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Handbook of Research on
Ambient Intelligence and
Smart Environments:
Trends and Perspective
Nak-Young Chong
Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan

Fulvio Mastrogiovanni
University of Genova, Italy
Senior Editorial Director: Kristin Klinger
Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann
Editorial Director: Lindsay Johnston
Acquisitions Editor: Erika Carter
Development Editor: Christine Bufton
Production Editor: Sean Woznicki
Typesetters: Keith Glazewski, Natalie Pronio, Jennifer Romanchak, Milan Vracarich, Jr.
Print Coordinator: Jamie Snavely
Cover Design: Nick Newcomer

Published in the United States of America by

Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.igi-global.com

Copyright © 2011 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of research on ambient intelligence and smart environments: trends
and perspective / Nak-Young Chong and Fulvio Mastrogiovanni, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This book covers the cutting-edge aspects of AMI applications,
specifically those involving the effective design, realization, and
implementation of a comprehensive ambient intelligence in smart environments”-
- Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-61692-857-5 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-61692-858-2 (ebook) 1.
Ambient intelligence. 2. Telematics. I. Chong, Nak-Young, 1965- II.
Mastrogiovanni, Fulvio, 1977-
QA76.9.A48H36 2011
004.01’9--dc22
2010041637

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
In memory of Giuseppe Mastrogiovanni.
— F. M.

To my family - Dohee, Woohyon, and Woojin

— N. Y. C.
Editorial Advisory Board
Emile Aarts, Philips, The Netherlands
Hajime Asama, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Henrik I. Christensen, GeorgiaTech, USA
Ismail Khalil, J.Kepler University, Austria
Sang-Rok Oh, KIST, Korea
Z. Zenn Bien, UNIST, Korea
List of Contributors

Adam, Carole / RMIT University, Australia....................................................................................... 108

Aloulou, Hamdi / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore......................................................... 297
Aung, Aung-Phyo-Wai / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore...................................... 297, 390
Ballestero, Francisco J. / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain........................................................ 179
Bardone, Emanuele / University of Pavia, Italy.................................................................................... 1
Bieliková, Mária / Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia.................................... 580
Biswas, Jit / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore.......................................................... 297, 390
Bosse, Tibor / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.......................................................... 128
Bouchard, Bruno / Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada..................................................... 317
Bouzouane, Abdenour / Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada............................................. 317
Bureš, Vladimír / University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.................................................... 616
Cai, Yang / Carnegie Mellon University, USA...................................................................................... 78
Chang, Carl K. / Iowa State University/ USA.................................................................................... 374
Chong, Nak Young / Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan............. 554
Chu, Alvin Kok-Weng / Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore................................................................. 297
Cirillo, Marcello / Örebro University, Sweden................................................................................... 530
Conti, Giuseppe / Fondazione Graphitech, Italy............................................................................... 598
Davidyuk, Oleg / ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France and University of Oulu, Finland............. 194
De Amicis, Raffaele / Fondazione Graphitech, Italy.......................................................................... 598
Döhle, Mathias / Universität Bremen, Germany................................................................................ 509
Eilers¸Mark / University of Oldenburg, Germany............................................................................. 458
Feki, Mohamed Ali / Alcatel-Lucent Bell-Labs, Belgium.................................................................. 297
Foo, Victor Siang-Fook / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore..................................... 297, 390
Fujinami, Kaori / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan........................................ 56
Gaudou, Benoit / UMI 209 UMMISCO, IRD, IFI, Hanoi, Vietnam . ................................................ 108
Georgantas, Nikolaos / ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France ...................................................... 194
Gersdorf, Bernd / Universität Bremen, Germany.............................................................................. 509
Giroux, Sylvain / Université de Sherbrooke, Canada........................................................................ 317
Gottfried, Björn / University of Bremen, Germany........................................................................... 422
Guardiola, Gorka / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain................................................................. 179
Guesgen, Hans W. / Massey University, New Zealand....................................................................... 441
Guo, Bin / Institut Telecom SudParis & Keio University, Japan........................................................ 270
Hansen, Klaus Marius / Aarhus University, Denmark and University of Iceland............................ 245
Hönsch, Marián / Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia..................................... 580
Hoogendoorn, Mark / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands............................................ 128
Huang, Weimin / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore.................................................. 297, 390
Imai, Michita / Keio University, Japan.............................................................................................. 270
Issarny, Valérie / ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France ................................................................ 194
Jain, Suresh / Devi Ahilya University/ India...................................................................................... 636
Jolion, Jean-Michel / Université de Lyon, France............................................................................... 18
Kaufer, David / Carnegie Mellon University, USA.............................................................................. 78
Kawsar, Fahim / Lancaster University, UK......................................................................................... 56
Klein, Michel / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands........................................................ 128
Kompan, Michal / Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia.................................... 580
Krieg-Brückner, Bernd / Universität Bremen, Germany.................................................................. 509
Lauterbach, Christl / Future-Shape GmbH, Germany........................................................................ 41
Lee, Geunho / Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan....................... 554
Leignel, Christine / Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium............................................................... 18
Login, Dominique / University of Toulouse, CNRS, IRIT, Toulouse/ France . .................................. 108
Lorini, Emiliano / University of Toulouse, CNRS, IRIT, Toulouse, France....................................... 108
Magnani, Lorenzo / University of Pavia, Italy...................................................................................... 1
Maniyeri, Jayachandran / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore.......................................... 297
Marreiros, Goreti / GECAD – Polytechnic of Porto,Portugal............................................................ 88
Marsland, Stephen / Massey University, New Zealand..................................................................... 441
Meis, Jochen / Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering....................................... 217
Mikulecký, Peter / University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic................................................... 616
Mitra, Simanta / Iowa State University, USA.................................................................................... 374
Mls, Karel / University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.............................................................. 616
Moebus, Claus / University of Oldenburg, Germany......................................................................... 458
Olševičová, Kamila / University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic............................................... 616
Oyama, Katsunori / Iowa State University, USA............................................................................... 374
Pecora, Federico / Örebro University, Sweden................................................................................... 530
Phua, Clifton / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore.............................................................. 297
Ramos, Carlos / GECAD – Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal................................................................ 88
Riekki, Jukka / University of Oulu, Finland...................................................................................... 194
Röfer, Thomas / Universität Bremen, Germany................................................................................. 509
Roy, Patrice Claude / Sherbrooke University, Canada.............................................................. 297, 317
Sadri, Fariba / Imperial College London, UK................................................................................... 343
Saffiotti, Alessandro / Örebro University, Sweden............................................................................. 530
Santos, Ricardo / GECAD – Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal............................................................... 88
Shandilya, Shishir K. / NRI Institute of Information Science & Technology, India.......................... 636
Shi, Hui / Universität Bremen, Germany............................................................................................ 509
Šimko, Jakub / Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia.......................................... 580
Soriano, Enrique / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain.................................................................. 179
Steinhage, Axel / Future-Shape GmbH, Germany................................................................................ 41
Tolstikov, Andrei / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore............................................... 297, 390
Treur, Jan / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.............................................................. 128
van Lambalge, Rianne / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands......................................... 128
van Maanen, Peter-Paul / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands...................................... 128
Wang, Baoying / Waynesburg University,USA................................................................................... 236
Willard, Rebecca L. / Waynesburg University, USA.......................................................................... 236
Wojciechowski, Manfred / Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering................... 217
Xu, Duangui / Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore................................................................................. 297
Yamazaki, Tatsuya / National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan....... 162
Zeleník, Dušan / Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia....................................... 580
Zhang, Daqing / Institut Telecom SudParis, France.......................................................................... 270
Zhang, Weishan / Aarhus University, Denmark................................................................................. 245
Table of Contents

Foreword............................................................................................................................................ xxiv

Preface................................................................................................................................................. xxv

Chapter 1
Ambient Intelligence as Cognitive Niche Enrichment: Foundational Issues.......................................... 1
Lorenzo Magnani, University of Pavia, Italy
Emanuele Bardone, University of Pavia, Italy

Chapter 2
Tracking Persons: A Survey................................................................................................................... 18
Christine Leignel, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Jean-Michel Jolion, Université de Lyon, France

Chapter 4
Embedding Context-Awareness into a Daily Object for Improved Information Awareness:
A Case Study Using a Mirror................................................................................................................. 56
Kaori Fujinami, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
Fahim Kawsar, Lancaster University, UK

Chapter 5
Image-Word Mapping............................................................................................................................ 78
Yang Cai, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
David Kaufer, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Chapter 6
A Survey on the Use of Emotions, Mood, and Personality in Ambient Intelligence and
Smart Environments............................................................................................................................... 88
Carlos Ramos, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Goreti Marreiros, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Ricardo Santos, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal

Chapter 7
Logical Modeling of Emotions for Ambient Intelligence.................................................................... 108
Carole Adam, RMIT University, Australia
Benoit Gaudou, UMI 209 UMMISCO, IRD, IFI, Vietnam
Dominique Login, University of Toulouse, CNRS, IRIT, France
Emiliano Lorini, University of Toulouse, CNRS, IRIT, France

Chapter 8
Incorporating Human Aspects in Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.............................. 128
Tibor Bosse, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mark Hoogendoorn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Michel Klein, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Rianne van Lambalgen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Peter-Paul van Maanen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jan Treur, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chapter 9
Assistive Technologies in Smart Homes.............................................................................................. 165
Tatsuya Yamazaki, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan

Chapter 10
System Support for Smart Spaces........................................................................................................ 182
Francisco J. Ballestero, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Enrique Soriano, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Gorka Guardiola, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain

Chapter 11
MEDUSA: Middleware for End-User Composition of Ubiquitous Applications............................... 197
Oleg Davidyuk, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France and University of Oulu, Finland
Nikolaos Georgantas, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France
Valérie Issarny, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France
Jukka Riekki, University of Oulu, Finland

Chapter 12
Home Service Engineering for Sensor Networks................................................................................ 220
Jochen Meis, Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering, Germany
Manfred Wojciechowski, Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering, Germany
Chapter 13
Dynamic Ambient Networks with Middleware................................................................................... 239
Baoying Wang, Waynesburg University, USA
Rebecca L. Willard, Waynesburg University, USA

Chapter 14
Using Context Awareness for Self-Management in Pervasive Service Middleware........................... 248
Weishan Zhang, China University of Petroleum, P.R. China
Klaus Marius Hansen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Chapter 15
An Ontology-Based Context-Aware Infrastructure for Smart Homes................................................. 272
Bin Guo, Institut TELECOM SudParis, France & Keio University, Japan
Daqing Zhang, Institut TELECOM SudParis, France
Michita Imai, Keio University, Japan

Chapter 16
State-of-the-Art Assistive Technology for People with Dementia....................................................... 300
Clifton Phua, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Patrice Claude Roy, Sherbrooke University, Canada
Hamdi Aloulou, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Jit Biswas, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Andrei Tolstikov, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Victor Siang-Fook Foo, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Aung-Phyo-Wai Aung, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Weimin Huang, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Mohamed Ali Feki, Alcatel-Lucent Bell-Labs, Belgium
Jayachandran Maniyeri, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Alvin Kok-Weng Chu, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
Duangui Xu, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore

Chapter 17
Challenging Issues of Ambient Activity Recognition for Cognitive Assistance................................. 320
Patrice C. Roy, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
Bruno Bouchard, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada
Abdenour Bouzouane, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada
Sylvain Giroux, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada

Chapter 18
Logic-Based Approaches to Intention Recognition............................................................................. 346
Fariba Sadri, Imperial College London, UK
Chapter 19
Inference of Human Intentions in Context Aware Systems................................................................. 376
Katsunori Oyama, Iowa State University, USA
Carl K. Chang, Iowa State University, USA
Simanta Mitra, Iowa State University, USA

Chapter 20
Ambient Intelligence for Eldercare – the Nuts and Bolts: Sensor Data Acquisition,
Processing and Activity Recognition Under Resource Constraints..................................................... 392
Jit Biswas, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Andrei Tolstikov, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Aung-Phyo-Wai Aung, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Victor Siang-Fook Foo, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Weimin Huang, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

Chapter 21
Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation: Facets of BMI Systems..................................................... 424
Björn Gottfried, University of Bremen, Germany

Chapter 22
Recognising Human Behaviour in a Spatio-Temporal Context........................................................... 443
Hans W. Guesgen, Massey University, New Zealand
Stephen Marsland, Massey University, New Zealand

Chapter 24
Context-Sensitive Spatial Interaction and Ambient Control................................................................ 513
Bernd Krieg-Brückner, Universität Bremen, Germany
Hui Shi, Universität Bremen, Germany
Bernd Gersdorf, Universität Bremen, Germany
Mathias Döhle, Universität Bremen, Germany
Thomas Röfer, Universität Bremen, Germany

Chapter 25
Proactive Assistance in Ecologies of Physically Embedded Intelligent Systems:
A Constraint-Based Approach.............................................................................................................. 534
Marcello Cirillo, Örebro University, Sweden
Federico Pecora, Örebro University, Sweden
Alessandro Saffiotti, Örebro University, Sweden
Chapter 26
Self-Organizing Mobile Sensor Network: Distributed Topology Control Framework....................... 558
Geunho Lee, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan
Nak Young Chong, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan

Chapter 27
Pervasive Computing for Efficient Energy.......................................................................................... 584
Mária Bieliková, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Marián Hönsch, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Michal Kompan, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Jakub Šimko, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Dušan Zeleník, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia

Chapter 29
Possibilities of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments in Educational Institutions............... 620
Peter Mikulecký, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Kamila Olševičová, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Vladimír Bureš, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Karel Mls, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Chapter 30
Opinion Mining and Information Retrieval: Techniques for E-Commerce......................................... 640
Shishir K. Shandilya, Devi Ahilya University, India
Suresh Jain, KCB Technical Academy, India

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 653

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 712

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 730
Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword............................................................................................................................................ xxiv

Preface................................................................................................................................................. xxv

We will introduce some cognitive and epistemological foundational aspects related to Ambient Intel-
ligence (AmI). We will show how three concepts which derive from the tradition of cognitive science
may be of help in deepening some of the main theoretical aspects concerning Ambient Intelligence: the
notion of distributed cognition, the concept of cognitive niche, and the concept of affordance. We con-
tend that this theoretical perspective will shed new light on some of the most promising and interesting
developments recently brought about by Ambient Intelligence.

This chapter presents a survey of methods used for tracking in video sequence. We mainly focus this
survey on tracking persons. We introduce three main approaches. First, we present the graph based
tracking approach where the sequence of tracked objects are embodied in a graph structure. Then we
introduce the features (extracted from the images) based tracking and matching with a model. We sur-
vey the main primitives and emphasize the approaches based on 2D and 3D body model. We present
the particular case of tracking in a network of cameras with the particle filtering method. Finally, As a
generalization, we focus on the single vs. stereo approaches.

Chapter 3
SensFloor® and NaviFloor®: Large-Area Sensor Systems beneath Your Feet....................................... 41
Axel Steinhage, Future-Shape GmbH, Germany
Christl Lauterbach, Future-Shape GmbH, Germany
The following chapter describes two systems, both are perfect examples for ambient intelligence. The
first system is, sensor electronics, which is invisibly integrated into the floor. This system is able to
detect people walking across the floor and can be used to recognize peoples’ location and movement
behavior. The main application domains are Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), health care, security
systems and home automation. The second system serves for localizing moving objects such as robots,
wheelchairs or hospital beds by means of RFID tags in the floor. In the following, we describe the tech-
nical details of the two systems and possible applications.

In this chapter, a case study on augmenting a daily object, mirror, for a contextual ambient display is
presented. The mirror presents information relevant to a person who is standing and utilizing unshare-
able objects, e.g. a toothbrush, in front of it on the periphery of his/her field of vision. We investigated
methods of interaction with the mirror by analyzing user preferences against contrastive functionalities.
Experiments were conducted by a Wizard-of-Oz method and an in-situ experiment. The results showed
that a short absence of the mirror function was not a big issue for the majority of participants once they
were interested in presented information. The analysis also allowed us to specify requirements and
further research questions in order to make an augmented mirror acceptable.

No Ambient Intelligence can survive without human-computer interactions. Over ninety percent of
information in our communication is verbal and visual. The mapping between one-dimensional words
and two-dimensional images is a challenge for visual information classification and reconstruction. In
this Chapter, we present a model for the image-word two-way mapping process. The model applies
specifically to facial identification and facial reconstruction. It accommodates through semantic differ-
ential descriptions, analogical and graph-based visual abstraction that allows humans and computers to
categorize objects and to provide verbal annotations to the shapes that comprise faces. An image-word
mapping interface is designed for efficient facial recognition in massive visual datasets. We demon-
strate how a two-way mapping of words and facial shapes is feasible in facial information retrieval and
reconstruction.

Chapter 6
A Survey on the Use of Emotions, Mood, and Personality in Ambient Intelligence and
Smart Environments............................................................................................................................... 88
Carlos Ramos, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Goreti Marreiros, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Ricardo Santos, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
This Chapter is a survey dealing with the use of emotions and mood to characterize an Ambient Intel-
ligence system. In particular, a key aspect of the described research is the assumption that each level of
an Ambient Intelligence infrastructure (e.g., sensing, reasoning, action) can benefit from the introduc-
tion of emotion and mood modelling. The Chapter surveys well-known models (e.g., OCC, Big Five –
Five Factor Model, PAD, just to name a few) discussing for each one Pros and Cons. Next, architectures
for emotional agents are discussed, e.g., Cathexis (assuming the somatic marker hypothesis proposed
by Damasio), Flame, Tabasco and many others. Finally, specific implementation examples of emotional
agents in Ambient Intelligence scenarios are described.

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is the art of designing intelligent and user-focused environments. It is thus
of great importance to take human factors into account. In this chapter we especially focus on emo-
tions, that have been proved to be essential in human reasoning and interaction. To this end, we assume
that we can take advantage of the results obtained in Artificial Intelligence about the formal modeling
of emotions. This chapter specifically aims at showing the interest of logic as a tool to design agents
endowed with emotional abilities useful for Ambient Intelligence applications. In particular, we show
that modal logics allow the representation of the mental attitudes involved in emotions such as beliefs,
goals or ideals. Moreover, we illustrate how modal logics can be used to represent complex emotions
(also called self-conscious emotions) involving elaborated forms of reasoning, such as self-attribution
of responsibility and counterfactual reasoning. Examples of complex emotions are regret and guilt. We
illustrate our logical approach by formalizing some case studies concerning an intelligent house taking
care of its inhabitants.

In this chapter, we propose to outline the scientific area that addresses Ambient Intelligence applica-
tions in which not only sensor data, but also knowledge from the human-directed sciences such as
biomedical science, neuroscience, and psychological and social sciences is incorporated. This knowl-
edge enables the environment to perform more in-depth, human-like analyses of the functioning of the
observed humans, and to come up with better informed actions. A structured approach to embed human
knowledge in Ambient Intelligence applications is presented an illustrated using two examples, one on
automated visual attention manipulation, and another on the assessment of the behaviour of a car driver.
Chapter 9
Assistive Technologies in Smart Homes.............................................................................................. 165
Tatsuya Yamazaki, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan

This book chapter provides a review of the assistive technologies deployed in smart spaces with a variety
of smart home or house examples. In the first place, home networking technologies and sensing technolo-
gies are surveyed as fundamental technologies to support smart environment. After reviewing representa-
tive smart home projects from across the world, concrete assistive services related with the fundamental
technologies in smart environment are deployed not only for the elderly and handicapped but for people
in ordinary families as well. Adaptability is one of the key essences in the assistive technologies in smart
environment and, for this purpose, human-ware studies including man-machine interfaces, ergonomics
and gerontology are needed to be linked with the hardware specific fundamental technologies.

There are some important requirements to build effective smart spaces, like human aspects, sensing,
activity recognition, context awareness, etc. However, all of them require adequate system support to
build systems that work in practice. In this chapter, we discuss system level support services that are
necessary to build working smart spaces. We also include a full discussion of system abstractions for
pervasive computing taking in account naming, protection, modularity, communication, and program-
mability issues.

Chapter 11
MEDUSA: Middleware for End-User Composition of Ubiquitous Applications............................... 197
Oleg Davidyuk, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France and University of Oulu, Finland,
Nikolaos Georgantas, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France
Valérie Issarny, ARLES Research Team, INRIA, France
Jukka Riekki, University of Oulu, Finland

Activity-oriented computing (AOC) is a paradigm promoting the run-time realization of applications

by composing ubiquitous services in the user’s surroundings according to abstract specifications of
user activities. The paradigm is particularly well-suited for enacting ubiquitous applications. However,
there is still a need for end-users to create and control the ubiquitous applications because they are
better aware of their own needs and activities than any existing context-aware system could ever be.
In this chapter, we give an overview of state of the art ubiquitous application composition, present the
architecture of the MEDUSA middleware and demonstrate its realization, which is based on existing
open-source solutions. On the basis of our discussion on state of the art ubiquitous application com-
position, we argue that current implementations of the AOC paradigm are lacking in end-user support.
Our solution, the MEDUSA middleware, allows end-users to explicitly compose applications from
networked services, while building on an activity-oriented computing infrastructure to dynamically
realize the composition.
Chapter 12
Home Service Engineering for Sensor Networks................................................................................ 220
Jochen Meis, Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering, Germany
Manfred Wojciechowski, Fraunhofer Institute for Software and System Engineering, Germany

This Chapter deals with the important process related to smart environments engineering, with a spe-
cific emphasis on the software infrastructure. In particular, the Chapter focuses on the whole process,
from the initial definition of functional requirements to the identification of possible implementation
strategies. On the basis of this analysis, a context model as well as the possible choice of relevant sen-
sor types is carried out.

Chapter 13
Dynamic Ambient Networks with Middleware................................................................................... 239
Baoying Wang, Waynesburg University, USA
Rebecca L. Willard, Waynesburg University, USA

Ambient Intelligence is the concept that technology will become a part of everyday living and assist us-
ers in multiple tasks. It is a combination and further development of ubiquitous computation, pervasive
computation, and multimedia.The technology is sensitive to the actions of humans and it can interact
with the human or adjust the surroundings to suit the needs of the users dynamically. All of this is made
possible by embedding sensors and computing components inconspicuously into human surroundings.
This paper discusses the middleware needed for dynamic ambient intelligence networks and the ambi-
ent intelligence network architecture. The bottom-up middleware approach for ambient intelligence is
important so the lower layers of all ambient intelligence networks are interchangeable and compatible
with other ambient intelligence components. This approach also allows components to be programmed
to be compatible with multiple ambient intelligence networks. The network architecture discussed in
this paper allows for dynamic networking capabilities for minimal interruptions with changes in com-
puter components.

Abstract Context-awareness is an important feature in Ambient Intelligence environments including in

pervasive middleware. In addition, there is a growing trend and demand on self-management capabili-
ties for a pervasive middleware in order to provide high-level dependability for services. In this chapter,
we propose to make use of context-awareness features to facilitate self-management. To achieve self-
management, dynamic contexts for example device and service statuses, are critical to take self-man-
agement actions. Therefore, we consider dynamic contexts in context modeling, specifically as a set
of OWL/SWRL ontologies, called the Self-Management for Pervasive Services (SeMaPS) ontologies.
Self-management rules can be developed based on the SeMaPS ontologies to achieve self-management
goals. Our approach is demonstrated within the Hydra pervasive middleware. Finally, our experiments
with performance, extensibility, and scalability in the context of Hydra show that the SeMaPS-based
self-management approach is effective.
Chapter 15
An Ontology-Based Context-Aware Infrastructure for Smart Homes................................................. 272
Bin Guo, Institut TELECOM SudParis, France & Keio University, Japan
Daqing Zhang, Institut TELECOM SudParis, France
Michita Imai, Keio University, Japan

A general infrastructure that can facilitate the development of context-aware applications in smart
homes is proposed. Unlike previous systems, our system builds on semantic web technologies, and it
particularly concerns the contexts from human-artifact interaction. A multi-levels’ design of our ontol-
ogy (called SS-ONT) makes it possible to realize context sharing and end-user-oriented customization.
Using this infrastructure as a basis, we address some of the principles involved in performing context
querying and context reasoning. The performance of our system is evaluated through a series of experi-
ments.

The work is motivated by the expanding demand and limited supply of long-term personal care for
People with Dementia (PwD), and assistive technology as an alternative. Telecare allows PwD to live
in the comfort of their homes for a longer time. It is challenging to have remote care in smart homes
with ambient intelligence, using devices, networks, and activity and plan recognition. Our scope is lim-
ited to mostly related work on existing execution environments in smart homes, and activity and plan
recognition algorithms which can be applied to PwD living in smart homes. PwD and caregiver needs
are addressed in a more holistic healthcare approach, domain challenges include doctor validation and
erroneous behaviour, and technical challenges include high maintenance and low accuracy. State-of-
the-art devices, networks, activity and plan recognition for physical health are presented; ideas for de-
veloping mental training for mental health and social networking for social health are explored. There
are two implications of this work: more needs to be done for assistive technology to improve PwD’s
mental and social health, and assistive software is not highly accurate and persuasive yet. Our work
applies not only to PwD, but also the elderly without dementia and people with intellectual disabilities.
Chapter 17
Challenging Issues of Ambient Activity Recognition for Cognitive Assistance................................. 320
Patrice C. Roy, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
Bruno Bouchard, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada
Abdenour Bouzouane, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada
Sylvain Giroux, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada

In order to provide adequate assistance to cognitively impaired people when they carry out their ac-
tivities of daily living (ADLs) at home, new technologies based on the emerging concept of Ambient
Intelligence (AmI) must be developed. The main application of the AmI concept is the development of
Smart Homes, which can provide advanced assistance services to its occupant when he performs his
ADLs. The main difficulty inherent to this kind of assistance services is to be able to identify the on-
going inhabitant ADL from the observed basic actions and from the sensors events produced by these
actions. This chapter will investigate in details the challenging issues that emerge from activity recog-
nition in order to provide cognitive assistance in Smart Homes, by identifying gaps in the capabilities
of current approaches. This will allow to raise numerous research issues and challenges that need to be
addressed for understanding this research field and enabling ambient recognition systems for cognitive
assistance to operate effectively.

Chapter 18
Logic-Based Approaches to Intention Recognition............................................................................. 346
Fariba Sadri, Imperial College London, UK

In this chapter we discuss intention recognition in general, and the use of logic-based formalisms, and
deduction and abduction in particular. We consider the relationship between causal theories used for
planning and the knowledge representation and reasoning used for intention recognition. We look at the
challenges and the issues, and we explore eight case studies.

Chapter 19
Inference of Human Intentions in Context Aware Systems................................................................. 376
Katsunori Oyama, Iowa State University, USA
Carl K. Chang, Iowa State University, USA
Simanta Mitra, Iowa State University, USA

Most of context models have limited capability in involving human intention for system evolvability
and self-adaptability. Human intention in context aware systems can evolve at any time, however,
context aware systems based on these context models can provide only standard services that are often
insufficient for specific user needs. Consequently, evolving human intentions result in changes in sys-
tem requirements. Moreover, an intention must be analyzed from tangled relations with different types
of contexts. In the past, this complexity has prevented researchers from using computational methods
for analyzing or specifying human intention in context aware system design. The authors investigated
the possibility for inferring human intentions from contexts and situations, and deploying appropriate
services that users require during system run-time. This chapter first focus on describing an inference
ontology to represent stepwise inference tasks to detect an intention change and then discuss how con-
text aware systems can accommodate requirements for the intention change.
Chapter 20
Ambient Intelligence for Eldercare – the Nuts and Bolts: Sensor Data Acquisition,
Processing and Activity Recognition Under Resource Constraints..................................................... 392
Jit Biswas, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Andrei Tolstikov, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Aung-Phyo-Wai Aung, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Victor Siang-Fook Foo, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Weimin Huang, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

This chapter provides examples of sensor data acquisition, processing and activity recognition systems
that are necessary for ambient intelligence specifically applied to home care for the elderly. We envision
a future where software and algorithms will be tailored and personalized towards the recognition and
assistance of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) of the elderly. In order to meet the needs of the elderly
living alone, researchers all around the world are looking to the field of Ambient Intelligence or AmI
(see http://www.ambientintelligence.org).

Chapter 21
Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation: Facets of BMI Systems..................................................... 424
Björn Gottfried, University of Bremen, Germany

This Chapter provides an introduction to the emerging field of Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation
(BMI in short). The study of behaviour encompasses both social and engineering implications: on one
hand the scientific goal is to design and represent believable models of human behaviours in different
contexts; on the other hand, the engineering goal is to acquire relevant sensory information in real-time,
as well as to process all the relevant data. The Chapter provides a number of examples of BMI systems,
as well as discussions about possible implications in Smart Environments and Ambient Intelligence in
a broad sense.

Identifying human behaviours in smart homes from sensor observations is an important research prob-
lem. The addition of contextual information about environmental circumstances and prior activities,
as well as spatial and temporal data, can assist in both recognising particular behaviours and detecting
abnormalities in these behaviours. In this chapter, we describe a novel method of representing this data
and discuss a wide variety of possible implementation strategies.

Chapter 23
Prototyping Smart Assistance with Bayesian Autonomous Driver Models......................................... 460
Claus Moebus, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Mark Eilers, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The Human or Cognitive Centered Design (HCD) of intelligent transport systems requires digital Mod-
els of Human Behavior and Cognition (MHBC) enabling Ambient Intelligence e.g. in a smart car. Cur-
rently MBHC are developed and used as driver models in traffic scenario simulations, in proving safety
assertions and in supporting risk-based design. Furthermore, it is tempting to prototype assistance sys-
tems (AS) on the basis of a human driver model cloning an expert driver. To that end we propose the
Bayesian estimation of MHBCs from human behavior traces generated in new kind of learning experi-
ments: Bayesian model learning under driver control. The models learnt are called Bayesian Autono-
mous Driver (BAD) models. For the purpose of smart assistance in simulated or real world scenarios
the obtained BAD models can be used as Bayesian Assistance Systems (BAS). The critical question is,
whether the driving competence of the BAD model is the same as the driving competence of the human
driver when generating the training data for the BAD model. We believe that our approach is superior to
the proposal to model the strategic and tactical skills of an AS with a Markov Decision Process (MDP).
The usage of the BAD model or BAS as a prototype for a smart Partial Autonomous Driving Assistant
System (PADAS) is demonstrated within a racing game simulation.

In this chapter, we first briefly introduce the setting: mobility assistants (the wheelchair Rolland and
iWalker) and smart environment control in the Bremen Ambient Assisted Living Lab. In several exam-
ple scenarios, we then outline our contributions to the state of the art, focussing on spatial knowledge
representation, reasoning and spatial interaction (multi-modal, but with special emphasis on natural
language dialogue) between three partners: the user, a mobility assistant, and the smart environment.

The main goal of this Chapter is to introduce SAM, an integrated architecture for concurrent activity
recognition, planning and execution. SAM provides a general framework to define how an intelligent
environment can assess contextual information from sensory data. The architecture builds upon a tem-
poral reasoning framework operating in closed-loop between physical sensing and actuation compo-
nents in a smart environments. The capabilities of the system as well as possible examples of its use are
discussed in the context of the PEIS-Home, a smart environment integrated with robotic components.
Chapter 26
Self-Organizing Mobile Sensor Network: Distributed Topology Control Framework....................... 558
Geunho Lee, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan
Nak Young Chong, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at enriching physical environments

with a network of distributed devices, such as sensors, actuators, and computational resources, in order
to support humans in achieving their everyday task. Within the framework of AmI, this chapter pres-
ents decentralized coordination for a swarm of autonomous robotic sensors building intelligent envi-
ronments adopting AmI. The large-scale robotic sensors are regarded as a swarm of wireless sensors
mounted on spatially distributed autonomous mobile robots. Therefore, motivated by the experience
gained during the development and usage for decentralized coordination of mobile robots in geographi-
cally constrained environments, our work introduces the following two detailed functions: self-config-
uration and flocking. In particular, this chapter addresses the study of a unified framework which gov-
erns the adaptively self-organizing processes for a swarm of autonomous robots in the presence of an
environmental uncertainty. Based on the hypothesis that the motion planning for robot swarms must be
controlled within the framework, the two functions are integrated in a distributed way, and each robot
can form an equilateral triangle mesh with its two neighbors in a geometric sense. Extensive simula-
tions are performed in two-dimensional unknown environments to verify that the proposed method
yields a computationally efficient, yet robust deployment.

Increasing energy consumption requires our attention. Resources are exhaustible, so building new power
plants is not the only solution. Since residential expenditure is of major parts of overall consumption,
concept of intelligent household has potential to participate on energy usage optimization. In this chapter,
we concentrate on software methods, which based on inputs gained from an environment monitor, analyze
and consequently reduce non-effective energy consumption. We gave a shape to this concept by descrip-
tion of real prototype system called ECM (Energy Consumption Manager). Besides active energy reduc-
tion, the ECM system also has an educative function. User-system interaction is designed to teach the user
how to use (electric, in case of our prototype) energy effectively. Methods for the analysis are based on
artificial intelligence and information systems fields (neural networks, clustering algorithms, rule-based
systems, personalization and adaptation of user interface). The system goes further and gains more ef-
fectiveness by exchange of data, related to consumption and appliance behaviour, between households.

Chapter 28
Ambient Intelligence and Immersive Geospatial Visual Analytics..................................................... 602
Raffaele De Amicis, Fondazione Graphitech, Italy
Giuseppe Conti, Fondazione Graphitech, Italy
The unprecedented success of 3D geobrowsers, mostly due to the user-friendliness typical of their in-
terfaces and to the extremely wide set of information available, has undoubtedly marked a turning point
within the geospatial domain, clearly departing from previous IT solutions in the field of Geographical
Information Systems (GIS). This technological great leap forward has paved the way to a new genera-
tion of GeoVisual Analytics (GVA) applications capable to ensure access, filtering and processing of
large repositories of geospatial information. Within this context we refer to GeoVisual Analytics as the
set of tools, technologies and methodologies which can be deployed to increase situational awareness
by helping operators identify specific data patterns within a vast information flow made of multidimen-
sional geographical data coming from static databases as well as from sensor networks.

The objective of the chapter is to identify and analyze key aspects and possibilities of Ambient Intel-
ligence (AmI) applications in educational processes and institutions (universities), as well as to present
a couple of possible visions for these applications. A number of related problems are discussed as well,
namely agent-based AmI application architectures. Results of a brief survey among optional users of
these applications are presented as well.

E-commerce is an increasingly pervasive element of ambient intelligence. Ambient intelligence pro-

motes the user-centered system where as per the feedback of user, the system changes itself to facili-
tate the transmission and marketing of goods and information to the appropriate e-commerce market.
Ambient Intelligence ensures that the e-commerce activities generate good confidence level among the
customers. The confidence occurs when the customers feel that the product can be relied upon to act
in their best interest and knowledge. It affects the decision that whether a customer decides to buy the
product or not.

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 653

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 712

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 730
xxiv

Foreword

We are living with various types of intelligent system such as personal computer, cell phone, IC tag,
web cameras and so on. Once we accept these intelligent systems, they evolve with the human society.
We, humans, adapt to the systems and change our life style. The internet and cell phone have dramati-
cally changed our life style. At the same time, the systems have been improved in order to adapt to the
human society more. That is, the intelligent systems evolve human itself.
With the intelligent system, we, humans, are able to overcome constrains of the physical bodies and
extend the ability beyond time and space. Human cannot be defined based on the fresh body anymore.
What we are looking for with the intelligent systems is human abilities that we do not know yet and
deeper definition of human. By accepting the idea of human evolution with the intelligent systems, we
can excite with possibilities of human.
The intelligent systems themselves also evolve in the human society. Various companies develop
various intelligent systems for various purposes in the huge market. In the beginning, they have appealed
the novelty. However, once the human society accepts the systems, they are going to be embedded in
our life as the sustainable systems.
The systems are going to be invisible and tightly coupled with human and the human society. Then,
they will be indispensable ones for our daily life. For such systems, higher level intelligence is required
such as context-awareness and reasoning in addition to sensing and actuation. The higher level intel-
ligence of the system and the human intelligence harmonize each other.
This book just includes the important and futuristic topics for realizing the intelligent systems embed-
ded in the human society, namely Ambient Intelligence. The concept of Ambient Intelligence leads our
society to the next stage where we, human, enhance our ability beyond time and space.

Hiroshi Ishiguro
Professor of Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University Fellow of Advanced Telecommuni-
cations Research Institute International

Hiroshi Ishiguro received a D.Eng. in systems engineering from the Osaka University, Japan in 1991. He is currently Professor
of Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University (2009–). He is also
Visiting Group Leader (2002–) of the Intelligent Robotics and Communication Laboratories at the Advanced Telecommunica-
tions Research Institute, where he previously worked as Visiting Researcher (1999–2002). He was previously Research Associate
(1992–1994) in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University and Associate Professor (1998–2000) in the
Department of Social Informatics at Kyoto University. He was also Visiting Scholar (1998–1999) at the University of California,
San Diego, USA. He was Associate Professor (2000–2001) and Professor (2001–2002) in the Department of Computer and
Communication Sciences at Wakayama University. He then moved to Department of Adaptive Machine Systems in the Gradu-
ate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University as a Professor (2002-2009). His research interests include distributed
sensor systems, interactive robotics, and android science.
xxv

Preface

WHY IS AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE CHALLENGING?

Ambient Intelligence (AmI in short) is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at enriching physical environ-
ments with a network of distributed devices, such as sensors, actuators, and computational resources, in
order to support humans in achieving their everyday goals. These can range from helping businessmen
in increasing their productivity to supporting activities of daily living for elderly and people with special
needs, such as people suffering from cognitive impairments or physical injuries.
From a technological perspective, AmI represents the convergence of recent achievements in com-
munications technologies (e.g., sensor networks and distributed computing), industrial electronics
(e.g., the miniaturization process affecting computational devices, such as wearable sensors), Pervasive
Computing, intelligent user interfaces (e.g., alternative communication media such as eyes’ gaze and
speech) and Artificial Intelligence (e.g., knowledge representation and context or situation awareness),
just to name but few. AmI is not only the superimposition of these disciplines, but it is a major effort to
integrate and make them really useful for the everyday human life.
The Handbook is aimed at covering cutting-edge aspects involved in the effective design, realiza-
tion and implementation of comprehensive AmI applications. In particular, it can be considered as a
conceptual path originating from the very basic consideration of human aspects that are involved in
AmI systems design, heading to the effective reasoning and acting capabilities that AmI systems must
be characterized with to operate in the real-world.
In particular, eight key aspects have been identified as being fundamental in the design of AmI sys-
tems (see Figure 1).
The first one is human aspects: AmI systems are expected to work in symbiosis with humans, and
therefore they must understand not only human actions, but also moods, desires and feelings. In other
words, AmI systems should encode models of human behaviour (in the mid term possibly in well-defined
scenarios, such as people with dementia or typical home activities) and cognition in order to make pre-
dictions and to take purposive actions. These models can be either encoded by designers or learned by
the system itself through observation.
Models of behaviour and cognition must be grounded with respect to actual data provided by sensors
monitoring the given physical space: sensing is therefore a major topic to address when classifying actual
human behaviour with respect to encoded models. Many sensing techniques have been investigated in
literature. However, what is important is the relationship between sensory information and the algo-
rithms adopted to process it: among the different issues involved in this process, we can identify data
xxvi

Figure 1. Information flow in ambient intelligence

fusion, reliability, real-time responsiveness, symbol grounding and anchoring with respect to knowledge
representation structures.
Knowledge representation (KR in short) is a central topic in AmI applications and intelligent systems
in general. Borrowing techniques developed by research in Artificial Intelligence, it is now considered a
core part of any AmI system. In particular, it is at the basis of many other important aspects to consider:
models of human behaviours and cognition can naturally be represented using KR techniques, topological
and physical aspects of the environment can be easily encoded, reasoning schemes are structures whose
templates are stored in knowledge bases (otherwise called ontologies), just to name a few. However,
the main feature that makes KR techniques suitable for use in AmI applications is the fact that they can
associate semantic information to represented knowledge, i.e., a sort of meaning characterizing symbols
and their relationships.
Many techniques for detecting human activity have been developed and appeared in literature in
the past few years. Activity recognition is strictly related to sensing and knowledge representation: on
the basis of sensory data and structured knowledge, a major dependence exists with respect to sensory
modalities and knowledge representation techniques used to manage information. This issue aroused –
and still foments – many philosophical and technological debates about the very notion of “activity”,
from which completely different approaches originated.
The recognition of human activities, coupled with semantic knowledge represented within the
system, forms the basis of context-awareness. A context-aware system is “something” that is aware of
what sensory data mean. In other words, a context-aware system is able to associate meaning (useful
for humans as well as for automated systems) to observations, and to make the best use of sensory data
once the meaning has been assessed. During the past decade, context-aware applications have been one
of the hottest research topics worldwide. Several techniques have been proposed to design aware AmI
xxvii

systems: from this experience, it emerged a tight relationship with respect to the capabilities of activity
recognition and knowledge representation.
Once a situation has been assessed (possibly involving many humans, their performed activities
and related events), the AmI system is expected to purposively act in order to reach a given objective.
Depending on the techniques used to provide the AmI system itself with context-aware capabilities
(and, ultimately, on knowledge representation strategies), many methods to support reasoning have
been proposed in literature. However, research in AmI has been geared more towards representation
than action and task planning: as a consequence, the use of reasoning techniques in AmI applications
is still in its infancy.
Achieving a sensible interaction level with humans is probably the main goal in AmI. This objective
involves a tight – yet well-defined – coupling between reasoning (and the involved context awareness
techniques) and the considerations of relevant human aspects. In a sense, it can be argued that sensible
interaction is what is actually perceived by humans when dealing with AmI systems, therefore encom-
passing not only what kind of information is presented or what action is performed by the system, but
above all how this is achieved. Without any doubt, this is considered the most challenging part of an
AmI system, and therefore it is far from being clearly addressed in literature.
It is not possible to implement real-world AmI systems (involving all or part of the preceding topics)
without taking architectural aspects into account. These refer to the underlying sensory machinery, to the
middleware, to real-time and operating systems requirements, to guarantee up-to-date information when
needed, and to enforce scalability and robustness, just to name a few. One of the goal of this Handbook
is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of an AmI system as a whole (although made-up
of many interacting parts) thus showing how the various modules can effectively interact.

THE AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE SLOGANS

Ambient Intelligence is a novel and groundbreaking paradigm emerged during the past few years as a
consequence of important achievements in various research and more technical fields. As a matter of
fact, AmI has tremendous implications in such fields as design, healthcare, tele-medicine and Robotics,
just to name a few.
Defining AmI is a rather difficult task, for it encompasses a broad range in the spectrum of interaction
modalities between humans and their environment. In spite of this fuzzyness, it is possible to roughly
define AmI as a computational paradigm aimed at designing, developing and realizing “augmented”
environments (i.e., environments provided with electronic devices, such as sensors and actuators) that
prove to be sensitive, responsive and aware of both humans and their activities. In a world where the
AmI vision is realized in its entirety, distributed devices seamlessly cooperate with each other and with
humans, in order to support them in better carrying out their everyday activities.
The AmI vision is characterized by a number of key ideas which distinguish AmI itself from similar
paradigms aroused in the past few years, all of them closely related to the relationships among humans,
their activities and their environment.
No more users, but humans! Traditionally, the generic notion of “computation” is meant at providing
support for activities people must carry out either for work or leisure. However, it requires purposive and
well-defined interaction modalities on the user side and, specifically, users should be skilled enough to
benefit from the interaction. On the contrary, AmI envisions a future where purposive interaction on the
xxviii

user side will be kept to a minimum, whereas the “system” will provide information and assistance when
needed. In other words, people will no longer need to be users: in order to interact with intelligent sys-
tems they will simply act, and the system will be able to autonomously understand their needs and goals.
Non only smart homes, but smart environments! Early research in AmI concentrated on specific types
of augmented environments, and in particular on Smart Homes (intelligent apartments devoted to enforce
specific aspects of domestic life). As a matter of fact, this approach helped in assessing first results and
in conceiving new ideas to pursue. However, smart homes are only one side of the whole AmI vision:
outside homes, AmI systems should be silent companions to human activities when travelling, sitting
in a cafeteria, at work or in the pool. In other words, each accessed service in everyday life should be
personalized and tailored especially for the single individual.
No more visible computational devices!. The fact that AmI shares with other paradigms, such as
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, the idea that computational devices (including sensors and actua-
tors) should disappear from sight is an important concern. In particular, service provisioning and specific
information should be conveyed through a hidden network connecting all these devices: as they will
grow smaller, more connected and more integrated into our environments, the technology will disap-
pear into human surroundings until only the (possibly implicit) interface will be directly perceivable.
However, differently from Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, the network is the means by which
data are gathered by a system that intelligently operate on them in order to provide directed, specific
and targeted assistance.
Ambient Intelligence can have a tremendous impact on the future of society: from disaster assessment
to elderly care, from surveillance activities to tele-medicine, from the tracking of patients in hospitals
to package tracking in factories, just to name a few. AmI techniques can be exploited for the benefit of
humans.

FEW KEYWORDS

Human aspects. Humans are the central components of AmI. In a sense, an AmI system is meant to
wrap humans within an augmented physical space, where implicit and sensible interaction can occur
and made effective. Modelling human capabilities is therefore a central topic that AmI must address in
depth. Human models can be considered under many perspectives. Among them, we can think of cog-
nitive models, interaction models, or preference models. This is a topic becoming increasingly central
in AmI and in Artificial Intelligence in particular, thereby deserving great attention in future treatises.
Sensing. In order to realize the aforementioned implicit, purposive and sensible interaction, an AmI
system must be provided with the necessary sensory information. Different sensors have been tradi-
tionally used to detect human activity: from the rich, highly expressive but prone to errors information
provided by cameras, to the simple, poorly expressive but extremely reliable information provided by
binary sensors, a plethora of techniques have been presented in literature. It seems reasonable to as-
sume that different approaches will be required in different scenarios, thereby enforcing modularity,
scalability and integration.
Activity recognition. Sensory information must be directed and manipulated in order to make sense
of it. Specifically, recognizing human activity within a given physical environment is the first step to
support purposive interaction. Many techniques have been proposed in literature during the past few
years, all of them characterized by benefits and drawbacks: probabilistic, logic-based or ontology-based
xxix

techniques to achieve activity recognition are currently hot topics in this area. Cross-fertilization among
different approaches is expected to greatly improve the overall system capabilities.
Knowledge representation. It is widely recognized that AmI needs to efficiently and reliably represent
the information gathered by distributed sources. During the past few years, in the Artificial Intelligence
community, many techniques have been proposed to this aim: ontologies (conceptualization of a given
domain) clearly emerged as a powerful modelling tool to encode possibly the overall behaviour of an AmI
system, but other approaches, possibly taking relational as well as temporal information into account,
are suitable as well. To date, there is no agreement about standard techniques and models, therefore
requiring a deep analysis in AmI research.
Context-awareness. A system that is aware of what is going on within a given physical environment
is closely part of the AmI vision. Assessing a situation means to characterize the relevant properties
of an environment, the activities currently carried out within the environment and the possible conse-
quences. In particular, the notions of “context” and “situation”, when related to humans, aroused many
harsh debates about philosophical and practical aspects of AmI since, from them, originate completely
different approaches to user modelling, activity recognition and knowledge representation. In particular,
context-awareness identifies modalities under which AmI system components cooperate with each other:
it requires, from the designer’s perspective, a description of what the system can do, and how to do it.
This is probably the hottest topic of research in AmI in the latest few years.
Reasoning. Once the current situation has been assessed, the AmI system is expected to purposively
interact with humans. In AmI systems, this interaction ultimately depends on many factors, such as the
kind of requested interaction (e.g., physical for people suffering from physical disabilities or injuries
or at the information level for businessmen with busy schedule), the kind of information needed (and
the related reliability, obtained through merging different data sources), and associated priorities (e.g.,
understanding which, among many information request, is more relevant for the user given his/her cur-
rent situation). Reasoning in AmI systems poses unique challenges to techniques developed in Artificial
Intelligence so far: real-time requirements, human constraints, plausibility and compliance with common
sense requirements. This will be for sure the next hot topic to deal with in AmI systems.
Sensible interaction. This topic describes how to couple context-awareness with reasoning in order
to unleash the full potential of AmI applications. Sensible interaction policies must be either encoded
within the system or learned by the system itself over time. In both cases, these policies should represent
when and why the AmI system should operate, what to do and where to do it. Since this research direc-
tion is aimed at encoding how the AmI system interacts with humans, further research in this direction
is expected to push the field to its very limits.
Architectural aspects and infrastructure. During the past few years it clearly emerged that AmI ap-
plications are complex systems composed of many different interacting parts. This difference is related
to both conceptual and technological aspects: information flow should be clearly modelled in order to
enforce reliability and efficiency of the whole system, whereas many technologies must be put together,
thereby requiring complex interfaces at the software level. For instance, think about providing differenti-
ated services to a businessman travelling from home to the airport: different information must be made
available at different times, whereas how information itself is conveyed changes according to business-
men location. To date, these aspects have been mostly disregarded (due to the fact that AmI systems
have been rather small), but nonetheless it is for sure one of the main challenges to face.
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