Although the findings indicate that the lump-sum and fixed-price contract types enhance
positive contributions to project success, the Mehal Meda city construction office should give
attention to cost-plus and unit price contract types because these variables are significant
causes of project delay. In addition, the office should give special focus to fixed-price
contract types that offer higher success rates compared to other contract types.
 Even though government agency efficiency indicates strong positive contributions to project
success, the Mehal Meda city construction office should give attention to government agency
efficiency to reinforce effective practices, transparency, accountability, and effective
communication among stakeholders for project success.
 Lastly, in the study area, the project success effects were only explained by the independent
variables by 70%, while the remaining 30% are affected by other variables that are out of the
control of this study. Therefore, to better understand the implications of the results, future
researchers should be solved the remaining 30% of omitted variables of contract payment
delay on project success based on this study.

5.4. Limitations and Implications of the research

Based on the results, the study solely focused on the government construction project success,
which did not include vital insights into the private sectors where payment practices and project
dynamics differed. Additionally, the government construction project had a variety of complexes
due to political influence. By these narrow focuses, it limited the diversity of data collected as
well as the experiences of stakeholders on project success. These factors also led to the
inaccessibility of respondents, providing error responses, and carelessness in distributed
questionnaires. Moreover, the bureaucratic system affected the reliability and completeness of
project success. Maybe, based on the above limitations, to better understand the implications of
the research, future researchers should address the 30% of omitted variables of contract payment
delay on the project success based on this study.
 P a g e | 61

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Steininger, B. I. (2021). Cost overruns and delays in infrastructure projects. Journal of Property
Investment & Finance, 256-282.
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Tekalign, A. (2014). The effect of contract payment delay on government construction project
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 P a g e | 65

APPENDX

School Of Leadership and Political Economy

Department Of Project Management

Dear Respondents,

I am conducting a research study on the topic “Factors affecting the effects of contract
payment delay on government construction projects success." This study aims to fulfill a
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Project
Management (MSc).

Your insights, based on your experiences and expertise, are extremely valuable and will
significantly contribute to the success of this research. The information provided will be used for
academic purposes only. All responses will be kept confidential, and individual participants will
not be identified in any publications resulting from this study.

Instructions for Completing the Questionnaire:

1. Please read each question carefully and answer to the best of your ability.

2. The questionnaire should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.

3. Your responses will be greatly appreciated, and your participation in this study is entirely
voluntary. You may skip any question you are uncomfortable answering.

Confidentiality Assurance: All information collected will be treated with the utmost
confidentiality and will only be used for the purpose of this research.

For Inquiries: If you have any questions or require clarification, please feel free to contact me
by phone number 0912954174

I appreciate your time and cooperation in helping me conduct this important research.

Thank you for your participation!

Sincerely,
Bantider Belachew

[email protected]
date 11-10-2024
 P a g e | 66

General Information

Section A: Demographic characteristics

Please read questions carefully and put a tick mark ("✔") in the space provided.

1. Respondents gender: male female

2. What is your age in years? < 25 25-35 36-45 > 46

3. What is your level of education? Less than grade12 Certificate Diploma degree
Master’s degree

4. How much is your work experience? From 1-5 from 6-10 from 11-15 Greater
than 15 years

Section B: Payment delay questions

Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to factors that affect the
effect of payment delay on government construction project success in your scheme. Please
show your agreement by putting mark (✔) in the space provided. Scale: 1= Strongly Disagree
(SDA), 2= Disagree (DA) 3= Neutral (N) 4=Agree (AG) 5 = Strongly Agree (SAG).

S Payment delay questions SDA DA N( AG SAG

N (1) (2) 3) (4) (5)
1 There are frequent payment delays in the study area
2 There are effective payment processes in the study area.
3 There are payment delays for completed work in the study
area.
4 There are timely payments in the study area.
5 There are disputes that arose from payment delays in the
study area.
6 There are negative factors that affect the effects on project
timelines due to payment delays.
7 There are contractors who experienced payment delays in
the study area.
8 There are payment delays that led to project overruns in the
study area
 P a g e | 67

Section C: Types of contracts questions

Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to the effect of contract
types on government construction project success in your scheme. Please show your agreement
by putting mark (✔) in the space provided. Scale: 1= Strongly Disagree (SDA), 2= Disagree
(DA) 3= Neutral (N) 4=Agree (AG) 5 = Strongly Agree (SAG).

S Types of contracts questions SDA DA N AG SAG

N (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 There is an advantage to using the cost-plus contract in
the study area.
2 There are frequent challenges associated with unit price
contracts in the study area.
3 There is an advantage to a lump-sum contract for better
project success.
4 There are disputes arising from contract types in the
study area.
5 There is an advantage to using the fixed-price contract in
the study area.

Section D: Government agency efficiency questions

Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to the effect of
government agency efficiency on government construction project success in your scheme.
Please show your agreement by putting mark (✔) in the space provided. Scale: 1= Strongly
Disagree (SDA), 2= Disagree (DA) 3= Neutral (N) 4=Agree (AG) 5 = Strongly Agree (SAG).

S Government agency efficiency questions SDA DA N AG SAG

N (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 There is effective communication with government
agencies in the study area.
2 There is transparency on the government agency
framework in the study area.
3 There are measures the government agencies take to
minimize bureaucracy in the project.
4 There is timely responsiveness on the part of the
government agencies for project inquiries in the study area.
 P a g e | 68

5 There is a positive effect of government agencies on the

project.
6 There is improvement in the service delivery of
government agencies in the study area.

Section E: project success questions

Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to project success.
Please show your agreement by putting mark (✔) in the space provided. Scale: 1= Strongly
Disagree (SDA), 2= Disagree (DA) 3= Neutral (N) 4=Agree (AG) 5 = Strongly Agree (SAG).

S Measurement items of project success SDA DA N AG SAG

N (5)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 There are payment delays for completed work in the study
area.
2 There are timely payments in the study area.
3 There are contractors who experienced payment delays in
the study area.
4 There are disputes arising with contract types in the study
area
5 There is an advantage to using the cost-plus contract in the
study area.
6 There is effective communication with government
agencies in the study area.
7 There is transparency in the government agency
framework in the study area.
8 There are payment delays for completed work in the study
area.
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Section F: Interview guide

Key interview discussions would be done with experts who are working on the project.
o Date of the interview held ____________________________
o Place where the interview held_________________________
o Time duration when the interview held___________________
The overall interview questions
1. In your experience, how do payment delays affect the project success?
2. In your opinion, which is the more ideal type of contract for project success?
3. In your experience, what role does government agency efficiency play in project success?
4. In your opinion, what recommendations would you give to improve payment practices on
government construction projects?
Thank you for your participation!
 P a g e | 70

አባሪ

የአማራ አመራር አካዳሚ የአመራር እና የፖለቲካ ኢኮኖሚ ትምህርት ቤት

የፕሮጀክት አስተዳደር ክፍል

ውድ ምላሽ ሰጪዎች

የኮንትራት ክፍያ መዘግየት በመንግስት የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶች ስኬት ላይ የሚያስከትለውን ውጤት

የሚነኩ ምክንያቶች በሚል ርዕስ የምርምር ጥናት እያካሄድኩ ነው። ይህ ጥናት በፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት

(ኤምኤስሲ) የሳይንስ ማስተርስ ዲግሪ የሚያስፈልጉትን መስፈርቶች በከፊል ለማሟላት ያለመ ነው።

በእርስዎ ልምድ እና እውቀት ላይ በመመስረት የእርስዎ ግንዚቤዎች ምርምሩ እጅግ በጣም ጠቃሚ ናቸው እና ለዙህ

ምርምር ስኬት ጉልህ አስተዋፅዖ ያደርጋሉ። የቀረበው መረጃ ለአካዳሚክ ዓላማ ብቻ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። ሁሉም

ምላሾች በሚስጥር ይቀመጣሉ፡፡

መጠይቁን ለመሙላት መመሪያዎች፡-

1. እባክዎን እያንዳንዱን ጥያቄ በጥንቃቄ ያንብቡና በተቻለዎት መጠን ይመልሱ።

2. መጠይቁ ለማጠናቀቅ ከ15-20 ደቂቃ ያህል መውሰድ አለበዎት።

3. በምላሾዎት በጣም ይደሰታሉ፣ እናም በዙህ ጥናት ውስጥ ያለዎት ተሳትፎ ሙሉ በሙሉ በእርስዎ ፍቃደኝነት ላይ

ብቻ የተመሰረተ ነው። የማይመችዎትን ማንኛውንም ጥያቄ መዜለል ይችላሉ። ስለሚስጥራዊነቱ ሁሉም

የሚሰበሰቡ መረጃዎች በከፍተኛ ሚስጥራዊነቱን በመጠበቅ ለዙህ ጥናት ዓላማ ብቻ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ።

እርሰዎ በማንኛውም መንገድ ጥያቄ ካሎዎት ወይም ማብራሪያ ከፈለጉ እባክዎን በዙህ ስልክ ቁጥር 0912954174

ደውለው ያነጋግሩኝ:

ይህንን ጠቃሚ ምርምር እንዳደርግ ስለረዱኝ ስለተሳትፎዎ እናመሰግናለን!

ከሰላምታ ጋር

ባንቲደር በላቸው

ቀን 11-05-2017 ዓ/ም
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አጠቃላይ መረጃ

ክፍል 1: የስነ ሕዝብ አወቃቀር ባህሪያት

እባክዎን ጥያቄዎችን በጥንቃቄ ያንብቡና በተጠቀሰው ቦታ ላይ (የ"✔")ምልክት ያድርጉ?

1. የምላሽ ሰጪዎች ጾታ፡ ወንድ ሴት

2. እድሜህ ስንት ነው? < 25 25-35 36-45 > 46

3. የትምህርት ደረጃዎ ስንት ነው? ከ12ኛ ክፍል በታች ሰርተፍኬት ዲፕሎማ

ዲግሪ ማስተርስ

4. የስራ ልምድዎ ምን ያህል ነው? ከ1-5 ከ6-10 ከ11-15 ከ15 አመት በላይ

ክፍል 2፡ የክፍያ መዘግየት ጥያቄዎች

የክፍያ መ዗ግየት በመንግስት የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት ስኬት ላይ የሚያሳድረውን ውጤት በሚመለከቱ መግለጫዎች

የስምምነት ደረጃዎን ያመልክቱ። እባክዎ በተ዗ጋጀው ቦታ ላይ (✔) ምልክት በማድረግ ስምምነትዎን ያሳዩ። ልኬት፡

1= በጣም አልስማማም (በአል) 2= አልስማማም (አል) 3= ገለልተኛ (ገ) 4= እስማማለሁ (እስ) 5 = በጣም

እስማማለሁ (በእስ)

ተ/ የክፍያ መዘግየት ጥያቄዎች በአል አል( ገ እስ በእስ

ቁ (1) 2) (3) (4) (5)

1 በጥናት አካባቢ ተደጋጋሚ የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች አሉ

2 በጥናት አካባቢ ውጤታማ የክፍያ ሂደቶች አሉ
3 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ለተጠናቀቁ ሥራዎች የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች አሉ
4 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ወቅታዊ ክፍያዎች አሉ
5 በጥናት አካባቢ በክፍያ መ዗ግየት ምክንያት የተፈጠሩ አለመግባባቶች
አሉ
6 በክፍያ መ዗ግየት ምክንያት በፕሮጀክቱ የማጠናቀቂያ የጊዛ ሰሌዳ ላይ
አሉታዊ ተጽእኖዎች አሉ
7 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የክፍያ መ዗ግየት ያጋጠማቸው ኮንትራክተሮች አሉ
8 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የፕሮጀክት መጨናነቅን ያስከተሉ የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች
አሉ
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ክፍል 3: የኮንትራት ጥያቄዎች ዓይነቶች

የኮንትራት ጥያቄዎች በመንግስት የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት ስኬት ላይ የሚያሳድረውን ውጤት በሚመለከቱ

መግለጫዎች የስምምነት ደረጃዎን ያመልክቱ። እባክዎ በተ዗ጋጀው ቦታ ላይ (✔) ምልክት በማድረግ ስምምነትዎን

ያሳዩ። ልኬት፡ 1= በጣም አልስማማም (በአል) 2= አልስማማም (አል) 3= ገለልተኛ (ገ) 4= እስማማለሁ (እስ) 5 =

በጣም እስማማለሁ (በእስ)

ተ/ ኮንትራት ጥያቄዎች ዓይነቶች በአል አል ገ እስ በእስ

ቁ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የወጪ-ፕላስ ውልን መጠቀም ጥቅም አለው

2 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ከኮንትራት ዉሎች ጋር በተያይ዗ የሚነሱ ተደጋጋሚ
አለመግባባቶች አሉ
3 ለተሻለ የፕሮጀክት ስኬት የአንድ ጊዛ ድምር ውል ጥቅም አለው
4 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ከኮንትራት ዓይነቶች ጋር በተያያ዗ የሚነሱ
አለመግባባቶች አሉ
5 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የተወሰነውን የዋጋ ውል መጠቀም ጥቅም አለው

ክፍል 3፡ የመንግስት ኤጀንሲ የውጤታማነት ጥያቄዎች

የመንግስት ኤጀንሲ የውጤታማነት በመንግስት የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት ስኬት ላይ የሚያሳድረውን ውጤት

በሚመለከቱ መግለጫዎች የስምምነት ደረጃዎን ያመልክቱ። እባክዎ በተ዗ጋጀው ቦታ ላይ (✔) ምልክት በማድረግ

ስምምነትዎን ያሳዩ። ልኬት፡ 1= በጣም አልስማማም (በአል) 2= አልስማማም (አል) 3= ገለልተኛ (ገ) 4=

እስማማለሁ (እስ) 5 = በጣም እስማማለሁ (በእስ)

ተ/ መንግስት ኤጀንሲ ብቃት ጥያቄዎች በአል አል ገ እስ በእስ

ቁ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ከመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር ውጤታማ ግንኙነት አለ

2 በጥናቱ አካባቢ በመንግስት ኤጀንሲ ማዕቀፍ ላይ ግልፅነት አለ
3 የመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች በፕሮጀክቱ ውስጥ ቢሮክራሲን ለመቀነስ
የሚወስዷቸው እርምጃዎች አሉ
4 በጥናት አካባቢ ለሚነሱ የፕሮጀክት ጥያቄዎች በመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች
በኩል ወቅታዊ ምላሽ አለ
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5 በፕሮጀክቱ ላይ የመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች አዎንታዊ ተጽእኖ አላቸው

6 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች አገልግሎት አሰጣጥ ላይ
መሻሻል አለ

ክፍል 4፡ የፕሮጀክት ስኬት ጥያቄዎች

ከፕሮጀክት ስኬት ጋር በተያያዘ መግለጫዎች የስምምነት ደረጃዎን ያመልክቱ። እባክዎ በተ዗ጋጀው ቦታ ላይ (✔)

ምልክት በማድረግ ስምምነትዎን ያሳዩ። ልኬት፡ 1= በጣም አልስማማም (በአል) 2= አልስማማም (አል) 3= ገለልተኛ

(ገ) 4= እስማማለሁ (እስ) 5 = በጣም እስማማለሁ (በእስ)

ተ/ የፕሮጀክት ስኬት መለኪያዎች በአል አል ገ እስ በእስ

ቁ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ለተጠናቀቁ ሥራዎች የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች አሉ

2 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ወቅታዊ ክፍያዎች አሉ
3 በጥናት አካባቢ የክፍያ መ዗ግየት ያጋጠማቸው ኮንትራክተሮች አሉ
4 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ከኮንትራት ውሎች ጋር በተያያ዗ የሚነሱ
አለመግባባቶች አሉ
5 በጥናቱ አካባቢ የወጪ-ፕላስ ውልን መጠቀም ጥቅም አለው
6 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ከመንግስት ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር ውጤታማ ግንኙነት አለ
7 በጥናቱ አካባቢ በመንግስት ኤጀንሲ ማዕቀፍ ውስጥ ግልፅነት አለ
8 በጥናቱ አካባቢ ለተጠናቀቁ ሥራዎች የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች አሉ
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ክፍል 5: የቃለ መጠይቅ መመሪያዎች

በፕሮጀክቱ ላይ ከሚሰሩ ባለሙያዎችና አመራሮች ጋር የቃለ መጠይቅ ውይይቶች ይደረጋሉ.

 ቃለ መጠይቁ የተደረገበት ቀን ____________________________

 ቃለ መጠይቁ የተደረገበት ቦታ________________________

 ቃለ መጠይቁ የተካሄደበት የጊዛ ቆይታ ___________________

አጠቃላይ የቃለ መጠይቁ ጥያቄዎች

1. በእርስዎ ልምድ የክፍያ መ዗ግየቶች በፕሮጀክቱ ስኬት ላይ ምን ተጽዕኖ ያሳድራሉ?

2. በእርስዎ አስተያየት ለፕሮጀክት ስኬት የበለጠ ተስማሚ የውል ዓይነቶች የትኛቹ ናቸው?

3. በእርስዎ ልምድ የመንግስት ኤጀንሲ ቅልጥፍና ለፕሮጀክት ስኬት ምን ሚና ይጫወታል?

4. በእርስዎ አስተያየት በመንግስት የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ የክፍያ አሰራርን ለማሻሻል ምን ምክሮችን ይሰጣሉ?

ለተሳትፎዎ በጣም እናመሰግናለን!

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The current partial overview of the project

The current partial view of the project