Choosing the Right Engine in the Virtual Reality Landscape

Santiago Berrezueta-Guzman , Stefan Wagner

a Technical University of Munich, Heilbronn, Germany

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) development relies on game engines to provide real-time rendering, physics simulation, and interaction sys-
tems. Among the most widely used game engines, Unreal Engine and Unity dominate the industry, offering distinct advantages in
graphics rendering, performance optimization, usability, resource requirements, and scalability. This study presents a comprehen-
arXiv:2508.13116v1 [cs.HC] 18 Aug 2025

sive comparative analysis of both engines, evaluating their capabilities and trade-offs through empirical assessments and real-world
case studies of large-scale VR projects. The findings highlight key factors such as rendering fidelity, computational efficiency,
cross-platform compatibility, and development workflows. These provide practical insights for selecting the most suitable engine
based on project-specific needs. Furthermore, emerging trends in artificial intelligence (AI)-driven enhancements, including Deep
Learning Super Sampling (DLSS) and large language models (LLMs), are explored to assess their impact on VR development work-
flows. By aligning engine capabilities with technical and creative requirements, developers can overcome performance bottlenecks,
enhance immersion, and streamline optimization techniques.
This study serves as a valuable resource for VR developers, researchers, and industry professionals, offering data-driven recom-
mendations to navigate the evolving landscape of VR technology.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Cross-Platform Development, Game Engines, Technical Comparison, Unity, Unreal Engine,
Virtual Reality, Large Language Models.

1. Introduction ious devices, including PCs, consoles, mobile platforms, and

WebGL [6]. Unity’s modular architecture, combined with tools
Virtual Reality (VR) has revolutionized human-computer in- like the Universal Render Pipeline (URP) and High Definition
teraction, enabling immersive experiences across various do- Render Pipeline (HDRP), enables scalable performance opti-
mains such as medicine, education, training, and entertainment mizations [7]. Its user-friendly development environment, large
[1, 2]. At the core of VR development are game engines, which asset store, and strong developer community make it a preferred
provide the computational framework for real-time rendering, engine for indie game developers, educational applications, and
physics simulation, user interaction, and cross-platform deploy- mobile VR experiences.
ment. Initially designed for video games, these engines have Despite widespread adoption, game engines are often mis-
evolved into versatile development platforms that support com- understood or undervalued in VR development. However, they
plex simulations, industrial applications, and high-fidelity vir- serve as the backbone of VR applications, providing the compu-
tual environments [3]. tational foundation for immersive experiences. These engines
Among the leading game engines for VR development, Un- offer several key functionalities:
real Engine, and Unity dominate the landscape due to their ro- Graphics Rendering. Game engines transform complex 3D
bust feature sets, extensive ecosystems, and widespread indus- models and environments into high-quality visual outputs, sig-
try adoption. nificantly influencing the user’s sense of immersion [8, 9].
Unreal Engine, developed by Epic Games, is recognized for Physics Systems. By simulating collision, gravity, and fric-
its high-fidelity graphics, advanced rendering techniques, and tion behaviors, game engines provide the realism or creative
real-time physics simulation. It is widely used in AAA game flexibility necessary for enhancing user engagement or meeting
development, film production, architectural visualization, and specific application requirements [10, 11].
industrial simulations. It is particularly suited for projects that Performance Optimization. Maintaining high frame rates
require photo-realistic visuals and high computational perfor- is critical for VR applications to prevent motion sickness and
mance [4, 5]. Unreal Engine integrates technologies such as deliver smooth user experiences, especially under demanding
Lumen for real-time global illumination, Nanite for virtualized visual requirements. Game engines are pivotal in achieving this
geometry, and advanced ray tracing capabilities, making it a optimization [12].
powerful choice for cutting-edge VR experiences. Multi-Platform Support. Modern game engines facilitate
Conversely, Unity is known for its flexibility, accessibility, content deployment across various platforms, including PCs,
and broad cross-platform support. It provides a lightweight mobile devices, game consoles, and VR headsets. This cross-
framework that allows developers to create applications for var- platform compatibility allows developers to focus on content
Preprint submitted to Pre-print August 19, 2025
creation rather than platform-specific complexities [13]. 1. Graphics Rendering: This criterion assesses the engines’
Development Efficiency. Integrated development environ- capabilities in producing realistic visuals. Factors considered
ments, asset stores, scripting tools, and active developer com- include lighting techniques, texture quality, shader functional-
munities streamline the VR development process, enabling ity, and advanced rendering features such as ray tracing and
rapid prototyping and optimization of immersive experiences global illumination.
[7]. 2. Performance Optimization: Performance in VR is cru-
This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis cial to maintain high frame rates and minimize motion sickness.
of Unreal Engine and Unity in the context of VR develop- This evaluation examines optimization techniques like Level of
ment, focusing on their graphics capabilities, performance op- Detail (LOD)1 management, texture streaming, and hardware
timization techniques, usability, hardware requirements, and utilization for real-time rendering.
scalability. The goal is to provide VR developers, researchers, 3. Usability: Usability influences development efficiency
and industry professionals with practical insights into each en- and the learning curve for new users. This criterion includes the
gine’s strengths, limitations, and trade-offs, enabling informed availability of development tools, scripting language support,
decision-making based on project requirements. documentation, asset stores, and overall workflow efficiency.
Unreal Engine and Unity were selected for this study due to Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the evaluation
their widespread adoption, robust feature sets, and proven ver- process, outlining the relationships between criteria definitions,
satility across both commercial and academic VR applications. data sources, and outcome assessment.
Their dominance in the VR development landscape makes them
the most relevant platforms for assessing current capabilities,
challenges, and future directions in immersive technology.
While previous works have provided theoretical comparisons
between Unreal Engine and Unity, few offer a data-driven and
future-oriented analysis grounded in recent engine versions and
emerging technologies such as AI-driven rendering and large
language models. This study fills that gap by incorporating
quantitative benchmarks, real-world case studies, and practical
insights aligned with current trends in VR development, offer-
ing a holistic resource for developers navigating the evolving
VR landscape.
The structure of this paper is organized as follows: Sec-
tion 2 details the methodology used to evaluate the selected
engines, focusing on critical parameters such as graphics ren-
dering, performance optimization, and usability. Section 3 ex-
amines the technical capabilities of Unreal Engine and Unity.
Section 4 presents case studies to illustrate practical applica-
tions and workflows. Section 5 offers a comparative analysis,
emphasizing the strengths and limitations of each engine. Sec-
tion 6 explores future trends, including AI integration and ad-
vancements in rendering. Finally, Section 7 concludes with key
findings and recommendations for selecting the ideal game en-
gine for VR projects.

2. Methodology
This study employs a structured comparative evaluation
framework to assess the suitability of Unreal Engine and Unity
for VR development. The evaluation is based on three fun-
damental domains: graphics rendering, performance optimiza- Figure 1: Framework of Research Methodology and Analytical Process
tion, and usability. These domains were selected due to their
critical role in determining VR applications’ overall quality, im-
mersion, and user experience. 2.2. Literature Review
2.1. Evaluation Criteria The research methodology incorporates a systematic litera-
ture review, case study analysis, and data synthesis to assess
The evaluation criteria for this study were selected based on
an extensive literature review and because of their key role in
shaping the overall quality of VR applications and user experi- 1 LOD is a rendering technique that dynamically adjusts the complexity of

ence. 3D models based on their distance from the camera.

2
each game engine’s performance. The literature review was 3.1. Graphics Rendering
conducted primarily using the Scopus database, complemented Graphics rendering is critical for creating immersive VR en-
by official engine documentation. The search strategy included vironments, encompassing lighting, materials, textures, and vi-
keywords such as ”Game Engine and Graphics Rendering,” sual effects. Both Unreal Engine and Unity employ advanced
”Performance Optimization for Game Engine,” and ”Game En- techniques to achieve high-quality visuals, with notable differ-
gine Usability.” ences in their implementation.
The initial search yielded 939 publications, which underwent
a systematic screening process to ensure relevance. In total, 3.1.1. Lighting
782 papers were excluded due to their irrelevance to VR ap- Lighting is essential for enhancing realism and depth in vir-
plications, focus on non-target game engines and insufficient tual environments. Unreal Engine leverages its Lumen sys-
comparative analysis. After reviewing 157 abstracts, 67 papers tem, which delivers real-time global illumination and indirect
were selected for full-text analysis. The literature screening and specular reflections. This technology enhances the fidelity of
analytical processing workflow is detailed in Figure 2. large-scale and detailed scenes, providing a lifelike and engag-
ing experience [5].
Unity, on the other hand, employs the High Definition Ren-
der Pipeline (HDRP)2 , which supports physically-based ren-
dering and sophisticated lighting effects. Although achieving
results comparable to Lumen often requires additional configu-
ration, HDRP enables developers to produce high-quality light-
ing tailored to their project needs [15].
Both engines simplify rendering complex scenes, reducing
the burden on developers.

3.1.2. Shaders
Shaders are vital in defining object surfaces by influenc-
ing colors, textures, and lighting. Unreal Engine uses a
physics-based material model with parameters such as Base-
Color, Metallic, and Roughness to accurately capture mate-
rial structure and properties [16]. It is further complemented
by advanced Ray tracing capabilities and the Nanite system,
which supports pixel-scale rendering for intricate environments
[17, 4]. These features make Unreal Engine a preferred choice
for projects requiring high geometric detail and realism.
Unity offers flexibility through its Scriptable Render
Figure 2: Workflow for Literature Screening and Analytical Process Pipelines (SRPs) that allow developers to customize the render-
ing pipeline for specific project needs, including the Universal
Render Pipeline (URP) and HDRP, which are built on top of
2.3. Documentation Analysis
the SRP framework [18]. Shader creation is simplified using
Following the literature review, a comparative analysis was Shader Graph, a visual tool that eliminates the need for cod-
conducted based on empirical data from case studies of large- ing. In contrast, experienced developers can use High-Level
scale VR projects. Engine capabilities were evaluated using Shading Language (HLSL) for custom implementations [19].
official documentation and technical benchmarks. The findings Unity’s flexibility and accessibility make it suitable for diverse
were synthesized to highlight the strengths and limitations of development needs.
each engine, offering practical insights for developers in select-
ing the most suitable tool for their VR projects. 3.2. Performance Optimization
This structured methodology ensures a rigorous and objec-
Performance optimization is crucial in VR applications to en-
tive assessment, providing developers with an evidence-based
sure consistent frame rates, minimize latency, and enhance user
approach to engine selection for VR applications.
immersion. Both Unreal Engine and Unity offer robust tools for
optimizing performance.
3. Technical Capabilities Analysis Real-time rendering generates graphics at a speed suitable
for interaction, directly impacting the user’s experience. Un-
This section evaluates the technical capabilities of Unreal En-
real Engine incorporates advanced optimization tools, includ-
gine and Unity in three fundamental domains crucial to VR de-
ing Rendering Pipeline, Optimization (RPO), which upscales
velopment: graphics rendering, performance optimization, and
usability. These domains collectively determine the visual qual-
ity, immersive experience, and ease of development for VR ap- 2 HDRP is a graphics pipeline tailored for high-end hardware, enabling ad-

plications. vanced lighting and effects [14].

3
from lower resolutions to reduce computational load [20]. The levels [29]. Quantitative benchmark data comparing both en-
Nanite system dynamically adjusts LOD and uses Occlusion gines across multiple performance and usability metrics is pre-
Culling to render only visible elements, significantly improv- sented in Table 1.
ing performance [21]. Additional tools, such as the Render
Resource Viewer, provide detailed insights into CPU and GPU
3.4. Comparative Analysis Results Summary
usage for fine-tuning [22].
Unity also emphasizes performance through SRPs, which al- Overall, both engines excel in usability, with Unreal Engine
low developers to customize rendering processes for specific providing advanced features for experienced teams and Unity
platforms. Techniques like Foveated Rendering reduce GPU offering an approachable environment for developers of all skill
workload by focusing high-resolution rendering on the user’s levels. Table 2 provides a high-level comparison of the two
focal area [23]. Unity’s Profiler and Frame Debugger provide engines based on essential features.
real-time feedback on performance metrics, while the Memory
Profiler helps identify bottlenecks in texture and shader usage
3.4.1. Unreal Engine
[18]. These tools enable developers to optimize applications
across various hardware configurations effectively. Unreal Engine stands out for its cutting-edge graphics capa-
Both engines prioritize maintaining high frame rates (72 FPS bilities, making it the preferred choice for VR projects demand-
or higher) to prevent motion sickness and ensure a smooth ing ultra-realistic visual fidelity. Its innovative systems, such as
VR experience [12]. Unreal Engine’s focus on film-quality as- Lumen for global illumination and Nanite for virtualized ge-
sets and Unity’s scalability make them suitable for various VR ometry, provide developers with tools to achieve unparalleled
projects, from high-end simulations to mobile applications. realism and detail [30].
Lumen and Lighting. Unreal Engine 5’s Lumen system en-
ables real-time global illumination and dynamic lighting, en-
3.3. Usability
hancing immersion in VR environments. Its ability to handle
Usability encompasses factors such as the learning curve, infinite bounces of diffuse reflections allows developers to sim-
development efficiency, programming language support, and ulate realistic lighting in complex scenes without precomputing
availability of community resources. These aspects influence lightmaps [5]. The system’s software and hardware ray tracing
the accessibility and productivity of development workflows. integration also offers scalable solutions for devices with vary-
ing GPU capabilities.
3.3.1. Learning Curve and Support Nanite Geometry System. Nanite’s advanced virtualized
Unreal Engine is renowned for its robust capabilities but has geometry allows developers to use highly detailed assets with-
a steeper learning curve due to its complexity [24]. It supports out manual optimization, dynamically adjusting levels of detail
C++ for advanced programming and Blueprints3 , which caters (LOD) based on the viewer’s distance. This feature reduces
to designers and non-programmers [25]. However, the engine’s development time while maintaining graphical fidelity, making
extensive documentation and community resources help miti- it ideal for VR applications that benefit from detailed environ-
gate the initial learning challenges. ments [21].
Unity is widely regarded as more beginner-friendly, thanks Performance Challenges. Unreal Engine’s Physically
to its intuitive interface and extensive online resources [25]. It Based Rendering (PBR) further enhances realism by simulating
uses C#, which integrates seamlessly with the .NET framework. how light interacts with surfaces based on real-world physics.
Unity’s large community offers tutorials, forums, and pre-made PBR incorporates base color, roughness, and metallic proper-
solutions, making it an accessible platform for newcomers and ties, ensuring materials appear consistent and lifelike under dif-
professionals. ferent lighting conditions [31].
However, these advanced visual features come at a cost. Un-
3.3.2. Asset Ecosystem real Engine requires high-end hardware to fully leverage its fea-
tures. Ray tracing and Nanite, while enhancing visual quality,
Unreal Engine’s asset ecosystem includes the Marketplace,
can negatively impact performance on specific VR devices [32].
Quixel Megascans, and Fab. These three platforms provide
Unreal Engine demands GPUs such as NVIDIA’s RTX 2000
high-quality assets, including photogrammetry-based models
series or higher and significant RAM resources. This poses a
and real-time rendering resources [26, 27]. This ecosystem en-
challenge for developers targeting devices with limited compu-
ables developers to streamline workflows and reduce produc-
tational power [33].
tion costs.
Unity’s asset store offers a diverse library of 2D and 3D as- Development Complexity. Unreal Engine’s dual approach
sets, scripts, and tools catering to various project needs [28]. to development—Blueprints and C++—offers flexibility but in-
Tools like Shader Graph simplify shader creation, while struc- troduces a steep learning curve. Blueprints simplify prototyp-
tured documentation ensures accessibility for developers at all ing, but advanced optimizations and resource management re-
quire proficiency in C++ and familiarity with Unreal’s archi-
tecture. This makes the engine more suitable for experienced
3 Blueprints is a visual scripting tool in Unreal Engine that allows developers developers working on high-budget or technically demanding
to create logic without coding [22]. VR projects [30].
4
 Table 1: Quantitative Performance Comparison between Unreal Engine and Unity
Metric Unreal Engine 5.3 Unity 2023.2 (HDRP)
Average Frame Rate (Quest 2 - VR Game) 72 FPS (with DLSS) 72 FPS (with optimizations)
GPU Usage (High-fidelity Scene) 85% (RTX 3080) 72% (RTX 3080)
CPU Usage (Complex Scene) 70% (8-core CPU) 65% (8-core CPU)
VRAM Consumption (4K Scene) 11.5 GB 7.2 GB
Time to First Frame (Cold Start) 12.3 sec 7.8 sec
Average Build Time (Medium Project) 8.4 min 6.1 min
Learning Curve (Hours to Prototype) ∼15–20 hrs ∼8–12 hrs
Asset Load Time (Heavy Scene) 5.8 sec 4.2 sec

Table 2: Comparative Analysis of Unreal Engine and Unity

Feature Unreal Engine Unity
Graphics Ren- Advanced rendering with Lumen, Nanite, and PBR Relies on Scriptable Render Pipeline (URP and
dering for high visual fidelity. Supports global illumina- HDRP). It is less performant for high-end render-
tion, HDR, and ray tracing. ing but offers flexibility for simpler projects.
Usability Steeper learning curve due to C++ and unique con- Beginner-friendly with an intuitive interface and
ventions. Blueprints simplify some tasks but require vast documentation. Occasional challenges with er-
advanced knowledge for optimal use. ror messages and crowded UI.
Asset Store Fab asset store integrates multiple platforms (e.g., Extensive Unity Asset Store has a wide range of as-
Sketchfab, Quixel). Launched in 2024 and rapidly sets, including 3D/2D models, templates, AI tools,
growing. and more.
Hardware Re- Higher requirements for optimal performance, in- More lenient requirements. It can run on lower-end
quirements cluding RTX 2000 series or better for ray tracing and devices with minimal hardware (e.g., 1 GB RAM for
32 GB of RAM. mobile).
Cross-Platform Supports major platforms but with a focus on high- Extensive cross-platform support for 17 platforms,
Support performance devices. including PCs, consoles, mobile, and WebGL.
Performance Nanite reduces computational complexity, enabling Flexible optimization options for mid-range and
Optimization efficient rendering of high-polygon models. low-end devices through URP and custom scripts.
Target Audi- Suited for projects requiring cutting-edge visuals Ideal for beginners, small teams, and projects prior-
ence and developers with advanced technical skills. itizing accessibility and rapid development.
Customization Extensive options for customization, but advanced Highly flexible, with support for custom scripts us-
and Flexibility features require significant expertise in C++ and ing C# and extensive third-party integrations.
Blueprints.

Ecosystem and Assets. The newly launched Fab asset store compatibility, supporting 17 platforms, including mobile de-
integrates resources from multiple platforms, including Sketch- vices, PCs, consoles, and WebGL4 . This versatility allows de-
fab and Quixel, providing a rich repository of assets for devel- velopers to deploy VR applications across a broad audience,
opers. This expansion enhances Unreal’s ecosystem, making it ensuring accessibility and scalability [6].
easier to find high-quality assets for VR environments [34]. Rendering and Performance. Unity’s Scriptable Render
Pipeline (SRP), which includes the Universal Render Pipeline
3.4.2. Unity (URP) and High Definition Render Pipeline (HDRP), provides
flexibility for rendering optimization. While not as perfor-
Unity’s strengths lie in its accessibility and adaptability, mak-
mant as Unreal’s Lumen and Nanite systems for high-end vi-
ing it a versatile tool for VR development across diverse plat-
suals, SRP excels in projects targeting mid-range or mobile
forms. Its emphasis on usability and extensive asset store caters
devices. Developers can tailor rendering pipelines to match
to developers with varying levels of expertise, from beginners
specific hardware constraints, ensuring consistent performance
to seasoned professionals.
across platforms [24].
Ease of Use. Unity’s intuitive interface, comprehensive doc-
Asset Store Ecosystem. Unity’s Asset Store offers an ex-
umentation, and extensive tutorials make it a beginner-friendly
tensive library of assets, ranging from 3D models and audio
choice. The scripting environment, primarily based on C#, is
resources to advanced tools like AI integrations and Web35 plu-
easier to learn than Unreal Engine’s C++. While occasional UI
clutter and ambiguous error messages may hinder workflows, 4 WebGL is a JavaScript API that enables rendering interactive 2D and 3D
Unity’s overall usability remains a significant advantage [7]. graphics within web browsers without requiring plugins.
Cross-Platform Support. Unity excels in cross-platform 5 Web3 refers to the decentralized web powered by blockchain technology,

5
 4.1. Resident Evil 4 VR: Unreal Engine in Action
Resident Evil 4, a landmark in gaming history, underwent a
VR adaptation exclusively for the Quest 2 platform in 2021.
The project, celebrated for its innovative gameplay and narra-
tive, won the ”Best VR/AR Game” award at The Game Awards
[36]. This adaptation leveraged Unreal Engine’s advanced ca-
pabilities to transition a classic game into a modern VR experi-
ence while maintaining its legacy.
The adaptation faced unique challenges, including preserv-
ing the original game’s gameplay and atmosphere while intro-
ducing VR-specific features. Developers began by integrating
logic code from the original game to streamline core mechanics
such as enemy behavior and collision detection. Unreal En-
gine’s Blueprints and C++ implemented VR-specific function-
alities, including intuitive aiming mechanics, controller interac-
tions, and item handling [37].
Visual fidelity was a primary focus. Textures were recre-
ated at resolutions up to 10 times higher than the original, and
lighting systems were overhauled using Unreal Engine’s Lumen
and Nanite technologies. These enhancements created an im-
mersive visual environment suitable for VR. To address perfor-
mance demands, the Vulkan6 graphics driver and custom tools
were employed to optimize geometry and collision detection,
achieving a stable frame rate of 72 FPS at high resolutions [37].
The decision to use Unreal Engine stemmed from its robust
capabilities in rendering complex scenes and handling high-
resolution assets without sacrificing frame rate, a critical re-
quirement for VR immersion in AAA titles. The integration
Figure 3: Flow chart of an engine selection based on the specific technical
requirements as priority.
of Lumen and Nanite allowed developers to push visual fi-
delity beyond what Unity could offer at the time, while its C++
and Blueprint system provided the flexibility to integrate legacy
gins. This robust ecosystem reduces development time by pro- game logic with VR-specific interactions. These features made
viding prebuilt components, enabling smaller teams to focus on Unreal Engine the natural choice for a visually demanding,
creativity and functionality [35]. performance-sensitive project like Resident Evil 4 VR.
Hardware Requirements. Unity’s lower hardware require- Figure 4 illustrates the iterative workflow employed during
ments make it accessible to developers targeting devices with the project, showcasing the adaptability of Unreal Engine to
limited processing power. Unlike Unreal Engine, Unity can run meet the rigorous demands of VR development.
on lower-end hardware, making it a preferred choice for mobile 4.2. Virtual Museum Project: Unity’s Role in Functional Sim-
VR applications and projects with limited budgets. ulations
The final decision based on technical requirements is illus- Unity has become a preferred choice for simulation-based
trated in a workflow in Figure 3. VR projects due to its accessibility and flexibility. A Virtual
Museum Project exemplifies Unity’s strengths in creating func-
tional, high-precision VR applications [38]. The project prior-
4. Case Studies in Virtual Reality Development itized usability and realism, aiming to provide interactive edu-
cational experiences.
The development process began with selecting Unity as the
This section explores the application of Unreal Engine and primary engine for its ease of use and robust toolset. Blender
Unity in large-scale virtual reality (VR) projects, highlighting was used for 3D modeling, while Unity’s XR Interaction
their respective strengths, challenges, and workflows. Two ex- Toolkit7 streamlined the integration of interactive features. Pre-
emplary case studies, the VR adaptation of Resident Evil 4 and defined components such as the XR Ray Interactor and XR Di-
a Virtual Museum Project, illustrate how these engines are uti- rect Interactor facilitated realistic interactions, enabling users
lized for different objectives: immersive gaming and functional to manipulate objects and explore exhibits seamlessly.
simulations.
6 Vulkan is a low-overhead, cross-platform graphics and compute API that

provides high-performance access to modern GPUs.

enabling user-owned digital assets, smart contracts, and decentralized applica- 7 The XR Interaction Toolkit package is a high-level, component-based in-

tions (dApps). teraction system for creating VR and AR experiences.

6
Figure 4: Workflow for the development of Resident Evil 4 VR using Unreal Figure 5: Workflow for the Virtual Museum Project using Unity.
Engine.

Unreal Engine and Unity in large-scale VR development. Un-

Functional elements, including user verification systems, real Engine’s advanced visual capabilities and optimization
custom UI navigation, and device-specific adjustments, were tools make it ideal for immersive gaming experiences, while
implemented using Unity’s SRP. Interactive scaling and dy- Unity’s user-friendly environment and modular tools are well-
namic lighting enhanced the visualization of exhibits, creating suited for functional simulations.
a more engaging user experience [28]. These projects highlight the importance of tailored work-
The project’s testing phase included multiple categories: us- flows, iterative testing, and leveraging engine-specific features
ability, functionality, compatibility, performance, and security to meet distinct project requirements. The insights gained un-
testing. Beta testing provided invaluable user feedback, which derscore the potential of both engines to overcome technical
informed iterative improvements. Figure 5 outlines the stream- challenges and deliver high-quality VR experiences, setting
lined workflow for this Unity-based project. benchmarks for future development in this rapidly evolving
Unity was selected due to its lightweight architecture, ease field.
of use, and extensive XR tools, which were ideal for a project
focused on educational interactivity rather than high-end visu-
als. The rapid prototyping capabilities provided by Unity’s XR 5. Challenges and Trade-offs
Toolkit, combined with accessible scripting in C# and a flexi-
ble UI framework, enabled efficient implementation of multi- Developing VR applications is a complex endeavor that in-
platform, user-focused features. Unity’s asset store also offered volves navigating various challenges and trade-offs. Game en-
quick integration of exhibit elements, further reducing develop- gines like Unreal Engine and Unity differ significantly in their
ment time. These factors made Unity particularly well-suited resource requirements, licensing models, and scalability. These
for simulation and education-oriented VR experiences. differences can profoundly impact the development process, in-
fluencing everything from hardware investment to the final user
4.3. Insights and Implications experience. This section delves into these critical aspects, high-
The case studies of Resident Evil 4 VR and the Virtual Mu- lighting how Unreal Engine and Unity address these challenges
seum Project demonstrated the versatility and effectiveness of to meet the diverse needs of developers.
7
5.1. Resource Requirements access to its source code, platforms, and features, including fo-
The hardware requirements for VR development are a signif- rums and documentation. For developers exceeding USD 1 mil-
icant consideration, as they directly affect the accessibility and lion in revenue, two licensing options are available: a Royalty-
feasibility of using a particular game engine. Unreal Engine, based model, which charges 5% of gross revenue above $1 mil-
particularly in its latest version, 5.5, is known for its high hard- lion, or a Seat-based option, costing EUR 2,050.37 per seat an-
ware demands, which reflect its focus on delivering cutting- nually. This flexible approach reduces entry barriers for small
edge graphical fidelity and performance. The official recom- developers and educators while providing scalable options for
mendations for Unreal Engine 5.5 include a graphics card that larger organizations [42].
supports DirectX 11 or 12 with at least 8 GB of VRAM, 32 Unity, on the other hand, offers four distinct licensing tiers
GB of RAM, and a CPU with a clock speed of 2.5 GHz or to accommodate various developer needs. The Personal Li-
higher. Moreover, to fully leverage advanced features like Lu- cense is free but has limitations, such as no access to Unity’s
men Global Illumination and Reflections, a high-performance source code and restrictions on deploying games to consoles.
graphics card such as the NVIDIA RTX-2000 series, AMD The Unity Pro Plan, available for professional developers at
RX-6000 series, or newer is required [22]. Earlier versions of €2,030.00 per year, includes game deployment permissions
Unreal Engine, such as Unreal Engine 4.2, had slightly lower and additional features. The Unity Enterprise Plan provides en-
requirements, needing only a GPU equivalent to the NVIDIA hanced services and technical support, with pricing available
GeForce GTX 970 [39]. The substantial hardware demands of upon request. Lastly, the Unity Industry Plan, aimed at special-
Unreal Engine underscore its commitment to achieving supe- ized and large-scale industry applications, offers an advanced
rior visual effects. Still, they may also challenge developers toolkit for €4,554.00 per year [43].
with limited hardware resources, particularly indie developers Both licensing models reflect the distinct philosophies of Un-
or small studios. real Engine and Unity. Unreal Engine’s royalty-based option in-
In contrast, Unity is designed to be more accessible, with centivizes small developers to adopt its platform with minimal
significantly more lenient hardware requirements. Unity 6, for upfront costs, while its Seat-based option caters to larger stu-
example, can run on any GPU compatible with DX10, DX11, dios seeking predictable expenses. Unity’s tiered plans empha-
or DX12 on Windows platforms. The minimum requirements size scalability and accessibility, with a free option for hobby-
for mobile devices, such as Android phones, are as low as 1 GB ists and more comprehensive plans for professional developers
of RAM. Furthermore, Unity supports platforms with similarly and enterprises. These strategies allow developers to select the
modest hardware needs, including game consoles and web plat- model that best aligns with their financial and project-specific
forms. For embedded systems running Linux, Unity requires requirements.
only 1 GB of RAM, a Dual-core x64 or ARM64 CPU, and an
OpenGL ES 3 or Vulkan 1.1 capable GPU [40]. These minimal 5.3. Scalability
requirements allow Unity to run efficiently on mid to low-end Scalability is crucial for VR projects, particularly those in-
devices, making it an ideal choice for mobile and lightweight volving multiplayer functionality. Both Unreal Engine and
development environments. This accessibility is one of Unity’s Unity offer robust frameworks to support multi-user experi-
key strengths, enabling a broader range of developers to create ences, but their approaches and capabilities differ.
VR applications without needing high-end hardware. Multiplayer functionality in VR typically involves two pri-
The resource requirements of both engines are also influ- mary methods: local multiplayer and networked multiplayer.
enced by the compatibility between their features and the spe- However, local multiplayer is generally unsuitable for VR, as
cific needs of the game design. For instance, Unreal En- VR inherently demands individualized displays and experi-
gine’s Nanite technology minimizes computational complexity ences [44]. On the other hand, networked multiplayer uses a
by simplifying the rendering of distant objects, optimizing per- server-client architecture to enable scalable multi-user game-
formance while maintaining high visual quality. In contrast, play. In this model, the server acts as the authoritative entity,
Unity may require uniform calculations for all objects, regard- ensuring game logic and state integrity. Clients send input data
less of distance, which can increase computational demands for to the server, which processes and validates it before broadcast-
specific scenarios. As a result, Unreal Engine may deliver sim- ing updated game states back to the clients. This approach en-
ilar visual effects with greater efficiency in resource-intensive sures synchronization, consistency, and fairness among players
projects [41]. This difference in approach highlights the impor- [45, 44, 46].
tance of selecting the right engine based on the project’s specific Unreal Engine offers a robust server-client architecture with
requirements. multiple entity types for multiplayer gaming, including stan-
dalone, client, listen server, and dedicated server [47]. The
5.2. Licensing Models standalone mode is designed for local multiplayer gameplay,
Licensing models are another critical factor that developers while the client mode only connects to the server without run-
must consider when choosing a game engine. Unreal Engine ning any server logic. Listen servers act as both a server and
employs a tiered pricing strategy to cater to developers of vary- a local player. In contrast, dedicated servers are optimized by
ing scales and budgets. For individuals or organizations gener- excluding functions like graphics rendering, sound processing,
ating less than USD 1 million in gross revenue or for use in ed- and input handling to focus entirely on server logic. Unreal En-
ucational and academic contexts, Unreal Engine provides free gine utilizes an actor replication scheme to synchronize client-
8
server states efficiently. Additionally, the server only processes
visible and relevant game data, ensuring resource optimization
[48, 46]. Unreal Engine defines detailed authority and roles
for multiplayer games, offering fine-grained control over player
access and game logic. For developers seeking enhanced multi-
player capabilities, third-party plugins like VR Expansion Plu-
gin provide tailored support for VR-specific multiplayer expe-
riences [49].
Unity provides various frameworks to implement multi-
player functionality, such as Photon Unity Networking (PUN)
and Mirror, which are widely used in the Unity ecosystem.
Mirror, an open-source framework, is particularly popular due
to its performance, flexibility, and support for Unity LTS ver-
sions. PUN, Unity’s cloud-based networking framework, uses a
client-server model and introduces concepts like rooms and lob-
bies to simplify the creation of multiplayer experiences. Play-
ers can join or create rooms for shared gameplay, with PUN
handling data synchronization and player matchmaking. Other
frameworks, such as MLAPI 8 and DarkRift29 offers additional
options for developers, varying in terms of stability, scalabil-
ity, and cost, enabling developers to choose the best fit for their
specific project needs [50].
Both Unreal Engine and Unity offer powerful tools for VR
development, but they differ significantly in their resource re-
quirements, licensing models, and scalability. These differ-
ences highlight the importance of carefully considering the spe- Figure 6: Flow chart selection of an Engine based on the project’s scalability as
cific needs of a project when selecting a game engine. Whether priority.
prioritizing high-end graphical fidelity, accessibility, or mul-
tiplayer scalability, developers must weigh these factors to 6.1. Emerging Trends in VR Development Tools
choose the engine that best aligns with their goals and con-
straints. Figure 6 illustrates a workflow for a proper engine Integrating AI into VR development is revolutionizing game
selection based on the project’s goal and constraints. performance and content creation [52]. DLSS exemplifies this
shift by utilizing AI-based upscaling to produce high-resolution
graphics while maintaining optimal performance. It recon-
6. Future Directions structs low-resolution images, analyzes frame sequences with
motion data, and generates high-quality frames to enhance vi-
sual clarity. This is particularly significant for VR applications,
As Virtual Reality (VR) technology advances, emerging where high frame rates are essential for a smooth and immer-
trends and innovations in AI, rendering techniques, and game sive experience. While Unity supports DLSS only through the
engine usability are shaping the future of VR development. HDRP, Unreal Engine provides native support, with DLSS 3
The increasing integration of AI-driven tools, such as Deep plugins fully integrated into versions 5.4, 5.3, and 5.2. The
Learning Super Sampling (DLSS)10 and Large language mod- anticipated DLSS 4 update is expected to further optimize VR
els (LLMs) are transforming traditional workflows, reducing rendering, reducing latency and improving frame interpolation
development time, and enhancing performance. Simultane- techniques [53].
ously, ongoing improvements in game engines focus on us- Beyond rendering, AI is also revolutionizing scene design
ability, accessibility, and efficiency to support developers across and content generation. LLMs enable dynamic and context-
various experience levels. This section explores these advance- aware environment creation, automating tasks that traditionally
ments and their potential impact on the future of VR develop- require significant manual effort. These advancements stream-
ment. line workflows by allowing procedural content generation, real-
time object placement, and intelligent world-building. Such AI-
8 MLAPI (Mid-Level API) is a networking library that provides high-level assisted design tools accelerate development and empower cre-
abstractions for handling network communication and synchronization. ators to generate complex, interactive environments with min-
9 DarkRift 2 is a high-performance, multithreaded networking library for imal programming effort. Recent studies have demonstrated
Unity, designed to provide low-latency and scalable solutions for multiplayer collaborative and editable scene generation techniques, further
game development.
10 Deep Learning Super Sampling is a real-time rendering technology devel- opening possibilities for personalized and adaptive gaming ex-
oped by NVIDIA that leverages AI to upscale lower-resolution images to higher periences [54, 55].
resolutions, improving visual fidelity while maintaining high frame rates [51]. In parallel, real-time ray tracing continues improving VR en-
9
vironments’ realism and physical accuracy. By enhancing light- caters to different development needs. Understanding these dis-
ing calculations, reflections, and global illumination, ray trac- tinctions allows developers to make informed decisions when
ing offers superior visual fidelity compared to traditional ras- selecting the most suitable tool for their VR projects.
terization techniques. However, its adoption in VR has been Unreal Engine excels in delivering high-fidelity visuals,
limited due to high computational costs. With hardware ad- leveraging state-of-the-art technologies such as the Lumen
vancements such as NVIDIA RTX and AMD RDNA architec- lighting system, Nanite virtualized geometry, and PBR. These
tures, real-time ray tracing is becoming increasingly viable for features enable unparalleled graphical quality, making Unreal
VR applications, allowing developers to implement photoreal- Engine a strong choice for developers aiming to create visually
istic effects without compromising performance [56, 57]. These immersive and technically sophisticated VR applications. How-
innovations collectively demonstrate how AI and hardware im- ever, these advantages come at the cost of higher hardware re-
provements drive the next generation of VR technology. quirements and a steeper learning curve. Unreal Engine’s com-
plexity and resource-intensive nature may present challenges
6.2. Improvements in Game Engines for smaller teams, independent developers, and those with lim-
ited computational resources, making it more suitable for large-
Despite ongoing technological advancements, game engines
scale projects and high-performance applications.
face significant usability and accessibility challenges, particu-
Conversely, Unity offers a more accessible and flexible de-
larly for novice developers. Research indicates that beginners
velopment environment, prioritizing ease of use and broad plat-
often struggle with complex interfaces and domain-specific pro-
form compatibility. Its intuitive interface, extensive asset store,
gramming languages, leading to longer development times and
and robust cross-platform capabilities make it a preferred op-
reduced efficiency [7]. The steep learning curve associated with
tion for indie developers, mobile VR applications, and projects
current game engines often discourages entry-level developers
requiring rapid prototyping. Although Unity’s graphical capa-
from engaging in VR development, limiting the diversity of
bilities are not as advanced as Unreal Engine’s, its lightweight
content creation in the industry [58].
architecture and lower hardware demands ensure a smoother
The lack of intuitive onboarding resources is a key issue con-
development experience for a wider audience. Unity’s empha-
tributing to these challenges. Studies have shown that fewer
sis on usability and efficiency allows developers to focus on
than 5% of game engines achieve optimal usability based on
iterative design, experimentation, and faster deployment across
API comprehension metrics [59]. Many new developers en-
multiple devices.
counter difficulties in finding structured learning materials that
Compared to previous literature, this study provides not only
align with their skill levels, forcing them to rely on fragmented
a detailed technical comparison but also actionable insights
community-driven tutorials. Without standardized, beginner-
drawn from real-world case studies that demonstrate how the
friendly documentation, onboarding remains a significant bar-
specific needs of a VR project—such as photorealism, system
rier to entry [7].
complexity, scalability, or rapid development—can influence
Future game engine development must emphasize user expe-
the choice between Unity and Unreal Engine. By grounding
rience (UX) improvements to address these issues. Simplifying
theoretical analysis in practical examples and empirical data,
user interfaces [60], refining documentation, and implementing
this paper helps bridge the gap between research and applica-
AI-powered assistance tools can significantly enhance usability
tion in VR development.
[61]. Some engines have begun integrating AI-driven coding
This analysis underscores the importance of aligning game
assistants and visual scripting tools to help bridge the knowl-
engine capabilities with project-specific requirements. While
edge gap between experienced and novice developers [62]. Ad-
Unreal Engine is better suited for projects demanding cutting-
ditionally, interactive tutorials and adaptive learning systems
edge visuals and advanced customization, Unity offers a more
that tailor content to the user’s skill level can foster a more in-
accessible entry point and streamlined development for diverse
clusive development environment.
applications.
By prioritizing accessibility and usability, game engines can
Looking toward the future, emerging technologies such as
empower a broader range of developers, from hobbyists to pro-
AI and hardware advancements are set to further reshape the
fessionals, to contribute to VR innovation. As the industry con-
landscape of VR development. AI-powered tools, including
tinues to evolve, fostering an inclusive and efficient develop-
DLSS and LLMs, are already transforming rendering work-
ment ecosystem will be essential for sustaining the momentum
flows, automating content generation, and enhancing interac-
of VR advancements.
tivity. Meanwhile, real-time ray tracing, hardware accelera-
tion, and improvements in GPU performance continue to push
7. Conclusion the boundaries of visual realism and computational efficiency.
As these innovations become more widely adopted, VR de-
This study has provided an in-depth comparative analysis velopment will increasingly benefit from enhanced automa-
of Unreal Engine and Unity, two of the most widely used tion, higher-quality graphics, and more streamlined production
game engines in VR development. By examining critical fac- pipelines.
tors such as graphics rendering, performance optimization, us- Despite these advancements, challenges in game engine us-
ability, resource requirements, scalability, and licensing mod- ability remain a crucial area for improvement. Enhancing on-
els, this analysis offers valuable insights into how each engine boarding processes, simplifying user interfaces, and providing
10
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