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was known in Rome by the title of the mother-in-law of Scipio, not
the mother of the Gracchi. Thus she excited their emulation and put
them upon reviving the old project of an equal division of the
conquered lands (a genuine republican measure, though it had been
too long neglected to be then practicable), in order to make their
names as illustrious as Scipio's.
The great Duke who first excited the Portuguese to revolt from the
Spanish monarchy was spurred on to his great enterprise by a most
artful and ambitious wife, and thus indeed you will find it very
generally.
 134. Abigail Adams.
Boston, 25 August, 1776.

I sent Johnny[154] last evening to the post-office for letters. He soon

returned, and pulling one from under his gown gave it me. The
young rogue, smiling and watching mamma's countenance, draws
out another and then another, highly gratified to think he had so
many presents to bestow.
I took the liberty of sending my compliments to General Lincoln, and
asking him some questions which you proposed to me, but which I
was totally unable to answer,[155] and he has promised a particular
reply to them.
As to provisions, there is no scarcity. 'Tis true they are high, but that
is more owing to the advanced price of labor than the scarcity.
English goods of every kind are not purchasable, at least by me.
They are extravagantly high. West India goods articles are very high,
all except sugars, which have fallen half since I came into town. Our
New England rum is four shillings per gallon; molasses the same
price; loaf sugar two and fourpence; cotton-wool four shillings per
pound; sheep's wool two shillings; flax one and sixpence. In short,
one hundred pounds two years ago would purchase more than two
will now.
House rent in this town is very low. Some of the best and genteelest
houses rent for twenty pounds a year. Ben Hallowell's has been
offered for ten, and Mr. Chardon's for thirteen pounds six shillings
and eight pence.
The privateer Independence, which sailed from Plymouth about
three weeks ago, has taken a Jamaica man laden with sugars, and
sent her into Marblehead last Saturday. I hear the Defence has taken
another. I think we make a fine haul of prizes.
Colonel Quincy desires me to ask you whether you have received a
letter from him; he wrote you some time ago.
I like Dr. Franklin's device for a seal. It is such a one as will please
most; at least it will be most agreeable to the spirit of New England.
[156]

We have not any news here—anxiously waiting the event, and in

daily expectation of hearing tidings from New York. Heaven grant
they may be glorious for our country and countrymen. Then will I
glory in being an American. Ever, Ever yours,
Portia.
P. S. We are in such want of lead as to be obliged to take down the
leads from the windows in this town.

FOOTNOTES:
[154] John Quincy Adams, at this time nine years old.
[155] See the letter of the 12th of August, p. 209.
[156] See Letter No. 128, p. 211.
 135. Abigail Adams.
Boston, 29 August, 1776.
I have spent the three days past almost entirely with you. The
weather has been stormy. I have had little company, and I have
amused myself in my closet, reading over the letters I have received
from you since I have been here.
I have possession of my aunt's chamber, in which, you know, is a
very convenient, pretty closet, with a window which looks into her
flower garden. In this closet are a number of bookshelves, which are
but poorly furnished. However I have a pretty little desk or cabinet
here, where I write all my letters and keep my papers, unmolested
by any one. I do not covet my neighbor's goods, but I should like to
be the owner of such conveniences. I always had a fancy for a closet
with a window, which I could more particularly call my own.
I feel anxious for a post day, and am full as solicitous for two letters
a week, and as uneasy if I do not get them, as I used to be when I
got but one in a month or five weeks. Thus do I presume upon
indulgence, and this is human nature. It brings to my mind a
sentiment of one of your correspondents, to wit, that "man is the
only animal who is hungry with his belly full."
Last evening Dr. Cooper came in and brought me your favor, from
the post-office, of August 16, and Colonel Whipple arrived yesterday
morning and delivered to me the two bundles you sent and a letter
of the 12th of August. They have already afforded me much
amusement, and I expect much more from them.
I am sorry to find from your last, as well as from some others of
your letters, that you feel so dissatisfied with the office to which you
are chosen. Though in your acceptance of it I know you were
actuated by the purest motives, and I know of no person here so
well qualified to discharge the important duties of it, yet I will not
urge you to it. In accepting of it you must be excluded from all other
employments. There never will be a salary adequate to the
importance of the office or to support you and your family from
penury. If you possessed a fortune I would urge you to it, in spite of
all the fleers and gibes of minds which themselves are incapable of
acting a disinterested part, and have no conception that others can.
I have never heard any one speak about it, nor did I know that such
insinuations had been thrown out.
Pure and disinterested virtue must ever be its own reward. Mankind
are too selfish and too depraved to discern the pure gold from the
baser metal.
I wish for peace and tranquillity. All my desire and all my ambition is
to be esteemed and loved by my partner, to join with him in the
education and instruction of our little ones, to sit under our own
vines in peace, liberty, and safety.
Adieu, my dearest friend! Soon, soon return to your most
affectionate
Portia.
P. S. A very odd report has been propagated in Braintree, namely,
that you were poisoned upon your return, at New York.
 136. John Adams.
Philadelphia, 5 September, 1776.
Mr. Bass arrived this day with the joyful news that you were all well.
By this opportunity I shall send you a canister of green tea by Mr.
Hare. Before Mr. Gerry went away from hence, I asked Mrs. Yard to
send a pound of green tea to you. She readily agreed. When I came
home at night I was told Mr. G. was gone. I asked Mrs. Y. if she had
sent the canister. She said, yes, and that Mr. G. undertook to deliver
it with a great deal of pleasure. From that time I flattered myself you
would have the poor relief of a dish of good tea, under all your
fatigues with the children, and under all the disagreeable
circumstances attending the small-pox, and I never conceived a
single doubt that you had received it, until Mr. Gerry's return. I asked
him, accidentally, whether he delivered it, and he said, "Yes, to Mr.
Samuel Adams's lady."[157] I was astonished. He misunderstood Mrs.
Yard entirely; for upon inquiry she affirms she told him it was for
Mrs. J. A. I was so vexed at this that I have ordered another
canister, and Mr. Hare has been kind enough to undertake to deliver
it. How the dispute will be settled I don't know. You must send a
card to Mrs. S. A., and let her know that the canister was intended
for you, and she may send it you, if she chooses, as it was charged
to me. It is amazingly dear; nothing less than forty shillings, lawful
money, a pound.
I am rejoiced that my horses are come. I shall now be able to take a
ride. But it is uncertain when I shall set off for home. I will not go at
present. Affairs are too delicate and critical. The panic may seize[158]
whom it will. It shall not seize me. I will stay here until the public
countenance is better, or much worse. It must and will be better. I
think it is not now bad. Lies by the million will be told you. Don't
believe any of them. There is no danger of the communication being
cut off between the northern and southern colonies. I can go home
when I please, in spite of all the fleet and army of Great Britain.

FOOTNOTES:
[157] This mistake in the delivery of the tea is frequently alluded to in
the letters of the period, and caused much amusement.
[158] On account of the defeat on Long Island.
 137. John Adams.
Philadelphia, Friday, 6 September, 1776.
This day, I think, has been the most remarkable of all. Sullivan came
here from Lord Howe, five days ago, with a message that his
lordship desired a half an hour's conversation with some of the
members of Congress in their private capacities. We have spent
three or four days in debating whether we should take any notice of
it. I have, to the utmost of my abilities, during the whole time,
opposed our taking any notice of it. But at last it was determined by
a majority, "that the Congress being the representatives of the free
and independent States of America, it was improper to appoint any
of their members to confer in their private characters with his
lordship. But they would appoint a committee of their body to wait
on him, to know whether he had power to treat with Congress upon
terms of peace, and to hear any propositions that his lordship may
think proper to make."
When the committee came to be balloted for, Dr. Franklin and your
humble servant were unanimously chosen. Colonel R. H. Lee and Mr.
Rutledge had an equal number; but, upon a second vote, Mr.
Rutledge was chosen. I requested to be excused, but was desired to
consider of it until to-morrow. My friends here advise me to go. All
the stanch and intrepid are very earnest with me to go, and the
timid and wavering, if any such there are, agree in the request. So I
believe I shall undertake the journey. I doubt whether his lordship
will see us, but the same committee will be directed to inquire into
the state of the army at New York, so that there will be business
enough, if his lordship makes none. It would fill this letter-book to
give you all the arguments for and against this measure, if I had
liberty to attempt it. His lordship seems to have been playing off a
number of Machiavelian manœuvres, in order to throw upon us the
odium of continuing this war. Those who have been advocates for
the appointment of this committee are for opposing manœuvre to
manœuvre, and are confident that the consequence will be that the
odium will fall upon him. However this may be, my lesson is plain, to
ask a few questions and take his answers.
I can think of but one reason for their putting me upon this
embassy, and that is this. An idea has crept into many minds here
that his lordship is such another as Mr. Hutchinson, and they may
possibly think that a man who has been accustomed to penetrate
into the mazy windings of Hutchinson's heart, and the serpentine
wiles of his head, may be tolerably qualified to converse with his
lordship.
Sunday, 8 September.
Yesterday's post brought me yours of August 29. The report you
mention, "that I was poisoned upon my return home, at New York,"
I suppose will be thought to be a prophecy delivered by the oracle,
in mystic language, and meant that I should be politically or morally
poisoned by Lord Howe. But the prophecy shall be false.
 138. Abigail Adams.
Braintree, 9 September, 1776.
This night our good uncle came from town and brought me yours of
August 20, 21, 25, 27, and 28, for all of which I most sincerely thank
you. I have felt uneasy to hear from you. The report of your being
dead has no doubt reached you by Bass, who heard enough of it
before he came away. It took its rise among the Tories, who, as
Swift said of himself, "By their fears betray their hopes." How they
should ever take it into their heads that you was poisoned at New
York, a fortnight before that we heard anything of that villain
Zedwitz's plan of poisoning the waters of the city, I cannot tell.[159] I
am sometimes ready to suspect that there is a communication
between the Tories of every State; for they seem to know all news
that is passing before it is known by the Whigs.
We have had many stories concerning engagements upon Long
Island this week; of our lines being forced and of our troops
returning to New York. Particulars we have not yet obtained. All we
can learn is that we have been unsuccessful there; having lost many
men as prisoners, among whom are Lord Stirling and General
Sullivan.
But if we should be defeated, I think we shall not be conquered. A
people fired like the Romans with love of their country and of liberty,
a zeal for the public good, and a noble emulation of glory, will not be
disheartened or dispirited by a succession of unfortunate events. But
like them may we learn by defeat the power of becoming invincible!

I hope to hear from you by every post till you return. The herbs[160]
you mention I never received. I was upon a visit to Mrs. S. Adams
about a week after Mr. Gerry returned, when she entertained me
with a very fine dish of green tea. The scarcity of the article made
me ask her where she got it. She replied that her sweetheart sent it
to her by Mr. Gerry. I said nothing, but thought my sweetheart might
have been equally kind, considering the disease I was visited with,
and that was recommended a bracer. A little after, you mentioned a
couple of bundles sent. I supposed one of them might contain the
article, but found they were letters. How Mr. Gerry should make such
a mistake I know not. I shall take the liberty of sending for what is
left of it, though I suppose it is half gone, as it was very freely used.
If you had mentioned a single word of it in your letter, I should have
immediately found out the mistake.
It is said that the efforts of our enemies will be to stop the
communication between the Colonies by taking possession of
Hudson's Bay. Can it be effected? The Milford frigate rides
triumphant in our bay, taking vessels every day, and no colony or
Continental vessel has yet attempted to hinder her. She mounts but
twenty-eight guns, but is one of the finest sailers in the British navy.
They complain we have not weighty metal enough, and I suppose
truly. The rage for privateering is as great here as anywhere, and I
believe the success has been as great.

FOOTNOTES:
[159] Herman Zedwitz, a German who had received a lieutenant-
colonel's commission in the Continental army, appears to have conceived
a clumsy scheme of treachery, by communicating to Governor Tryon,
among other things, a supposed plot to poison the waters of the city of
New York. He was tried by wart martial and cashiered.
[160] Tea.
 139. John Adams.
Philadelphia, Saturday, 14 September, 1776.
Yesterday morning I returned with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Rutledge
from Staten Island, where we met Lord Howe and had about three
hours' conversation with him. The result of this interview will do no
disservice to us. It is now plain that his lordship has no power but
what is given him in the act of Parliament. His commission
authorizes him to grant pardons upon submission, and to converse,
confer, consult, and advise with such persons as he may think
proper, upon American grievances, upon the instructions to
Governors and the acts of Parliament, and if any errors should be
found to have crept in, his Majesty and the ministry were willing
they should be rectified.
I found yours of 31st of August and 2d of September. I now
congratulate you on your return home with the children. I am sorry
to find you anxious on account of idle reports. Don't regard them. I
think our friends are to blame to mention such silly stories. What
good do they expect to do by it?
My ride has been of service to me. We were absent but four days. It
was an agreeable excursion. His lordship is about fifty years of age.
He is a well-bred man, but his address is not so irresistible as it has
been represented. I could name you many Americans, in your own
neighborhood, whose art, address, and abilities are greatly superior.
His head is rather confused, I think.
When I shall return I can't say. I expect now every day fresh hands
from Watertown.
 140. Abigail Adams.
15 September, 1776.
I have been so much engaged with company this week, that though
I never cease to think of you I have not had leisure to write. It has
been High Court week with us. Judge Cushing and lady kept here.
The judges all dined with me one day and the bar another day. The
Court sit till Saturday night and then are obliged to continue many
causes. The people seem to be pleased and gratified at seeing
justice returning into its old regular channel again.
I this week received two letters, one dated 27th and one 29th July.
Where they have been these two months I cannot conceive. I hear
of another by the express, but have not yet been able to find it. I
write now not knowing where to direct to you; whether you are in
the American Senate or on board the British fleet, is a matter of
uncertainty. I hear to-day that you are one of a committee sent by
Congress to hold a conference with Lord Howe. Some say to
negotiate an exchange of General Sullivan. Others say you are
charged with other matters.
May you be as wise as serpents. I wish to hear from you. The 28th
of August was the last date. I may have letters at the post-office.
The town is not yet clear of the small-pox, which makes it difficult
for me to get a conveyance from there unless I send on purpose.
I only write now to let you know we are all well, anxiously longing
for your return.
As this is a child of chance I do not choose to say anything more
than that I am
Sincerely Yours.
 141. John Adams.
Philadelphia, 22 September, 1776.
We have at last agreed upon a plan for forming a regular army. We
have offered twenty dollars and a hundred acres of land to every
man who will enlist during the war. And a new set of articles of war
are agreed on. I will send you, if I can, a copy of these resolutions
and regulations.
I am at a loss what to write. News we have not. Congress seems to
be forgotten by the armies. We are most unfaithfully served in the
post-office, as well as many other offices, civil and military.
Unfaithfulness in public stations is deeply criminal. But there is no
encouragement to be faithful. Neither profit, nor honor, nor applause
is acquired by faithfulness. But I know by what. There is too much
corruption even in this infant age of our republic. Virtue is not in
fashion. Vice is not infamous.
1 October, 1776.
Since I wrote the foregoing, I have not been able to find time to
write you a line. Although I cannot write you so often as I wish, you
are never out of my thoughts. I am repining at my hard lot in being
torn from you much oftener than I ought. I have often mentioned to
you the multiplicity of my engagements, and have been once
exposed to the ridicule and censure of the world for mentioning the
great importance of the business which lay upon me; and if this
letter should ever see the light, it would be again imputed to vanity
that I mention to you how busy I am. But I must repeat it by way of
apology for not writing you oftener. From four o'clock in the morning
until ten at night, I have not a single moment which I can call my
own. I will not say that I expect to run distracted, to grow
melancholy, to drop in an apoplexy, or fall into a consumption; but I
do say, it is little less than a miracle that one or other of these
misfortunes has not befallen me before now.
Your favors of 15th, 20th, and 23d September are now before me.
Every line from you gives me inexpressible pleasure, but it is a great
grief to me that I can write no oftener to you. There is one thing
which excites my utmost indignation and contempt. I mean the
brutality with which people talk to you of my death. I beg you would
openly affront every man, woman, or child, for the future, who
mentions any such thing to you, except your relations and friends,
whose affections you cannot doubt. I expect it of all my friends, that
they resent, as affronts to me, every repetition of such reports.
I shall inclose to you Governor Livingston's speech; the most elegant
and masterly ever made in America. Depend upon it, the enemy
cannot cut off the communication. I can come home when I will.
They have New York, and this is their ne plus ultra.
 142. Abigail Adams.
29 September, 1776.
Not since the 6th of September have I had one line from you, which
makes me very uneasy. Are you all this time conferring with his
Lordship? Is there no communication? or are the post-riders all
dismissed? Let the cause be what it will, not hearing from you has
given me much uneasiness.
We seem to be kept in total ignorance of affairs at York. I hope you
at Congress are more enlightened. Who fell, who are wounded, who
prisoners, or their number, is as undetermined as it was the day
after the battle.[161] If our army is in ever so critical a state I wish to
know it, and the worst of it. If all America is to be ruined and
undone by a pack of cowards and knaves, I wish to know it. Pitiable
is the lot of their commander. Cæsar's tenth legion never was
forgiven. We are told for truth that a regiment of Yorkers refused to
quit the city, and that another regiment behaved like a pack of
cowardly villains by quitting their posts. If they are unjustly
censured, it is for want of proper intelligence.
I am sorry to see a spirit so venal prevailing everywhere. When our
men were drawn out for Canada, a very large bounty was given
them; and now another call is made upon us; no one will go without
a large bounty, though only for two months, and each town seems
to think its honor engaged in outbidding the others. The province
pay is forty shillings. In addition to that, this town voted to make it
up six pounds. They then drew out the persons most unlikely to go,
and they are obliged to give three pounds to hire a man. Some pay
the whole fine, ten pounds. Forty men are now drafted from this
town. More than one half, from sixteen to fifty, are now in the
service. This method of conducting will create a general uneasiness
in the Continental army. I hardly think you can be sensible how
much we are thinned in this province.
The rage for privateering is as great here as anywhere. Vast
numbers are employed in that way. If it is necessary to make any
more drafts upon us, the women must reap the harvests. I am
willing to do my part. I believe I could gather corn, and husk it; but I
should make a poor figure at digging potatoes.
There has been a report that a fleet was seen in our bay yesterday. I
cannot conceive from whence, nor do I believe the story.
'T is said you have been upon Staten Island to hold your conference.
'T is a little odd that I have never received the least intimation of it
from you. Did you think I should be alarmed? Don't you know me
better than to think me a coward? I hope you will write me
everything concerning this affair. I have a great curiosity to know the
result.
As to government, nothing is yet done about it. The Church is
opened here every Sunday, and the King prayed for, as usual, in
open defiance of Congress.
If the next post does not bring me a letter, I think I will leave off
writing, for I shall not believe you get mine.
Adieu. Yours,
P. S. Master John has become post-rider from Boston to Braintree.

FOOTNOTES:
[161] The battle on Long Island.
 143. John Adams.
Philadelphia, 4 October, 1776.
I am seated in a large library room with eight gentlemen round
about me, all engaged in conversation. Amidst these interruptions,
how shall I make it out to write a letter?
The first day of October, the day appointed by the charter of
Pennsylvania for the annual election of Representatives, has passed
away, and two counties only have chosen members, Bucks and
Chester. The Assembly is therefore dead and the Convention is
dissolved. A new Convention is to be chosen the beginning of
November. The proceedings of the late Convention are not well liked
by the best of the Whigs. Their Constitution is reprobated, and the
oath with which they have endeavored to prop it, by obliging every
man to swear that he will not add to, or diminish from, or any way
alter that Constitution, before he can vote, is execrated.
We live in the age of political experiments. Among many that will
fail, some, I hope, will succeed. But Pennsylvania will be divided and
weakened, and rendered much less vigorous in the cause by the
wretched ideas of government which prevail in the minds of many
people in it.
 144. John Adams.
Philadelphia, 8 October, 1776.
I ought to acknowledge with gratitude your constant kindness in
writing to me by every post. Your favor of 29 September came by
the last. I wish it had been in my power to have returned your
civilities with the same punctuality, but it has not. Long before this,
you have received letters from me, and newspapers containing a full
account of the negotiation. The communication is still open, and the
post-riders now do their duty, and will continue to do so.
I assure you, we are as much at a loss about affairs at New York as
you are. In general, our Generals were outgeneraled on Long Island,
and Sullivan and Stirling with a thousand men were made prisoners,
in consequence of which and several other unfortunate
circumstances a council of war thought it prudent to retreat from
that island and Governor's Island, and then from New York. They are
now posted at Haerlem, about ten or eleven miles from the city.
They left behind them some provisions, some cannon, and some
baggage. Wherever the men of war have approached, our militia
have most manfully turned their backs and run away, officers and
men, like sturdy fellows; and their panics have sometimes seized the
regular regiments. One little skirmish on Montresor's Island ended
with the loss of the brave Major Henley and the disgrace of the rest
of the party. Another skirmish, which might indeed be called an
action, ended in the defeat and shameful flight of the enemy, with
the loss of the brave Colonel Knowlton on our part. The enemy have
possession of Paulus Hook and Bergen Point, places on the Jersey
side of North River. By this time their force is so divided between
Staten Island, Long Island, New York, Paulus Hook, and Bergen
Point, that I think they will do no great matter more this fall, unless
the expiration of the term of enlistment of our army should disband