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Advances in Microwave Processing
for Engineering Materials

This text discusses recent research techniques in the field of microwave

processing of engineering materials by utilizing microwave radiation in the
form of microwave hybrid heating. It is useful for industrial and household
applications including joining materials, casting bulk metal alloy material,
drilling borosilicate glass materials, and developing cladding of different
materials for friction, wear, and corrosion.

The book:
• Discusses the development of high-temperature resistant materials using
microwave processing
• Covers the latest research development in microwave processing in the
field of health care, for example, biomedical implants
• Highlights concepts of microwave heating in joining, cladding, and casting
of metallic materials
• Explains mechanisms of failure of materials and protection in a
comprehensive manner
• Provides readers with the knowledge of microwave processing of
materials in major thrust areas of engineering applications

This book extensively highlights the latest advances in the feld of microwave
processing for engineering materials. It will serve as an ideal reference text
for graduate students and academic researchers in the felds of materials
science, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, mechanical
engineering, and production engineering.
Advances in Microwave
Processing for Engineering
Materials

Edited by Amit Bansal and

Hitesh Vasudev
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Amit Bansal and Hitesh
Vasudev; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data
and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences
of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace
the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book
may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or
in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from
this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC
please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-1-032-16478-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-16481-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-24874-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003248743

Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

Preface vii
Editors’ Biographies ix
List of Contributors xi

1 Microwave Processing of Materials: Fundamentals

and Applications 1
T. L AC H A N A DO RA A N D RADH A RA MA N MISHR A

2 Microwave Drilling: Methods, Applications and Challenges 19

A N U R AG S I N GH , GAURAV KUMA R, P RA N JA L GU PTA, AND
A P U R B B A K U MA R SH A RMA

3 Microwave Drilling in Sub-Wavelength Diameters 35

ELI JERBY

4 Microwave Welding as an Alternative Nonconventional

Welding Technique 72
G U RU P R A K A SH , RA MKISH O R A N A N T, RAH UL GU PTA, AND
A M I T B A N SA L

5 Clad Developments Through Microwave Hybrid Heating

Technique: Processing and Properties 87
G U DA L A S U R ESH , M.R. RA ME SH , AJIT M. H E B BALE, AND
M . S . S R I N ATH

6 Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural

Characterization of Microwave Cladding on Stainless Steel 109
C . DU R G A P R ASA D, MA H A N TAYYA MATH A PATI,
H I TE S H VA S U DE V, AN D L AL IT TH AKUR
vi Contents

7 Processing Functionally Graded Materials through

Microwave Heating 121
SA R B J E E T KAUSH A L

8 Evolution and Adoption of Microwave Claddings in

Modern Engineering Applications 134
D I N E S H K U MA R, RAH UL YA DAV, AN D JA SH ANPR EET SINGH

9 The Application of Microwave Energy for Fabrication of

Polymer-Based Composite Materials 154
M A N J E E T RA N I, RAJE E V KUMA R, N ISH A N T V ER MA,
H I M A N S H U PATH A K, A N D SUN N Y ZA FA R

10 Microwave-Assisted Casting: A Key to the Metal

Casting Industry 172
G AU R AV P R ASH A R, H ITE SH VASUDE V, AN D AMIT BANSAL

11 Processing Biomaterials Using Microwave Energy and

Its Futuristic Scopes 191
S H I VA N I G U P TA, AP URB B A KUMAR SH A RMA , AND
D I N E S H AG R AWAL
Preface

In the competitive world, there is always a need for efficient, time-saving,

and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes, which results in
enhanced productivity with a low cost. In this direction, the use of micro-
wave heating for processing of materials is gaining popularity because of
the inherent features of microwave radiation, such as significant time sav-
ings associated with uniform heating and, more important, environmentally
friendly processes. Microwave energy has emerged as a novel technique for
processing engineering materials such as metal, ceramics, and composite
materials in the form of joining, casting, melting, sintering, surface modi-
fications in the form of cladding, and drilling of metal and ceramic-based
materials with economy and ease. First and foremost, the current book cov-
ers the fundamental science and engineering aspects of microwave technol-
ogy, the historical developments, microwave heating fundamentals, and its
comparison with other conventional based heating processes, characteristics
of microwave heating, different methods of generating the microwave radia-
tion, general applications, advantages, and challenges.
Furthermore, technological progress has been addressed that includes the
joining of materials, casting of bulk metal alloy material, drilling of boro-
silicate glass materials, development of cladding of different materials for
friction, wear, and corrosion applications and the fabrication of composite
materials. Recent advancements have been reported in high-temperature
corrosion, erosion-resistant cladding, and functional graded cladding for
many engineering applications.
The present book provides a state of the art in microwave energy by
documenting the recent research trends that include the development of
claddings of different materials for corrosion (hot corrosion and oxida-
tion in boiler steels), friction and wear (hot forming dies), and biomedical
(implants), among others. A newly introduced functional graded cladding of
microwave processing of engineering components parts is discussed.
This book covers the studies and research works of reputed scientists and
engineers who have developed the microwave energy for various engineer-
ing applications. Therefore, the book aims to compile the recent research
viii Preface

trends occurring in the field of microwave processing of engineering materi-

als by utilizing microwave radiation in the form of microwave hybrid heat-
ing technique for various industrial and household applications. Hence, the
book will serve as a valuable resource for the fundamentals and the lat-
est advancements in the field of microwave energy and as a consolidated
reference for the professionals and aspirants of the researchers working
in this area. Due care has been taken to explain and present the chapters
with the help of self-explanatory schematic diagrams, data-enriched tables,
structure–property correlations, and so on. We express sincere gratitude
toward the contributing authors of different chapters of this book and the
authors of different research articles, books, internet sites, and scientific
reports referred to in this book.
Dr. Amit Bansal
Dr. Hitesh Vasudev
Editors’ Biographies

Dr. Amit Bansal

I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical Univeristy, Kapurthala,
Punjab, India-144603
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0133-2897
https://ptu.ac.in/faculty/?fid=50
Dr. Amit Bansal is currently working as an assistant
professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering
at I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala,
India, since 2017. Earlier, he worked as an assistant professor at the Lovely
Professional University from 2015 to 2017. He has obtained his M.Tech.
(Production and Industrial Engineering) and PhD degrees from the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India. He has worked as a senior
research fellow (SRF) during his PhD program at IIT Roorkee in a project
sponsored by the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Mumbai. The PhD
topic was “Joining of Advanced Material Using Microwave Hybrid Heating
Technique” at IIT Roorkee. His area of research is microwave processing of
materials (joining, cladding, casting, and sintering) and surface engineering
performed using thermal spray technology, plasma spray, and flame spray,
among other topics. He has contributed extensively to the microwave pro-
cessing of materials and thermal spray coatings in repute journals, which
include publications with Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer, IOP Pub-
lishing, and Intech Open. He has authored more than 50 research publica-
tions in various international journals, books, and conferences of repute. He
has guided many master’s and PhD scholars in thermal spraying, advanced
manufacturing, and microwave processing of materials. He has teaching
experience of more than eight years.
x Editors’ Biographies

Dr. Hitesh Vasudev

Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India-
144411
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1668-8765
www.researchgate.net/profile/Hitesh_Vasudev2
Dr. Hitesh Vasudev is currently working as an associate
professor at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-
India. He has received PhD in mechanical engineering
from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana-
India in 2018 (affiliated to Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical Univer-
sity (IKGPTU)-Jallandhar). His area of research is thermal spray coatings,
especially for the development of new materials used for high-temperature
erosion and oxidation resistance and microwave processing of materials.
He has contributed extensively in thermal spray coatings in repute journals,
which include Surface Coatings and Technology; Materials Today Commu-
nications; Engineering Failure Analysis; the Journal of Cleaner Production,
Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties; the Journal of Failure Pre-
vention and Control, the International Journal of Surface Engineering and
Interdisciplinary Materials Science under the flagship of various publication
groups such as Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer nature, IGI Global and
Intech Open. Moreover, he is a dedicated reviewer of reputed journals such
as Surface Coatings and Technology, Ceramics International, the Journal
of Material Engineering Performance, Engineering Failure Analysis, Surface
Topography: Metrology and Properties Material Research Express, Engi-
neering Research Express, and IGI Global journals, among others. He has
authored more than 30 International publications in various international
journals and conferences. He has published 15 book chapters in various
books related to surface engineering and manufacturing processes. He has
also published a unique patent in the field of thermal spraying. He has teach-
ing experience of more than eight years. He received a “Research Excellence
Award” in 2019, 2020, and 2021 at Lovely Professional University, Phag-
wara, India. He has organized a National Conference and has been a part of
many international conferences.
List of Contributors

Dinesh Agrawal
The Pennsylvania State University
State College, Pennsylvania, USA
Ramkishor Anant
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Amit Bansal
I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University
Jalandhar, India
T. Lachana Dora
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India
Pranjal Gupta
Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Rahul Gupta
Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Shivani Gupta
Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India
Ajit M. Hebbale
N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology
Udupi Dist, Karnataka, India
Eli Jerby
Faculty of Engineering
Tel Aviv University, Israel
xii List of Contributors

Sarbjeet Kaushal
Gulzar Group of Institutions
Khanna, Ludhiana, India
Dinesh Kumar
Rayat Bahra University
Mohali, Punjab, India
Gaurav Kumar
National Institute of Technology
Uttarakhand, India
Rajeev Kumar
Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Mahantayya Mathapati
KLE College of Engineering & Technology
Karnataka, India
Radha Raman Mishra
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India
Himanshu Pathak
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Guru Prakash
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
C. Durga Prasad
Department of Mechanical Engineering
RV Institute of Technology and Management
Bengaluru 560076 Karnataka, India
Gaurav Prashar
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University, Punjab-India
M.R. Ramesh
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
Mangalore, India
Manjeet Rani
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Apurbba Kumar Sharma
Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
 List of Contributors xiii

Anurag Singh
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Uttarakhand, India
Jashanpreet Singh
Punjab State Aeronautical Engineering College
Punjab, India
M.S. Srinath
Malnad College of Engineering
Karnataka, India
Gudala Suresh
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
Surathkal, Mangalore, India
Lalit Thakur
National Institute of Technology
Kurukshetra-India
Nishant Verma
Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Hitesh Vasudev
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University, Punjab-India
Rahul Yadav
Punjab State Aeronautical Engineering College
Patiala, Punjab, India
Sunny Zafar
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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