Complete English Grammar Notes Objectives: Complete English Grammar Notes Complete English Grammar Notes This guide explains all major grammar topics in English with rules, examples, and Swahili explanation for difficult terms. 1. Parts of Speech (Sehemu za Lugha) 1.1 Nouns (Majina) Use: Name of a person, place, thing, or idea (Jina la mtu, mahali, kitu, au wazo) * Common Nouns: cat, school, book (Kawaida) * Proper Nouns: Alice, Tanzania (Maeneo maalum) + Abstract Nouns: love, freedom (Wazo au hali isiyoonekana) * Collective Nouns: team, family (Kikundi cha watu au vitu) 1.2 Pronouns (Viwakilishi) Use: Replace nouns (Kuchukua nafasi ya jina) * Personal: |, you, he, she, it, we, they * Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, their * Demonstrative: this, that, these, those * Relative: who, which, that + Interrogative: who, what, which 1.3 Verbs (Vitenzi) Use: Action or state (Kitendo au hali) * Action Verbs: run, eat, read * Stative Verbs: know, love, believe (Hali au hisia) * Auxiliary Verbs: be, do, have+ Modal Verbs: can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would 1.4 Adjectives (Vitenzi vya sifa) Use: Describe nouns (Kueleza majina) + Examples: beautiful, tall, red * Comparative: taller, more beautiful * Superlative: tallest, most beautiful 1.5 Adverbs (Viambatisho) Use: Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (Kueleza kitendo, sifa, au viambatisho vingine) + Manner: quickly, slowly * Time: now, yesterday * Frequency: always, often * Place: here, there 1.6 Prepositions (Viunganishi vya mahali/muda) Use: Show relationship (Onyesha uhusiano kati ya maneno) * Place: in, on, at * Time: at, on, in * Direction: to, into, towards 1.7 Conjunctions (Vihusishi) Use: Connect words or sentences (Kuunganisha maneno au sentensi) * Coordinating: and, but, or, so, for * Subordinating: because, although, if, when * Correlative: either...or, neither...nor1.8 Interjections (Vimwisho vya hisia) Use: Express strong feeling (Kuonyesha hisia kali) * Wow!, Oh no!, Hurray! 2. Sentence Structure (Muundo wa Sentensi) * Simple Sentence (Sentensi rahisi): One idea (Moja tu) — | play football. * Compound Sentence (Sentensi changamano): Two independent clauses — | play football, and she watches TV. * Complex Sentence (Sentensi tata): One main + one subordinate clause — | play football because | enjoy it. 3. Articles (Viambajengo) * a > used before consonant sound (mfano: a cat) * an — used before vowel sound (mfano: an apple) * the — definite article (mfano: the book | read) 4. Active & Passive Voice * Active: Subject does the action — She writes a letter. * Passive: Subject receives the action — A letter is written by her. 5. Direct & Indirect Speech * Direct: He said, "I am tired." * Indirect: He said that he was tired. 6. Conditional Sentences (Sentensi za Halli) * Type 0: General truth — If you heat water, it boils. * Type 1: Real future possibility — If it rains, | will stay home. * Type 2: Unreal present — If | were rich, | would travel. * Type 3: Unreal past — If | had studied, | would have passed. 7. Modals (Vitenzi vya modal) * Can, Could — ability / permission* May, Might — possibility * Must — obligation * Should — advice * Will, Would — future / polite request 8. Punctuation (Alama za Usahihi) * Full stop (.) — end of sentence * Comma (,) — separate ideas / lists * Question mark (?) — question * Exclamation mark (!) — strong feeling * Quotation marks (""") — direct speech 9. Common Grammar Mistakes * Confusing their / there / they're * Using double negatives * Subject-verb agreement mistakes * Incorrect tense usage * Incorrect word order in questions Summary English Grammar covers parts of speech, sentence structure, tenses, modals, voice, speech, conditionals, punctuation, and common mistakes. Practicing examples and exercises will make you confident in using English correctly. 50 English Grammar Practice Questions & Answers These questions cover all main grammar topics. Each answer explains the rule/formula applied for easy understanding, Question 1: Identify the noun(s) in the sentence: "The cat sleeps on the mat." Answer: cat, matExplanation: Nouns are words that name a person, place, thing, or idea. Here, cat (thing/animal) and mat (thing) are nouns. Question 2: Choose the correct verb form: "She __ to school every day." Options: go / goes Answer: goes Rule: Present simple tense for he/she/it requires adding -s to the base verb. Question 3: Transform into passive voice: "The teacher explains the lesson." Answer: The lesson is explained by the teacher. Rule: Passive voice: Object + form of "to be" + past participle + (by subject). Question 4: Fill in the blank with correct preposition: "He is interested __ music." Answer: in Rule: Certain adjectives are followed by specific prepositions. "Interested" is always followed by "in". Question 5: Identify the type of sentence: “| wanted to go home, but it was raining.” Answer: Compound sentence Rule: Compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (but, and, or). Question 6: Correct the error: "He don't like apples." Answer: He doesn't like apples. Rule: Subiect-verb agreement. Third person singular in present simple uses "doesnot" (doesn't) instead of "do not". Question 7: Identify the adverb in the sentence: "She runs very fast." Answer: very, fast Rule: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. "Fast" describes how she runs, "very" modifies “fast”. Question 8: Fill in the correct article: "| saw __ elephant in the zoo." Answer: an Rule: Use "an" before vowel sounds. Elephant starts with a vowel sound “e". Question 9: Rewrite in indirect speech: "He said, ‘I am tired."" Answer: He said that he was tired. Rule: Change pronoun and tense when converting direct speech to indirect speech Question 10: Choose correct conditional: "If |___ you, | would study harder." Options: am / were / was Answer: were Rule: Second conditional: unreal present, use "were" for all subjects. Question 11: Choose correct verb tense: "| ____ my homework before dinner yesterday. Options: finish / finished / have finished Answer: finished Rule: Past simple is used for completed actions at a specific time in the past("yesterday"). Question 12: Identify the adjective: “The bright sun warmed the chilly morning.” Answer: bright, chilly Rule: Adjectives describe nouns. "Bright" describes "sun", "chilly" describes "morning". Question 13: Fill in modal verb: “You __ finish your work before leaving.” Answer: must Rule: Must expresses obligation or necessity. Question 14: Identify pronouns: "She gave me her book." Answer: She, me, her Rule: Pronouns replace nouns or refer to someone. Here: "She" (subject), “m e"Liject), "her" (possessive). Question 15: Correct the sentence: "Him going to the market." Answer: He is going to the market. Rule: Subject pronoun "He" must be used with auxiliary verb “is" to form present continuous. Question 16: Identify the adverb of frequency: "I often visit my grandmother." Answer: often Rule: Adverbs of frequency show how often something happens (always, often, sometimes, never).Question 17: Convert to negative: "She has finished her homework." Answer: She has not finished her homework. Rule: Present perfect negative: add "not" after "has/have". Question 18: Identify the preposition: "The cat is under the table." Answer: under Rule: Prepositions show location, time, or direction. “Under” shows place. Question 19: Complete the conditional sentence: "If it rains tomorrow, | ___ at home." Answer: will stay Rule: First conditional: If + present simple, will + base verb. Used for real future possibilities. Question 20: Identify subject and predicate: "The students are studying in the library." Answer: Subject: The students; Predicate: are studying in the library Rulle: Every sentence has a subject (who/what) and predicate (what they do or is happening) Question 21: Change to passive voice: “They built a new bridge." Answer: A new bridge was built by them. Rule: Passive: Object becomes subject + form of "to be" + past participle + (by agent). Question 22: Correct the sentence: "I have saw that movie." Answer: | have seen that movie.Rule: Present perfect: use past participle (V3), not past simple form. Question 23: Identify the type of sentence: “Although it was raining, we went out." Answer: Complex sentence Rule: Complex sentence = 1 main clause + 1 subordinate clause. Subordinate clause starts with subordinating conjunction (although). Question 24: Choose correct word: “I have __ apples than you.” Options: more / most Answer: more Rule: Comparative adjective: used to compare two things. "Most is superlative for three or more. Question 25: Correct the mistake: "She can sings very well." Answer: She can sing very well. Rule: Modal verbs (can, should, must...) are followed by base verb without -s or - ing. Question 26: Fill in the blank with correct tense: "By next year, |__ here for five years." Answer: will have been working Rule: Future perfect continuous: Subject + will + have + been + verb(-ing). Shows duration continuing up to a point in future. Question 27: Identify the interjection: "Wow! That was amazing.” Answer: Wow!Rule: Interjections express strong emotion or feeling. Question 28: Choose correct word: "He is taller__ his brother." Answer: than Rule: Comparative structure: adjective + than to compare two things. Question 29: Direct speech: Convert to indirect: "She said, ‘I will help you."" Answer: She said that she would help me. Rule: Tense backshift: future simple "will" becomes “would” in indirect speech; pronoun changes too. Question 30: Identify the conjunction: "| wanted to go, but | was too tired." Answer: but Rule: Coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses Question 31: Correct the error: "He don't like coffee." Answer: He doesn't like coffee. Rule: Third person singular in present simple uses "does not" (doesn't), not "do not". Question 32: Fill in correct preposition: “She is good __ math." Answer: at Rule: Certain adjectives require specific prepositions. "Good" ~ “good at", Question 33: Change to past perfect: "I finish my homework beforeainner. — Answer: | had finished my homework before dinner. Rule: Past perfect: had + past participle. Shows an action completed before another past action. Question 34: Identify the adverb in: "She speaks very clearly.” Answer: very, clearly Rule: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. "Clearly" modifies "speaks"; "very" modifies "clearly". Question 35: Choose correct article: "___ Eiffel Tower is in Paris." Answer: The Rule: Use "the" with specific or unique nouns. Question 36: Conditional: "If | had studied, |__ passed." Answer: would have Rule: Third conditional: unreal past ~ If + past perfect, would have + past participle. Question 37: Active to passive: "They are painting the house." Answer: The house is being painted by them. Rule: Present continuous passive: am/is/are + being + past participle. Question 38: Identify type of sentence: "Because it was raining, we stayed indoors." Answer: Complex sentence Rule: Complex = main clause + subordinate clause (introduced by subordinating amtinekinnlSink iesteseatents a Question 39: Correct: “He is more taller than his brother.” Answer: He is taller than his brother. Rule: Do not use “more” with adjectives that already take -er. Comparative structure: adjective + than. Question 40: Fill in the blank: "She ___ (write) letters every day." Answer: writes Rule: Present simple tense: third person singular adds -s. Question 41: Identify pronoun type: "This is the book that I told you about." Answer: Relative pronoun: that Rule: Relative pronouns connect clauses to nouns (who, which, that). Question 42: Correct tense: “I ___ (live) here since 2010." Answer: have lived Rule: Present perfect: actions started in past and continue to present (since/for). Question 43: Identify subject and predicate: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." Answer: Subject: The quick brown fox; Predicate: jumps over the lazy dog Rule: Subject = who/what does the action, predicate = what they do. Question 44: Choose correct modal: "You __ not smoke in the classroom." Answer: mustRule: “Must” expresses strong obligation. Question 45: Identify the adverb of manner: “He solved the problem cleverly." Answer: cleverly Rule: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done. Question 46: Direct speech: Convert: "I have finished my homework," he said. Answer: He said that he had finished his homework. Rule: Present perfect — past perfect when changing to indirect speech. Question 47: Choose correct question form: "___ you ever been to London?" Answer: Have Rule: Present perfect question: Have/Has + subject + past participle. Question 48: Fill correct preposition: "She is afraid __ dogs.” Answer: of Rule: Certain adjectives require specific prepositions. “Afraid” > “afraid of". Question 49: Active to passive: "The chef is preparing dinner.” Answer: Dinner is being prepared by the chef. Rule: Present continuous passive: is/are + being + past participle Question 50: Identify type of sentence: "Could you please help me with this task?"Answer: Interrogative sentence Rule: Interrogative sentences ask questions and end with a question mark. Reference Book: N/A Author name: SIR H.A.Mwala Work ema #MWALA_LEARN Powered by MwalalS #https://mwalajs.biasharabora.com #https://educenter.biasharabora.com [email protected]