National Affairs

 Tripura declared fully literate under ULLAS-Nav Shiksha Saaksharta Karyakram, third after
Goa and Mizoram.
• Mizoram was the first state to attain full literacy
• Ladakh became the first non-state administrative unit to declare full literacy.
 Central Government will observe June 25 as Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas (Constitution Murder
Day) every year.
 Operation Sindoor: India targeted nine terror sites in Pakistani Punjab and Pakistan-occupied
Jammu and Kashmir.
 Briefing led by Wing Commander Vyomika Singh, Colonel Sofiya Qureshi, and Foreign
Secretary Vikram Misri.
 Pakistan launched Operation Bunyan al-Marsus on May 10, 2025, targeting several Indian
military bases.
 Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai, Director General of Military Operations, briefed on precision
strikes.
 SCALP Cruise Missile (Storm Shadow): Manufactured by MBDA (Europe).
 HAMMER Precision-Guided Bomb (Armement Air-Sol Modulaire): By Safran Electronics
& Defense (France).
 Loitering Munitions: Also called Kamikaze Drones.
 BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile: Joint venture of Defence Research and Development
Organisation (India) and NPO Mashinostroyenia (Russia).
 S-400 Triumf (Sudarshan Chakra): India’s strategic air defence shield, by Almaz Central
Design Bureau, Russia.
 PM SVANidhi (Street Vendor’s Atma Nirbhar Nidhi) and Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana –
National Urban Livelihoods Mission event.
 Best Performing State: Madhya Pradesh (Loan & Innovation).
 Best Urban Local Body: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (Loan), Varanasi & Jhansi, Uttar
Pradesh (SVANidhi se Samriddhi).
 Classical Language Status: Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali.
• Criteria: High antiquity, ancient literature, original literary tradition.
 COP-29 of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Baku, Azerbaijan.

MAJOR MILITARY OPERATIONS (HISTORIC)

 Operation Cactus Lily (1971): Indian Army/Air Force air assault, Bangladesh War.
 Operation Trident (1971): Indian Navy attack on Karachi port.
 Operation Python (1971): Second naval attack on Karachi.
 Operation Meghdoot (1984): Seizure of Siachen Glacier.
 Operation Vijay (1999): Kargil conflict.
 Operation Safed Sagar (1999): Indian Air Force strikes in Kargil.
 Uri Surgical Strikes (2016): Retaliation for Uri attack.
 Operation Bandar (2019): Airstrikes after Pulwama attack.
 2016 Operation Sankat Mochan (Indian Air Force):
Conducted in South Sudan to evacuate Indian nationals during the Civil War.
 2017 Operation Insaniyat (Indian Air Force):
Launched for Bangladesh to provide humanitarian aid for Rohingya refugees.

EYE DRISHTI SUMMARY 2025 STUDY SMART IAS PCS

  2018 Operation Madad (Indian Navy):
Executed in Kerala to carry out rescue operations during devastating floods.
 2020 Operation Samudra Setu (Indian Navy):
A COVID-19 repatriation mission to bring back stranded Indian citizens from overseas.
 2021 Operation Devi Shakti (Indian Army):
Undertaken in Afghanistan for evacuation during the Taliban takeover.
 2022 Operation Ganga (Indian Army):
Conducted in Ukraine for student evacuation and to provide air support during the Russia-
Ukraine war.
 2023 Operation Dost (Indian Air Force):
Carried out in Turkey and Syria as an earthquake rescue mission.

TREATIES & LAW

 Indus Waters Treaty (1960): Signed in Karachi, brokered by World Bank.
• India gets Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
• Pakistan gets Indus, Jhelum, Chenab (80% of the Indus system’s total water flow)
 Charitable and religious endowments: Entry 28, Concurrent List, Seventh Schedule of
Constitution.
 Public Interest Litigations: Pragya Prasun v. Union of India (2024) and Amar Jain v. Union
of India (2025).
 Population Census-2027: Will be held in two phases (house listing, population enumeration) under
Census Act, 1948.
 Manuscripts of Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO Memory of the World
Register.

POLITICAL EVENTS & ELECTIONS

 Delhi Legislative Assembly Elections 2025:
• Rekha Gupta sworn as 9th Chief Minister
• Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma Deputy Chief Minister
• Atishi Marlena Leader of Opposition.
 Jammu and Kashmir: Omar Abdullah (National Conference) as Chief Minister, Surinder
Kumar Choudhary as Deputy.
 INDIA Alliance (Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance): Jammu and Kashmir
National Conference (JKNC), the Indian National Congress (INC) and others won a majority
of seats in the election.
 Haryana: Nayab Singh Saini became Chief Minister Panchkula, Bharatiya Janata Party
retained power.
 New Council of Ministers: 72 inducted, including 7 women (2 Cabinet, 5 State).
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi: Only second PM to win three consecutive terms after
Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Voters with disabilities & 85+ years: Allowed home voting for first time.
• First-time voters: 1.8 crore (18–19 years).
• Shompen Tribe, Great Nicobar: Voted for the first time.
• Voter turnout: 65.79%; Lakshadweep highest (84.16%), Assam (81.56%), Bihar lowest
(56.19%).
• Bharatiya Janata Party: 240 seats, National Democratic Alliance: 292 (42.8% votes).

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 • Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance: 234 (40.6%), Indian National
Congress: 99 (then 98), Samajwadi Party: 37 (all Uttar Pradesh).
• Eighteenth Lok Sabha: 74 women MPs (13.6%); youngest MPs: Pushpendra Saroj,
Shambhavi Choudhary, Priya Saroj (all 25 yrs).

MAHAKUMBH 2025 (PRAYAGRAJ)

 Mahakumbh 2025 held January 13 – February 26, 2025 at Triveni (Ganga, Yamuna,
Saraswati).
 Three Guinness World Records:
• Ganga cleaning (329 employees)
• 19,000 sanitation workers
• largest handprint painting (10,109 people, 80x5 ft).
• Could not set the record for the largest crowd
 Budget: ₹6382 crore.
 Next Kumbh: Nashik (2027), Ujjain (2028), Haridwar (2033).
 Kumbh Mela listed as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (2017).
 Logo unveiled by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath; features Amrit Kalash, Hanuman,
Akshayvat tree.
 Kumbhvani Channel (FM 103.5 MHz) and Kumbh Mangal Dhwani launched.

EDUCATION, INFRASTRUCTURE & SCIENCE

 Nalanda University (New Campus): Inaugurated, Rajgir, Bihar
• eco-campus by B.V. Doshi and Rajeev Kathpalia.
• Nalanda University was founded by Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta in 427 CE in Bihar and
thrived for 600 years till the 12th century.
• Its ruins were discovered by Francis Buchanan in 1812 and later identified by Alexandar
Cunningham in 1861.
 Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan:
• Shivraj Singh Chouhan targets 1.5 crore farmers, 700+ districts.
• to bridge the gap between scientific agricultural research and grassroots farming practices
 Ken-Betwa Link Project: 221 km canal including a 2km tunnel, first under National Perspective
Plan.
• Ken-Betwa Link Project will transfer water from the Ken river to the Betwa river (both
Yamuna tributaries),
• Provides irrigation to districts in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh,
• Supplies drinking water to local populations,
• Generates over 100 Megawatts of green energy through hydropower.
 Cruise Bharat Mission: Launched September 30, 2024, Mumbai; aims to double cruise traffic by
2029.
• Cruise Bharat Mission was launched by Sarbananda Sonowal from Mumbai port to
double cruise tourism passenger traffic in India by 2029.
 Chenab Rail Bridge: World’s highest (359 m), 1,315 m long (long steel arch bridge).
 Anji Bridge: India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge (725 m, 96 cables).
 National Forensic Sciences University and Central Forensic Science Laboratory foundation
campus in Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

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  Amrit Bharat Station Scheme: Redeveloping 1,309 railway stations since December 2022.
 WAVES Summit 2025: World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit by Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting.
 National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign: Launched by Union Minister of Health
and Family Welfare, J.P. Nadda to free Measles-Rubella vaccine, Universal Immunization
Programme.
 Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0: Held in Varanasi.
• Kashi Tamil Sangamam is a prestigious festival organized by the Ministry of Education
and Government of Uttar Pradesh to celebrate the ancient cultural ties between Tamil Nadu
and Kashi under the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative.
 Performance Grading Index 2.0 (2023-24): No state in top four bands; Gautam Buddh Nagar
(Noida) top in Uttar Pradesh.
 India Justice Report 2025: Karnataka best in policing/justice, West Bengal & Uttar Pradesh
lowest (large states), Sikkim best (small states).
 Dolphin Survey (Wildlife Institute of India): 6,327 Gangetic dolphins (most in Uttar Pradesh,
then Bihar, West Bengal); Bihar highest density (1.62 dolphins/km)
• Covered Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus river basins

INDIA STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2023:

 On December 21, 2024, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Bhupender Yadav
released the India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR 2023) at the Forest Research Institute,
Dehradun
 ISFR published biennially by Forest Survey of India since 1987.
 Mangrove status: Andaman & Nicobar (12.19%), Gujarat (23.32%), West Bengal (45.45%); net
decrease 7.43 km².
 Forest Cover Mapping: Land >1 hectare with >10% tree canopy (includes orchards, bamboo,
palms).
• Very Dense Forest (VDF): Canopy density ≥70%.
• Moderately Dense Forest (MDF): Canopy density 40–70%.
• Open Forest (OF): Canopy density 10–40%.
• Scrub: Canopy density <10%.
 Total forest and tree cover: 8,27,356.95 km² (25.17% of India’s area).
• Forest cover: 7,15,342.61 km² (21.76%)
• Tree cover: 1,12,014.34 km² (3.41%)
 Increase:
• Forest cover up by 156.41 km² (0.05%) from last assessment.
• Combined forest and tree cover up by 1,445.81 km² (0.18%) since 2021.
 Top three states by area (forest cover):
• Madhya Pradesh: 77,073 km²
• Arunachal Pradesh: 65,882 km²
• Chhattisgarh: 55,812 km²
 Highest % forest cover by area:
• Lakshadweep: 91.33%
• Mizoram: 85.34%
• Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 81.62%
 Maximum increase in forest/tree cover:
• Chhattisgarh: 683.62 km²

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 •Uttar Pradesh: 559.19 km²
•Odisha: 558.57 km²
•Rajasthan: 394.46 km²
 Maximum decrease in forest/tree cover:
• Madhya Pradesh: 612.41 km²
• Karnataka: 459.36 km²
• Ladakh: 159.26 km²
• Nagaland: 125.22 km²
 Maximum tree cover by state:
• Maharashtra: 14,524.88 km²
• Rajasthan: 10,841.12 km²
• Uttar Pradesh: 8,950.92 km²

INDEXES & ECONOMY

 Rule of Law Index 2024: India ranked 79/142; top: Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany
by the World Justice Project (WJP)
 Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results
• Category 1 (Large Cities):
• 1st: Surat (Gujarat)
• Category 2 (Medium Cities):
• 1st: Firozabad (Uttar Pradesh)
• Category 3 (Small Cities):
• 1st: Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh)
 SDG India Index 2023-24
• SDG India Index is released by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India).
• Uttarakhand: SDG Score 79 (+7 from previous score)
• Kerala: SDG Score 79 (+4)
• Uttar Pradesh: SDG Score 67 (+7)
• Lowest 3 states:
• Bihar: SDG Score 57 (+5)
• National score 71, Uttar Pradesh fastest moving state (2018–2023-24).
 Travel and Tourism Development Index 2024: India ranked 39 by World Economic Forum
(WEF) and the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom (UK).
 Best sustainable transport: Kochi Metro Rail
• best public transport: Bhubaneswar Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT
 Fifth National Water Awards 2023
• The 5th National Water Awards, 2023 were conferred by the President of India, Droupadi
Murmu, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi on October 22, 2024.
• The Union Minister of Jal Shakti, C.R. Paatil, announced the winners’ list on October 14,
2024 at Shram Shakti Bhawan, New Delhi.
• These awards recognize and honor outstanding work in water conservation, management, and
sustainable practices across states, districts, villages, urban local bodies, and individuals in
India.
• Best state Odisha, Uttar Pradesh second; Best village: Pullampara (Kerala); Best urban: Surat
(Gujarat).

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 MISCELLANEOUS
 Genome-edited rice : DRR Rice 100 (Kamala) by Indian Institute of Rice Research, Pusa DST
Rice 1 by Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
 Air India Crash (June 12, 2025):
• On June 12, 2025, a London-bound Air India flight (Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner) crashed
into a hostel complex in Ahmedabad just after takeoff from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
International Airport, resulting in the death of over 260 people (including 241 on board)
with only one survivor.
• The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) recovered the black boxes from the
crash site and is currently examining them for clues into the cause of the accident.
• Black Box Facts:
▪ Invented in 1954 by Dr. David Warren (Australia).
▪ Made mandatory in commercial aircraft since 1960.
▪ Black boxes are actually painted bright orange with reflective tape to make them easy
to locate after a crash.
 National Maritime Heritage Complex: Approved for Lothal, Gujarat.
 Nobel Prizes 2024:
• Physics: John J. Hopfield, Geoffrey E. Hinton for modern Artificial Neural Networks
(ANNs) and Machine Learning (ML).
• Chemistry: David Baker, Demis Hassabis, John M. Jumper (Protein design/structure)
• Physiology/Medicine: Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun (microRNA)
• Literature: Han Kang (South Korea) for her “intense poetic prose that confronts historical
traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.”
• Peace: Nihon Hidankyo (Japan) for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons
• Economics: Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson (prosperity research)
 Indore: Declared India’s first beggar-free city.
 SAHAJOG (Odisha): For urban poor to facilitate access to government welfare schemes for the
urban poor..
 Bharat Bodh Kendra:
• On May 11, 2025, Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, Manohar Lal,
inaugurated the ‘Bharat Bodh Kendra’ at the India Habitat Centre (IHC) in New Delhi.
• The Bharat Bodh Kendra is located within the Habitat Library and Resource Centre.
• The centre aims to celebrate and promote India’s civilizational knowledge, cultural
richness, and intellectual legacy, serving as a hub for learning and disseminating India’s
ancient and modern contributions to world heritage.
 Madhya Pradesh: First to implement Artificial Intelligence-based forest management alert.
 PM-YUVA 3.0: Young Author Mentoring, for writers under 30.
 India’s first national cooperative university: Proposed at Institute of Rural Management
Anand, Gujarat.
 Ayushman Bharat: Vay Vandana Cards: Launched on Dhanvantari Jayanti & Ayurveda Day
(October 29, 2024).
 SAMRIDH Programme: 300 software startups, ₹99 crore, 4 years
 8th Dharma Dhamma Conference:
• Conference chief Guest - Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar
• Ahmedabad, August 2024
• Theme: Cosmology in Dharma and Dhamma.

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  First Organic Fisheries Cluster: Sikkim.
 Tenth World Ayurveda Congress: Dehradun.
 Twenty-second Divya Kala Mela: Persons with Disabilities,India Gate, Delhi.
 First Asian Buddhist Summit: Ministry of Culture, New Delhi.
 Y-Break (Ministry of Ayush):
• Yoga Break at Workplace
• Top performer on iGOT Karmayogi Bharat Platform.
 Vadhvan Port: Foundation stone, Palghar, Maharashtra.
 Twelve Major Ports: Kolkata, Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Kamarajar, Chennai, V.O.
Chidambaranar, Deendayal, Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mormugao, New Mangalore, Cochin,
Port Blair.
 Forty-third India International Trade Fair:
• Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, Piyush Goyal
 Smritivan Earthquake Museum (Bhuj):
• "World's Most Beautiful Museums"
• Shortlisted for UNESCO Prix Versailles.
• Smritivan Earthquake Museum in Bhuj,Gujarat,
 SEMICON India 2024: Inaugurated in Greater Noida.
 PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme: financial support to meritorious students so that financial constraints
do not prevent anyone from pursuing higher studies..
 SUBHADRA (Odisha): Women’s scheme, launched September 17, 2024; to benefit over 1 crore
women (21–60 years, native of Odisha).
 First Biomanufacturing Institute: Mohali, Chandigarh (BRIC-NABI).
 RESET Programme:
• “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training
• For retired sportspersons, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education.
 Eighth Ganga Utsav: Chandi Ghat, Haridwar.
 First Constitution Museum: O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat.
 Election Commission National Icons for Persons with Disabilities: Paralympian Rakesh
Kumar, Sheetal Devi.
 Supreme Court Flag and Emblem: Unveiled September 1, 2024; blue flag, Supreme Court
building, Constitution, Ashoka Chakra, Sanskrit motto.
• Unveiled by President Droupadi Murmu
• Motto – “Yato Dharmastato Jayah”.

International Affairs
 In June 2025, Israel launched Operation Rising Lion, a preemptive air and drone strike campaign
targeting Iran’s nuclear and military infrastructure, including Natanz, Tehran’s nuclear
center, military bases in Tabriz, and a missile site in Kermanshah.
• In retaliation, Iran initiated Operation True Promise 3, launching ballistic missiles at
Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, escalating regional tensions.
 The United States joined the conflict with precision airstrikes using B-2 stealth bombers and
bunker-buster bombs on Iran’s Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan nuclear facilities.
• India launched Operation Sindhu to safeguard its diaspora amid the conflict.

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  On invitation from President Nikos Christodoulides, India’s Prime Minister visited Cyprus, an
Asian island nation and EU member near Turkey and Syria.
 U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance visited India, progressing talks on a modern bilateral trade
agreement for job creation and supply chain integration.
 PM Modi made his 4th official visit to Sri Lanka at the invitation of President Anura Kumara
Dissanayake.
 President Murmu hosted Angolan President João Lourenço, marking 40 years of diplomatic
ties and Angola’s entry as the 123rd member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
 Italy’s Deputy PM Antonio Tajani visited India to boost bilateral cooperation.
 New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon visited India for bilateral meet.
 On April 2, 2025, President Donald Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs on countries including
India, China, the EU, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada, dubbing it “Liberation Day” for the USA.
• Trump also introduced a ‘Gold Card’ visa allowing foreign investors to buy US citizenship
for $5 million (₹43.5 crore).
• The US agreed to sell F-35 stealth fighter jets to India, boosting its defence capability.
 Denmark launched the Green Transition Alliance India (GTAI), deepening the 2020 Green
Strategic Partnership (GSP) on climate action and sustainable energy.
 On February 4, 2025, Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck visited India, securing
support for Bhutan’s 13th Five-Year Plan (2024–29), Economic Stimulus Programme, and the
Mindfulness City Project.
 During talks with Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Meshal Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, India
and Kuwait agreed to form Joint Working Groups (JWGs) in trade, tech, education, and
defence.
 India and France Museums Développement (FMD) are building the Yuga Yugeen Bharat
National Museum in New Delhi, to be the world’s largest cultural institution at 155,000 sq.
meters.
 India, Nepal, and Bangladesh agreed to develop the Sunkoshi-3 hydro-power project
collaboratively.
 In October 2024, President Droupadi Murmu became the first Indian President to visit Algeria,
Mauritania, and Malawi, signing MoUs on energy, culture, visa waivers, and promoting Make
in India, Received by President Tebboune, Welcomed by President Ghazouani, she also met with
President Lazaras Chakwera.
 Spanish PM Pedro Sanchez visited India, co-inaugurating India’s first C295 aircraft assembly
line in Vadodara, a Tata-Airbus Spain venture.
 India and UAE signed a civil nuclear energy MoU during the visit of Mohd. Sheikh Khalid bin
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan’s (Crown prince Abu Dhabi)
 PM Modi visited Brunei (Bandar Seri Begawan) on the invitation of President Sultan Haji
Hassanal Bolkiah.
 In Kyiv, PM Modi and Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited the Mahatma Gandhi statue; India gifted
4 BHISHM Cubes (Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita & Maitri).
 In Warsaw, PM Modi met Polish PM Donald Tusk, upgrading ties to a Strategic Partnership
and launching Jamsaheb Memorial Youth Exchange Program.
• He also met with President Andrzej Duda
• India exported its first GI-tagged fig juice to Poland.
 India and Denmark launched a Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers (SLCR) in Varanasi for
river rejuvenation.

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  An interim government led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus was formed in Bangladesh,
backed by the army.
 The NATO Summit 2025 was held in The Hague, Netherlands, on June 24–25, with the next
summit planned in Türkiye (2026).
• 2024 – Sweden (32nd)
• 2023 – Finland (31st)
• Adm. HQ – Brussels
• Military HQ – Mons
• Security General – Mark Rutte (Former DUTCH PM)
 During the SCO Defence Ministers’ Summit 2025 in Qingdao, China, India refused to sign the
joint declaration as it omitted the Pahalgam terror attack but mentioned Balochistan.
 United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) in Nice, France adopted the “Our Ocean, Our
Future: United for Urgent Action” declaration, advancing SDG 14 (Life Below Water).
 The 51st G7 Summit was held in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, where PM Modi joined the G7
Outreach Summit.
• This is Prime Minister Modi’s first visit to Canada since 2015, following an official invitation
from Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney
 UN General Assembly elected Bahrain, Colombia, DRC, Liberia, and Latvia as non-
permanent UNSC members (2026–27); Latvia gained its first-ever seat.
 India was elected President of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
(2025–2028) on June 3, 2025, in Brussels.
 Indonesia will join the New Development Bank (NDB) founded by BRICS, announced by
President Prabowo Subianto in a meeting with NDB President Dilma Rousseff.
 Asian Development Bank (ADB) launched the “Frontier Seed” initiative to support emerging
economies.
 On March 13, 2025, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres launched the UN80 Initiative to
resolve the UN’s liquidity crisis, with a $3.7 billion budget.
 The 6th BIMSTEC Summit was held on April 4, 2025, in Bangkok under the theme
“Prosperous, Resilient, and Open BIMSTEC”
• India to host BIMSTEC Games 2027 and Athletics Meet.
• Its seven member states are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and
Thailand.
 The 8th Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) was held on February 16, 2025, in Muscat, Oman,
under the theme “Voyage to New Horizons of Maritime Partnership”; India reaffirmed SAGAR
Vision.
 21st ASEAN-India Summit and 19th East Asia Summit were held in Vientiane, Lao PDR,
celebrating 10 years of Act East Policy (AEP).
 PM Modi participated in the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia, themed “Strengthening
Multilateralism for Equitable Global Development and Security”
• BRICS+ welcomed Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE.
 4th Quad Leaders Summit was hosted by President Joe Biden in Wilmington, Delaware.
 The 46th World Heritage Committee Meeting was hosted by India in New Delhi
• 24 new World Heritage Sites were inscribed
• Including Assam’s Moidams, India’s 43rd site.
 Bangladesh became the 5th member of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC), joining India,
Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Maldives.

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  Global Liveability Index 2025 by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ranks Copenhagen,
Denmark as most liveable (Index: 98) and Damascus, Syria as least (Index: 30.7).
• New Delhi – 120th
• Mumbai – 121st
 Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2025 released by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)
ranks India 14th; top country affected by terrorism is Burkina Faso, followed by Pakistan.
 Global Peace Index (GPI) 2025 by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) ranks
• India 115th with a score of 2.229
• Russia (163rd)
• Ukraine (162nd)
• Sudan (161st) are the least peaceful.
 The United States secured the top position in the Hurun Global Rich List 2025 (first time in 10
years) followed by China and India which retained its third position.
• Mukesh Ambani (rank 17) slipped out of the top 10 globally but remains the richest person
in Asia with a net worth of ₹8.6 lakh crore ($100 billion).
• Gautam Adani (rank 18) is just behind Ambani with a 13% rise in fortune and a net worth
of ₹8.4 lakh crore ($97 billion).
• Roshni Nadar (rank 36), Chairperson of HCL Technologies, became the first Indian
woman to feature in the Top 100 with a net worth of ₹3.5 lakh crore ($40 billion).
• Mumbai lost its title as Asia’s billionaire capital to Shanghai.
 The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the 20th Global Risks Report 2025 on January
15, 2025.
 The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) released the Democracy Index 2024 in February 2025,
placing India at rank 41 with a score of 7.29.
 The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) released the State of World Population Report
2025 titled “The Real Fertility Crisis” in June 2025.
• India remains the most populous country in 2025 with 1,463.9 million people.
• India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1.
 The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 by World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked India 131st
out of 148 countries with a gender parity score of 64.4%; in 2024, India was 129th.
• Bottom 5 countries: Pakistan (148), Sudan (147), Chad (146), Iran (145), Guinea (144).
 India ranked 151st (out of 180) in the World Press Freedom Index 2025, improving from 159th
in 2024 (Reporters Without Borders).
 Indian Institute of Science ranked 38th globally with a score of 65.2.
 Transparency International released the Corruption Perceptions Index 2024 on February 11,
2025; India ranked 96th (tied with Maldives) with a score of 38, down from 93rd in 2023.
 The World Happiness Report 2025 by Wellbeing Research Centre ranked India 118th (up from
126th in 2024) out of 147 countries; score improved from 4.054 to 4.389.
• Finland – 1st
 In the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024, India ranked 105th out of 127 countries.
 The SIPRI Report 2025 listed largest arms exporters:
• 1st - USA (35%), 2nd - France (8.6%).
• Largest arms importers: 1st - Ukraine (8.8%), 2nd - India (8.3%).
 The Global Innovation Index 2024 by WIPO ranked India 39th.
 The World Giving Index 2024 by Charities Aid Foundation (CAF ranked India 26th out of 142
countries; Indonesia ranked 1st.

EYE DRISHTI SUMMARY 2025 STUDY SMART IAS PCS

  The 11th International Day of Yoga was celebrated on June 21, 2025, with the theme “Yoga for
One Earth, One Health”.
• Two Guinness World Records in Visakhapatnam:
• Largest yoga session at a single venue with 3.02 lakh participants.
• Largest mass Surya Namaskar with 22,122 tribal students.
 New York City Mayor Eric Adams declared April 14, 2025, as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Day to
commemorate his 135th birth anniversary.
 The UK became the first country to criminalize AI-generated child sexual abuse material under
the Crime and Policing Bill.
 Donald Trump : 47th President of the United States
 PM Narendra Modi visited Croatia and met President Zoran Milanović in Zagreb.
 West Japan Railway Company unveiled the world’s first 3D-printed train station in Arida,
Japan.
 Nepal’s Yala Glacier was declared “dead” on May 12, 2025, after losing 66% of its mass.
 Denmark launched the world’s first commercial e-methanol plant.
 The UAE declared 2025 as the “Year of Community”.
 The 25th Hornbill Festival was held from Dec 1–10, 2024, in Kisama, Nagaland with Japan and
Wales as partners.
 Nebraska (USA) commemorated December 6, 2024, as Mahatma Gandhi Remembrance Day
by unveiling his bust.
 Angkor Wat named Asia’s most photogenic UNESCO site by Times Travel on Sept 15, 2024.
 Israel became the 69th member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
 China opened the Qinling Station in Antarctica.
 Biopharmaceutical Alliance launched by India, US, Japan, and South Korea in June 2024, first
meeting held in San Diego.
 President Trump signed the order “Keeping Men Out of Women’s Sports”, banning trans
women from female sports.
 India to Chair the Colombo Process.
 The Raisina Dialogue 2025 was held in New Delhi (March 17–19), marking the 10th edition.
• Chief Guest: New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon
• Theme: “Kālachakra – People, Peace and Planet”
 President Trump announced US withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council.
 Brazil joined OPEC+ as an observer.
 Argentina withdrew from the WHO, citing COVID-19 policy differences by President Javier
Milei’s
 Queen’s University Belfast and Coventry University to open campuses in GIFT City, Gujarat.
• Australian universities like Deakin University and the University of Wollongong were the first
to set up in GIFT City
 India and Spain declared 2026 as “Dual Year” for Culture, Tourism, and AI.
 Mount Semeru erupted in East Java, Indonesia.
 South Africa took over the G20 Presidency from Brazil, becoming the first African nation to
lead the G20.
 Australia passed a law banning under-16s from social media; platforms face fines for violations.
 Japan’s Sado Gold Mine received UNESCO World Heritage status.
 US, Japan, and South Korea held their first trilateral multi-domain exercise called Freedom
Edge starting on June 27, 2024, from Jeju Island.

EYE DRISHTI SUMMARY 2025 STUDY SMART IAS PCS