International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp: (6-20), Month: October - December 2019, Available at: www.researchpublish.com

ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING QUALITY

IN INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES
1
Awwab Abdulrashid Buhari, 2Halil Zafer Alibaba
Department of Architecture, Faculty of architecture,
Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa,
Turkish Republic of North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10 Turkey.
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract: Day lighting has often been recognized as a useful source of energy savings and visual comforts in
educational spaces. Occupant in building need a very good lighting in their work environment. Natural lighting
helps students and other workers to be more comfortable and productive. Effective use of natural Day lighting in
library buildings has the potential to maximize the benefits of visual comfort, reduce energy usage, and achieve a
qualitative building environment in terms of thermal comfort for the building users. Even though the number of
possible alternatives that can be generated for integrating day lighting in buildings architecturally is challenging.
Allowing direct day light into building space will also affect the thermal comfort of the space. Buildings with big
window opening of glazed surfaces also affect the thermal and visual discomfort, because of the large income of
solar radiation into the building.
This paper study the use of day lighting design to improve visual comfort, energy efficiency and thermal comfort
of Library located at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria. The natural day lighting performance of this base
case study was evaluated in terms of daylight factor, luminance, room depth and glare index. It has been found
that the day lighting performance for library buildings is quite effective in order to achieve a qualitative and
comfortable building. In order to gain more ideas about this study, data analysis and computer simulation are
taken into consideration in order to make the comparative result of the study. The use of computer package
simulation namely RELUX was used for the study.
Keywords: Day lighting, Artificial Lighting, Energy Saving, Visual comfort, Thermal comfort.

1. INTRODUCTION
Day lighting is used by occupant or building users for the comfort of their lifetime living in the building. As humans, our
visual comfort and phycology was adjusted by developing to natural day light and therefore we need it as a basic
alternative in our building during the day hours. Its dynamical change is stimulus for our day and night cycle and it can
control our mood and health respectively. Minimum lighting requirements for visual performance described earlier refer
to artificial lighting and day lighting as well. Improved lighting conditions for higher visual comfort and performance can
be reached by integrating the design of day lighting without increase of energy use consumption and CO2 emission of the
built environment. The view from the indoor to the outdoor is an important and significant requirement for natural day
lighting design as well. The need for day lighting in the designs of buildings cannot be over emphasized. Although
artificial lighting is also augmented, it is not a replacement for daylight and not as sustainable. The emissions of fossil
fuels into the atmosphere, the effect on finance, the suitability etc. are some of the disadvantages of artificial lighting.
It is significantly important to consider lighting while designing indoor spaces. In educational spaces, it is even more
significant to pay considerations to light, especially natural day light, due to high level of visual activities.

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There has been much discussion regarding the metrics used to specify measure and calculate lighting levels in building.
Effective use of Day lighting in buildings has the potential to maximize the benefits of natural day lighting and visual
comfort, reduce energy usage, and achieve a qualitative building environment in terms of thermal comfort for the building
users. Even though the number of possible alternatives that can be generated for architecturally integrating day lighting in
buildings is challenging. To acquire a good energy efficient performance in buildings, it is necessary to assure the
environmental comfort for users, without the comfort of users the solutions are not useful.
In this research paper the aims and objectives of the study is to improve the visual and thermal comfort of library and
educational environment, reducing energy uses of artificial lighting in this environment and Integrating the use of day
lighting and artificial lighting system.
Making full use of daylight, and decreasing the energy consumption while maintaining an adequate luminance
environment and achieving the occupant needs at the same time when designing a building is a constant challenge for
building researchers and architects..
a daylight factor (DF) is the ratio of the day light level in an indoor environment to the light level of the outdoor
environment [4]. It is mathematically defined as:
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
 Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane,
 Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.
To calculate the illuminance due to daylight at a point (Ei), requires knowing the amount of outdoor light received inside
of a building [4]. Light can reach indoor space through a translucent window, roof light, or other open building element
(doors) via three paths:
 Direct light from a patch of sky visible at the point considered, known as the sky component (SC),

 Light reflected from an exterior surface and then reaching the point considered, known as the externally reflected
component (ERC),
 Light entering through the window but reaching the point only after reflection from an internal surface, known as the
internally reflected component (IRC).

Figure 1: Source of Daylight into a building space.

The sum of the three components gives the illuminance level (typically measured in lux) at the point
considered: Illuminance = SC + ERC + IRC
The daylight factor (DF) can be enhanced by improving and increasing the direct Skylight SC (placing a glazed window
to see direct sky than adjacent buildings), increasing and improving the Exterior Reflected Surfaces ERC (by painting
surrounding buildings surfaces white), and also increasing and improving the internal surfaces IRC (for example by using
light colours for the internal surfaces). In most indoor spaces, the ceiling and floor always have fixed colour, and much of
the walls are covered by furnishings materials [4]. This gives less variability in changing the design of the daylight factor
by using different wall colours than might be expected meaning changing SC is often the key to good daylight design [4].

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Architects and engineers use daylight factors (DF) in architecture and building design to integrate the internal natural
lighting levels as perceived on working planes or surfaces. They use this information to determine if light is sufficient for
occupants to carry out normal activities.
Illuminance is „The level of light on a surface; measured in lux (lx). Previously called the illumination value [5]. It can be
used as a reference measurement of the performance of a lighting system as related to the activity.' [5]. It is measured in
lux (lx), the „...SI unit (the International System of Units) of illuminance or amount of light on a surface. One lux is equal
to one lumen per square metre (lm/m^2)‟ where a lumen (lm) is the „...SI unit of luminous flux, describing the quantity
of light emitted by a lamp or received at a surface.‟ [6]. Average illuminance is „The illuminance averaged over a
specific area. In practice, this may be derived either from an average of the illuminances at a representative number for
points on the surface, or from the total luminous flux falling on the surface divided by the total area of the surface‟[6].
Maintained illuminance is „Illuminance at the time when maintenance is expected to take place. Most values
of illuminance that are quoted as applicable to a store, e.g. 500-1000lx, refer to this value. The time taken to reach the
maintained illuminance level would depend on the lamp types and application‟.
Table 1; Common outdoor light levels at day and night:
Condition Illumination
(lm/m^2) (lux)
Sunlight 10000 107527
Full daylight 1000 10752
Overcast day 100 1075
Very dark Day 10 107
Twilight 1 10.8
Deep twilight 0.1 1.08
Full moon 0.01 0.108
Quarter moon 0.001 0.0108
Star light 0.0001 0.0011
Overcast night 0.00001 0.0001
Source: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms
The outdoor light level is approximately 10000lux on a clear day. In a building in the area closest to the windows, the
light level may be reduced to approximately 1000lux. In the middle area, it may be as low as 25 - 50lux. Additional
lighting is often necessary to compensate low levels. Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300lux for
normal activities. Today the light level is more common in the range 500 - 1000lux - depending on activity. For precision
and detailed works, the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000lux.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Stemming from the first times of the eighteenth century, artificial lightweights have forever competed a supporting role to
natural light. However, once this period, there appeared to be a reversal within the roles of artificial and natural lights in
buildings when advancements in technology created it possible to make an unlimited majority of artificial lights like
fluorescents and electrical bulbs. Now, because of the exposure of designers to ideas of sustainability and green design,
natural lights are taking the lead role in modern styles and constructions. To further aid the conception of sustainability, in
line with, a retrofit strategy that involves the combination of photovoltaic panels into the shape of a structure has been
utilized in numerous variations of the star tube daylighting device.
Daylight is incredibly necessary in building spaces because it has been connected to high levels of productivity, higher
moods, reduced absence, higher job satisfaction, improved assimilation ability for college students and improved aesthetic
values of buildings. The results of daylight on people are numerous and human responses to daylight ought to not be
neglected as a result of architectural styles aim at creating the occupants of a space comfortable thermally as well as
visually. In different words, daylighting provides users of an area with communicatory and engaging visual qualities.
The performance of staff is increased because of enough daylighting in a workplace house, allowing staff to experience
visual comfort. Cooling loads are reduced considerably through the utilization of effective daylighting ways. Using large
windows in a building space helps to bring in most daylight however most of the time, this may prove to be a large
disadvantage due to the excessive heat losses or gains by the building.
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2.1 Impact of Daylight on Human Performance in Library Building.

Students' performance is considerably related with satisfaction with educational environment. One of the foremost
important environmental factors in library building is lighting. Daylight controls the body's biological time by touching
the retina, impacting the neural structure organ and controlling hormone secretion. Endocrine (as sleep hormone) levels
are reduced within the light and it is secreted in the dark. One study has shown that there is not enough daylight in library
building and blood hormone levels of students in these library are most beyond those in areas with sensible lighting. This
issue causes drowsiness among students and undermines their performance. On the other analysis, studies have
demonstrated that hormone suppression values calculated for the electrical light compared with natural light are the lower
and so this lighting system doesn't appear to supply enough information to the circadian system. During this research, the
obtained results showed that not only the luminance but additionally light spectral power distribution of {the light the
sunshine} received by eyes played a major role in circadian response and spectral characteristics of internal and external
surfaces influenced light spectral power distribution. Incidence of sleepiness conditions in library and ateliers caused by
low light was reported within the measured areas of this text.
Daylight is the combination of sunlight, skylight and reflected light from the ground. Factors affecting the amount of
daylight in buildings include latitude and longitude, building form, building location, landscaping, building orientation,
building usage, joinery construction materials of interior walls and exterior facades, window size and position and
window components (such as glass ratio, glazing materials and shading devices). The amount of daylight in interior
spaces can be measured by calculating method of daylight illuminance of space (in Lux and Foot Candle units) and
daylight factor (DF).
Daylight factor is the ratio of indoor illuminance and outdoor illuminance, which can be measured for a specific point or
for an average of a space. In more accurate definition, Daylight factor is the "ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given
plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from a sky of assumed or known luminance distribution, to the
illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this sky, excluding the contribution of direct
sunlight to both illuminance". The glazed area of the window, diffuse transmittance of the glazing material, vertical angle
subtended by the sky that is visible from the centre of the window. With regard to the amounts of reflectance of the
interior surfaces, to minimize influence of thermal energy and take advantage of natural light, it is recommended to use
joinery materials with high maximum reflection coefficient.
Table 2 shows the appropriate amount of daylight factor for education spaces. Also, appropriate illuminance for learning
spaces is demonstrated in terms of Lux in Table 2.
Table 2: Proper daylight factor in educational spaces
SPACE TYPE AVERAGE DAY LIGHT MINIMUM DAY LIGHT MEASUREMENT
FACTOR (%) FACTOR (%) HEIGHT
Classroom 5 2 Desk
Libraries 5 2 Desk
Assembly hall 1 0.3 Working plane
Corridor & stairs 2 0.6 Floor and tread
Art room 5 2 Desk & Easels
Table 3: Proper Illuminance in educational spaces.
Standard maintained illuminance (lux) Space type
300 Classrooms
500 Library
500 Lecture hall
500 Black board
500 Art room
750 Technical drawing room
200 Entrance hall
100 Circulation area, corridor
150 Stairs
200 Student common room, assembly hall

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In addition to the good amount of natural light, direct sunlight should be controlled to stop glare, overheating and
disturbing thermal comfort in spaces, especially during the summer. Also, providing good visual contact with the outside
and reflection coefficient of interior surfaces are important. Figure 3 shows appropriate reflection factors for educational
spaces. The appropriate amount is 70 to 90 percent for ceilings, 30 to 50 percent for floor, 40 to 60 percent for walls and
over 20 percent for educational boards.

Figure 2: Appropriate reflection factors for educational spaces [1]

3. METHODOLOGY
In this research, conditions and characteristics of good daylight in educational facilities were briefly studied relying on
library resources and documents. In order to evaluate student performance, besides investigating the factors such as
feeling drowsiness, fatigue and weary in the library. Then, quality of daylight was evaluated in the library building in
measured spaces of this article by computer simulations using RELUXDESKTOP software (A high performing
application for simulation of day light and artificial light. It also gives you efficient support on the research). Finally,
strategies were provided for improving quality of daylight in this Library building. So, the research method of this article
is descriptive-analytic and computer simulations were used in the case study (KASHIM IBRAHIM LIBRARY – ABU).
Moreover, objective observations were conducted to confirm some results of the survey (for example, the signs of
drowsiness states, fatigue and weary among staff and students) and find the tendency of students and staff members to use
the library with natural lighting. It has also been used not only as a library or resource center, but also as a community
space for university students as well as a staff for their group work areas. The library room design layout has many
choices for each type of study, such as group or individual work within an open space or comfortable furniture, as well as
separate computer areas and wireless access areas.
The methodology employed for this research was physical observations using real life measurements. It also involved the
use of simulation software and the collection of the necessary data to assess daylight quality. Intensive research was
undergone through a study of visual survey, textbooks, etc.
3.1 Finding and Discussion
The library is located in between the faculty of environmental design and the department of Microbiology Library seats
2000 readers, with an area of 139790 square feet, which costs two million Naira. It is located in Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. It is the second largest institutional library in Africa.
The architectural character of Kashim Ibrahim library is that of a „modular structure‟, having flexibility of all the spaces
apart from the fixed elements such as toilets, stairs, lobbies etc., and having no external walls with exception of some
parts on the ground floor. It was built in this format in order to harness adequate lighting and ventilation and improve
flexibility.
Regularly spaced columns support the structure, while non-load bearing walls, in this case wooden panels, create sub-
divisions within. The longer side of the building is oriented along the east-west axis and thus, the entrance. The shelves
within the building are generally not structural elements, but freestanding bookcases, which can easily be moved from one
place to another as in plate . The windows used in the library are top hung pivoted windows incorporated in floor to
ceiling glazing‟s, and spanning from column to column as in plate 3.2
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Figure 3: Site Location of Kashim Ibrahim Library.

Figure 4: Arrangement of Freestanding Shelves in the Library.

Figure 5: Horizontal shading devices used on the north face of the building.
The simulation of the Northwest Space of the library is shown below; comparing the space with natural daylight and the
combination of the daylight and the artificial lighting and showing the difference of the illumance and energy use of the
space.

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General
S/No PARAMETER ONLY DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Calculation Algorism used Average indirect fraction High indirect fraction
Evaluation Height 0.8m 0.8m
Height of luminaire plane - 3.50m
Calculation mode used Clear sky Artificial and daylight
calculation
Daylight factor of the space.
S/No PARAMETER
Average daylight ratio 1.9
Minimum daylight ratio 0
Maximum daylight ratio 10.5
Illuminance of the space.
S/No PARAMETER ONLY DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Average illuminance 311lx 800lx
Minimum illuminance 6lx 80.6lx
Maximum illuminance 1710lx 2110lx
Uniformity (min/ave) 1:47.84(0.02) 1:9.92(0.1)
Diversity (min/max) 1:262.98(0.00) 1:26.2(0.04)

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Luminiare data

S/No PARAMETER AMOUNT

Total number of luminaire 25
Total luminous flux of all lamp 197500 lm
Total power 1750W
Total power per area (200m2) 8.69 W/m² (1.09 W/m²/100lx)
Southeast space.
The simulation of the Southeast Space of the library is shown below; compiaring the space with natural daylight and the
combination of the dalight and energy use of the space.

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General
S/No PARAMETER ONLY DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Calculation Algorism used Average indirect fraction High indirect fraction
Evaluation Height 0.8m 0.8m
Height of luminaire plane - 3.50m
Calculation mode used Clear sky Artificial and daylight
calculation

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Daylight factor of the space

S/No PARAMETER
Average daylight ratio 2.08
Minimum daylight ratio 0.04
Maximum daylight ratio 9.28

Illuminance of the space

S/No PARAMETER ONLY DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Average illuminance 280lx 664lx
Minimum illuminance 5lx 72lx
Maximum illuminance 1250lx 1550lx
Uniformity (min/ave) 1:52.88 (0.02) 1:9.22(0.11)
Diversity (min/max) 1:236.23(0.00) 1:2405(0.05)
Luminiare data

S/No PARAMETER AMOUNT

Total number of luminaire 25
Total luminous flux of all lamp 197500 lm
Total power 1750W
Total power per area (200m2) 8.69 W/m² (1.09 W/m²/100lx)
3.2 Geographical Description of the Selected Site.
The selected building of this study (KASHIM IBRAHIM LIBRARYABU) is located in North Zaria (35o Latitude, 33o
Longitude). North Zaria features a rain, sun, wind, humidity and temperature. The Long-range 10 day forecast also
includes detail for Zaria weather today. Live weather reports from Zaria weather stations and weather warnings that
include risk of thunder, high(Ultraviolet) UV index and forecast gale.

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Figure 6: rain, wind and sun day graph of Zaria

The graph shows the monthly number of rain, sun, wind, overcast and precipitation days. Days with less than 30% cloud
cover are considered as sunny, with 30-70% cloud cover as partly cloudy and with more than 70% as overcast.
Considering the expressed content, appropriate lighting levels must be provided for libraries and other educational
buildings and spaces. For this purpose, natural lighting (which is more appropriate) and artificial lighting can be used
during the darker day hours. On the other hand, using daylight in space types that are used during the day (such as reading
spaces) could save energy by reducing use of electric light sources. In the case study of this article, electric lighting along
with daylight sources was used in the library all day long, which showed that daylight was not sufficient in those spaces
(reading Spaces).
According to these points in this article, the case study (KASHIM IBRAHIM LIBRARY ABU) spaces were investigated,
examined and modelled to answer the following questions:
1. What is the difference between student performance in library with artificial lighting with their performance in library
and other educational spaces with appropriate daylight?
2. What factors have caused favourable or unfavourable daylight quality in these spaces?
3. Which architectural approaches could reform unfavourable factors of daylight quality?
4. How much daylight illuminance is sufficient for student‟s tasks in library building and other educational spaces?
The results could be useful for physical reformation of the implementation examples and also in new designs.

Figure 7: ABU library interior pictures showing the use of artificial lightening.

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The measured spaces of this study were classified into two groups in terms of their location, lighting orientation and
common characteristics (space facing the north and the spaces the south). In Table 4 and figure below, variety of the
library, spaces are classified based on their location and average spatial dimensions and window areas are demonstrated.
In order for more accurate simulation of the library space, in addition to the area and height of windows, distance of
bottom of windows from the floor was considered. Daylighting measurements and simulations indicated that, at the same
height of the window, the windows near the ceiling had better performance in day lighting because of the reflected
daylight from the ceiling (bright coloured ceiling). These dimensions will be used in computer modelling as well.
Table 4: Average spatial dimensions, window size (by the authors).
Space Types Average floor Height of room Average Window Height Window height
area of space (m2) window area (m2) from floor (m)
(m2) (m2)
North/west 200 4.0 2 2 0.9
facing spaces
South/east 200 4.0 2 2 0.9
facing space

Figure 8: Floor Plan of the Second Floor of Kashim Ibrahim Library.

Four main reading areas exist on the Second floor of the library, they are
 Science Technology and Librarianship which is 33.33% of the total floor area.

 Reserved Book Unit which is 23.96% of the total floor area.

 Research and Bibliography which is 9.90% of the total floor area.

 Document Unit which is 15.63 % of the total floor area.

The above-mentioned areas amount to 82.82% of the total floor area of the second floor. The spaces marked „B‟ are not
reading areas and are therefore not relevant to this topic.

4. COMPUTER SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Computer simulation modelling was done to check quality of the natural day lighting based on daylight factor and
illuminance of the spaces, (in terms of Lux) on 10 days of year randomly (1, 12 and 17 days of every month of the year)
in RELUX simulation software based to the parameters presented in Table 4 above, orientation of the spaces,
geographical location of city of Famagusta (35o Latitude, 33o Longitude), joinery materials of interior space surfaces and
glazing type (approximately 70% transparency), existing skylight in the middle of the library building, surrounding
structures and obstacles around the library building are all used for the simulation calculation. Illuminance analysis and
calculations are done at 10:30 am of the days (this time was the default of the RELUX Simulation software. In addition,
the library is in use at this time of the all days except holidays and weekend. In addition, there was a natural day lighting

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in the space at this time on all the days of the year except during the cloudy and dusty days of the year and this time was
not part of critical times in terms of the solar radiation). In addition, effect of influential factors in daylight was evaluated
and finally causes of necessary or undesirable daylight were investigated.
5. CONCLUSION
This study basically considers the analysis of day lighting quality in institutional libraries with a view to find some
possible solution to the problems of daylight quality.
This project has pointed out the significance of the problems associated with day lighting quality which may lead to
psychological effects or health associated problems. The project has also highlighted the importance and benefit of
daylight and day lighting. Thus the quality of daylight in the design of libraries should be prioritized.
Improper siting and orientation, inadequate shading devices, poor maintenance and unawareness leads to poor daylight
quality.
This project has proven that the daylight quality on the second floor of Kashim Ibrahim Library is inadequate and poor. In
addition, the student and staff performance were on high in these spaces and many of them tended to have natural daylight
in library building according to an interview done with some staff and student in library building. In relative to the
illuminance value and daylight factor, the simulation displayed that daylight factor was lesser than its ideal least in an
educational related spaces and daylight illuminance in these library was also lower than the suitable average for
educational study space like library shown in table 3 (500 Lux) on several days. This circumstance in the library was
lower than the satisfying illuminance in both side on the of the building (with daylight illuminance between 200lx and
350lx). In these spaces, artificial light was used all the time and this lead to high-energy consumption and will put the
student and the staff, which are using the library to be tedious and drowsy modes among them.
From the findings obtained from this research, it is recommended that there should be proper orientation of libraries as it
is directly proportional to the daylight quality likely to be obtained and the artificial dependency of the library.
Shading devices are also recommended where just the orientation alone cannot ensure shading and proper functioning of a
library. It is further recommended that the shading devices be regularly maintained, especially the rotatable kinds like the
vertical shading devices. They should be rotated about their axis and lubricated on regular bases to keep them from
getting stiff and destroyed.
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