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 Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses Advances in Bioengineering Research and Applications, Volume 2
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ISBN: 978-1-926895-84-0
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Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE 90000
9 781926 895840
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9 781 926 89 584 0

www.appleacademicpress.com 9 781 926 89 584 0

 BIOMECHANICS OF
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS AND
PROSTHESES

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 2 1/7/2014 3:29:16 AM
 BIOMECHANICS OF
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS AND
PROSTHESES

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, and Vijay K. Goyal, PhD

Apple Academic Press

TORONTO NEW JERSEY

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 3 1/7/2014 3:29:18 AM

CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc
Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada
© 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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 CONTENTS

List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................... vii

Preface................................................................................................................. ix
Foreword .......................................................................................................... xiii
Warning/Disclaimer...........................................................................................xvii
Book Reviews......................................................................................................xix
About the Book Series: Advances in Bioengineering Research
and Applications........................................................................................xxi
Titles in the Advances in Bioengineering Research and Applications
book series................................................................................................ xxv
About the Author..............................................................................................xxvii
About the Author...............................................................................................xxix
1. Biofluid Dynamics of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery............................ 39
2. Biomechanics of Artificial Heart..................................................................... 75
3. Biomaterials for an Artificial Pacemaker..................................................... 121
4. Biomaterials for Carotid Stenting................................................................. 153
5. Biomechanics of Angioplasty: Ballooning and Stenting.............................. 177
6. Biomechanics of Artificial Lung.................................................................... 217
7. Biomechanics of Artificial Kidney................................................................ 307
8. Biomechanics of Arthritis and Human Body Pain...................................... 387
9. Biomechanics of Orthopaedic Fixations....................................................... 433
10. Biomechanics of Total Knee Replacement................................................... 481
11. Biomechanics of Dental Prostheses............................................................... 509

Glossary of Technical Terms............................................................................. 547

Index ............................................................................................................... 587

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 6 1/7/2014 3:29:19 AM
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACC American College of Cardiology

AIMBE American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
ANNA American Nephrology Nurses Association
ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
ASAIO American Society for Artificial Internal Organs
ASAO Austrian Society for Artificial Organs
ASB American Society of Biomechanics
ASBMR American Society of Bone and Mineral Research
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BiVAD Biventricular Assist Device
BMES Biomedical Engineering Society
CHF Congestive Heart Failure
CPB Cardiopulmonary Bypass
CPS Cardiopulmonary Support System
CVP Central Venous Pressure
DT Destination Therapy
ECG Electrocardiogram
EDTA European Dialysis and Transplantation Association
EMBS Engineering in Medicine and Biology
ESAO the European Society for Artificial Organs
ESB European Society of Biomechanics
ESEM European Society for Enginerring and Medicine
FDA Food and Drug Administration, USA
HSTAT Health Services Technology Assessment Texts
IABP Intra Aortic Ballon Pump
IFAO International Federation for Artificial Organs (formerly ISAO)
ISABB International Society for Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes &
Biotechnology
ISAO International Society for Artificial Organs
ISFA International Society for Apheresis
ISPD International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis
ISRP International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps
JSAO the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs
LVAD Left Ventricular Assist Device
MedEc Medical Economics
NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
NIH National Institute of Health, USA
NIHCBC National Institute of Health Center for Biomedical Computation at Stanford
University

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 viii List of Abbreviations

NKF National Kidney Foundation

ORS Orthopaedic Research Society
REMATCH Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of
Congestive Heart
RMTES Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Society
SMB Society for Mathematical Biology
TAH Total Artificial Heart
TERMIS Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International
VAD Ventricular Assist Device
VSD Ventricular Septal Defect

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 8 1/7/2014 3:29:19 AM

 PREFACE

I have been teaching fluid mechanics to undergraduate and graduate students since
1971. I decided to apply principles of fluid mechanics to human body systems: When
my respiratory system collapsed in 1989 and I had three strokes in 2002 and my vagus
nerve failed in 1999; my mother broke her hips and orthopedic surgeon did “Total Hip
Replacement (THR)” and my mother survived 12 more years; my elder brother had
a heart mitral valve replaced in 2003 and he feels perfectly fine; my mother-in-law
passed away in 2010 with three heart valves damaged (she did not want to have a heart
operation and she lived for next 4 years after diagnosis of heart disease); our neighbor
in Puerto Rico had “Total Knee Replacement (TKR)” for both knees and now she
can do her daily activities. I thought why would this happen to a human body, and I
was able to understand that Almighty Supreme God grants serenity and knowledge to
physicians so that we can live longer and happier. I also know a friend of mine with
amputation of both legs and he does his daily activities using a wheel chair. All this
fascinates my soul. Let us all keep our spirits high so that our life is always dynamic
to be happier today/tomorrow and forever. This is how idea for this book was born.
Engineering mechanics deals with response of bodies at rest or in motion due
to applied external forces/couples/torques/rotation/and moments. Biomechanics deals
with living organisms: Agricultural plants, animals and humans. In this book, I will
consider only human body systems. One is interested in variation of velocity, pres-
sure, density, volume, momentum, heat, mass, nutrient or other parameter throughout
the body. In the human body, I will consider only continuous bodies (i.e., there is no
discontinuity at any point for a specific body part). Biomechanics and Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the specialty areas of biomedical engineering. Bio-
mechanics applies classical mechanics (bodies at rest or in motion, thermodynamics,
and continuum mechanics) to biological or medical problems. It includes the study
of motion flow within our body and in medical devices, and transport of chemical
constituents across biological and synthetic media and membranes. Progress in bio-
mechanics has led to the development of the artificial organs and prostheses: Heart
valves, stents, TKR, THR, etc.
Biomechanics is widely used in orthopedic industry to design orthopedic implants
for human joints, dental parts, external fixations and other medical purposes. It also
includes study of the performance and function of biomaterials used for orthopedic
implants. It plays a vital role in improving the design and producing successful bioma-
terials for medical and clinical purposes.
The mission of this compendium is to serve as a textbook or a reference manual
for graduate and undergraduate students of biomedical engineering, biotechnology,
nanotechnology, nursing, and medicine and health sciences. I hope that it will be a
valuable reference for professionals that work with medicine and health sciences, for
nursing institutes, and other agencies that work with human health.

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 9 1/7/2014 3:29:19 AM

 x Preface

My book complements other similar books in the market and is unique because it
is complete, simple, one-stop manual worldwide on Biomechanics of Artificial Organs
and Prostheses. This textbook includes basic principles and applications of mechanics
and materials for human body. This book is a must for physicians, scientists, educa-
tors, and students.
This book on Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses consists of 12
chapters consisting of: Introduction on artificial organs; biofluid dynamics of cardio-
pulmonary bypass surgery; biomechanics of the artificial heart; biomaterials for an
artificial pacemaker; biomechanics of the angioplasty: ballooning and stenting; bio-
mechanics of carotid stenting; biomechanics of an artificial lung; biomechanics of the
human kidney system and artificial kidney; biomechanics of the arthritis and human
body pain; biomechanics of orthopedic fixations; biomechanics of total knee replace-
ment; and biomechanics of dental prostheses. Each chapter includes an introduction,
body of the chapter, conclusions, summary, key words and a bibliography. Book also
includes a glossary of terms. This book is Volume 2 for the AAP series titled Advances
in Bioengineering Research and Applications.
The chapters in this book are based on my research and teaching materials and
special projects by my students in the courses on fluid mechanics/engineering me-
chanics/and mechanics of materials at University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and the
course on biofluid mechanics at Florida International University. The contribution by
my students at University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and Florida International Uni-
versity has been most valuable in the compilation of this compendium. Their names
are mentioned in each chapter. In July of 2001, students of my course (INGE4015)
in Fluid Mechanics conducted the first congress on “Biofluid Dynamics of Human
Body Systems.” The purpose of this congress was to show and learn how the bioflu-
ids of the many body systems function and help to maintain a great physical state.
In this congress, student groups discussed Biofluid Dynamics of: Brain system; Ear/
throat/nose system; Circulatory system; Reproductive system; Digestive system; Re-
spiratory system; Urinary system; Arthritis; Instrumentation and measurements for
the human body; Challenges in Biofluid dynamics of human body systems. In July of
2002, students conducted second congress on “Biofluid Dynamics and Engineering
of Artificial Organs.” The purpose of this congress was to learn biofluid dynamics
of Bioheat Transfer in a Human Body, Biomass Transfer in a Human Body, Biofluid
Mechanics of Artificial heart, Biofluid Mechanics of Artificial lung, and Biofluid Me-
chanics of Artificial kidneys. In April of 2003, students of my course on – BME4999
Human Body Systems – conducted third congress on “Biofluid Dynamics of Human
Body Systems” to discuss: Circulatory System; Artificial Heart; Cardiovascular Bypass
Surgery; Respiratory System; Kinetics of Drug Transport; Digestive System; Mater-
nal Fetal System; Stenting of Intracranial Arteries as Endovascular Bypass of Berry
Aneurysms (Baruch Barry Lieber, PhD, PE, University of Miami). In July of 2004, we
conducted fourth congress on Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body Systems to discuss:
Our Body Fluids; Properties of body fluids; Ear/nose and throat system; Balloning and
stenting; Urinary system; Artificial kidney; Advances in human body fluids; dimen-
sional analysis; Biomass transfer; Body pain; Instrumentation and measurements. It
has been an excellent learning experience for me. I thank all of them at University of

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 10 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM

 Preface xi

Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and at Florida International University who have enriched
my knowledge in Biomedical Engineering.
This book would not have been written without the valuable cooperation of a group
of engineers and physicians at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM)
and Florida International University (FIU). I am grateful to my colleagues: Paul Sun-
daram, Ricky Valentin, Carlos Rinaldi, David Suleiman, Madeline Torres, Eduardo
Juan, Alejandro Acevedo, and Ivette Ríos Lamberty. Dr. Vijay K. Goyal, an associate
professor of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Puerto
Rico at Mayagüez with over 17 years of experience in advanced computational meth-
ods applied to structures, joins me as coauthor for this volume. He has been exploring
and researching this field for a couple of years as he tried to develop a toolkit to predict
bone regeneration. His insights and collaboration was invaluable for this volume. The
reader will not have this edition in front of you without his offer without his profes-
sional contribution.
I owe special gratitude to Anthony McGoron at FIU and Richard Schoephoerster,
now Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso – Texas,
who taught me to love biomedical engineering during my sabbatical leave in 2003 at
FIU. I had the opportunity to work closely with all of them including other faculty
members. The author also thanks executive officers at UPRM Campus to initiate re-
search in biomedical engineering and nanotechnology.
I would like to thank Ashish Kumar, Publisher and President, and Sandra Jones
Sickels, VP, at Apple Academic Press, Inc., for making every effort to publish the book
when the human health is a major issue worldwide. Special thanks are due to AAP
Production Staff for typesetting the entire manuscript and for the quality production
of this book.
I request the reader to offer me your constructive suggestions that may help to
improve the next edition. The reader can order the copy of this book for the library, the
institute or gift from www.appleacademicpress.com.
Finally, a river of thanks flows from my heart and soul to my wife Subhadra for
the understanding and collaboration of sharing the responsibility, time and devotion
necessary to prepare this book. With my whole heart and best affection, I dedicate this
book to our youngest son Vinay Goyal and his wife Stacey Carpenter. They always
motivate me to live longer and happier to serve the world community. I also dedicate
this book to “those who want to live happily” by making personal health as first pri-
ority. One should not hesitate to discuss any personal health issues with a physician
who are dedicated and blessed by Almighty Supreme God to do the maximum for al-
leviating our body pain. Good health not only makes us happy but also makes happy
everyone around us.
— Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
December 31st 2013

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 12 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM
 FOREWORD

In 1994, Dr. Megh R. Goyal taught me courses on soil and water management and
farm machinery when I was an undergraduate student at the University of Puerto Rico
– Mayaguez Campus. He was one of my favorite professors. After receiving my BSc
degree in agriculture sciences, I decided to enter the medical school to become a spe-
cialist in internal medicine and respiratory mechanics. After reading and editing this
manuscript, I feel honored to write a foreword for this book, thus paying tributes to
my professor.
I want to share with the readers what I learnt from textbooks on medical physiol-
ogy by Arthur Guyton and other authors. The human body is a fascinating job of our
Almighty God. It is made up of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. The human
body is made to stand erect, walk on two feet, use the arms to carry and lift, and has
opposable thumbs (able to grasp). The adult body is made up of 100 trillion cells, 206
bones, 600 muscles, and 22 internal organs. Every square inch of the human body has
about 19 million skin cells. Every hour about 1 billion cells in the human body must
be replaced. The average human head has about 100,000 hairs. The arteries, veins and
capillaries are about 100,000 kilometers long. The heart beats more than 2.5 billion
times in an average lifetime. The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt the
blood 30 feet high. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole
body.
The human body has nine major systems: circulatory system; respiratory system;
musculoskeletal system; nervous system; reproductive system; digestive system; uri-
nary system; lymphatic system; integumentary (dermal) system. Five minor systems
are: immune system; excretory system; endocannabinoid system; endocrine system
and vestibular (sensory) system. Each system plays a vital part in the health and well-
being of the entire body.
The circulatory system pumps and channels blood to and from the body and lungs
with heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood is a medium that transports oxygen, from
the respiratory system to the cells. Blood also transports sugars, chemicals, proteins,
hormones and many other substances around the body for use and elimination. As the
heart pumps blood, a pulse beat can be felt at various locations in the body and each
pulse beat corresponds to one heartbeat. The heart rate of the average adult at rest is
between 80 to 120 beats per minute, depending on age, medical conditions and general
fitness.
The respiratory system is composed of the airway (mouth, nose, trachea, larynx,
bronchi and bronchioles) and the lungs (including the small air sacs called alveoli).
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood and takes away the waste product
called carbon dioxide. Oxygen is extracted from air inhaled through the airway and
goes into the blood stream through the membranes of the lungs. For the first aider,
maintaining a casualty’s airway is of primary importance.

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 xiv Foreword

The musculoskeletal system is composed of muscles that provide movement and

a skeleton that provides structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, liga-
ments, and tendons. Most muscles used for movement work by contracting and relax-
ing in conjunction with a bone.
The digestive system helps in digestion and processing of food with salivary
glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines,
rectum, and anus. Fluid and solids are passed through the esophagus to the stomach
where they are processed for further digestion. They are then absorbed into the body
through the membranes of the intestines. Some organs, such as the liver and pancreas,
are considered accessories to the digestive system as they help process food into vari-
ous chemical substances used by the body.
The urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra) is involved in fluid bal-
ance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine. This system flushes waste products
suspended in fluid from the body. It plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy.
Should the urinary system fail (especially the kidneys), then the affected person re-
quires external assistance to get rid of the waste products by ‘flushing’ the blood. This
is called hemodialysis or dialysis.
The integumentary (dermal) system is composed of skin, hair and nails. The skin is
the body’s largest organ and plays an important role in protecting the body from infec-
tions. The other functions of skin include acting as a shield against injury and keeping
body fluids in. The skin is made from tough, elastic fibers, which have the ability to
stretch without tearing easily.
As a physician and a specialist in internal medicine and pulmonary mechanics,
I work closely with my colleagues namely: cardiologist Marcos A Velazquez; den-
tist Luis Camacho; foot surgeon Andres Maymi; gastroenterologist Carlos Micames;
gynecologist Walter Banch; hand surgeon Oscar Vargas; maxi-facial surgeon Juan C.
Garcia; nephrologist Justiniano Alfredo; orthopedic surgeons Hector Vargas/Gilberto
Baez/Jose Cancio; surgeon Juan A. Diaz; urologist Benjamin Perez; and including
others. I see them with a smiling face and joy every time each one of them comes out
of an operating room. We all are here to extend the best treatment in the market to our
patients so that they feel happy and do not feel the body pain.
In this textbook, Professor Goyal applies principles of biomechanics and bioma-
terials to artificial organs and prostheses. He has wisely discussed all the topics with
an abundance of illustrations and technical data. In the world of medicine, one of the
greatest advancements has been the ability to create artificial organs and prostheses
that can restore the proper function of a patient’s body. They can be used both for
functions that are essential to the quality of life of a patient. The organs that can be
replaced artificially are quite numerous, including the ears, ovaries, and even the heart
and brain. I will discuss only one example to emphasize the importance of engineering
of artificial organs.
The most common manifestation of an artificial organ is found with mechanical
aids that are used to improve a person’s ability to hear and distinguish sounds. Called
cochlear implants, the organs have been successful with nearly 200,000 people across
the globe. In addition to improving the sense of hearing in those patients with impaired
ears, the artificial organs are also able to provide a limited hearing ability to people

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  Foreword xv

who are deaf. As this device becomes less expensive and more available, it is thought
that the worldwide incidence of deafness will decrease dramatically. One case of a
survival situation where an artificial organ will make the difference between life and
death is in a heart transplant. If a patient is awaiting a new heart, an artificial heart can
be temporarily used to keep the person alive until the new heart becomes available. In
recent times, models have been created that can stand alone and provide a permanent
replacement for a heart that has functional impairment. This new type of artificial heart
is currently in the process of being evaluated and it is thought that it will be ready for
widespread live use beginning in the year 2013. The availability of artificial organs can
do much to improve a person’s life, from providing the essential bodily functions for
survival to improving sensory capabilities, such as sight and hearing.
I hope that this concise textbook by Dr. Megh R. Goyal and Apple Academic Press
Inc. will be definitely appealing and valuable to the health sciences community. It is
unique, user-friendly and introductory, focusing on essential aspects of Biomechanics
of Artificial Organs and Prostheses. I will like to see more books on such topics.

Jesús Manuel Román Vélez, MD

Practicing Specialist in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Mechanics
Fellow-American Society of Internal Medicine
Mayaguez, PR, USA

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 16 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM
 WARNING/DISCLAIMER

READ CAREFULLY
This textbook guides the world community on Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and
Prostheses for better health. The reader must be aware that the dedication, commit-
ment, honesty, and sincerity are most important factors in a dynamic manner for a
complete success. It is not a one-time reading of this manual. Read and follow every
time; it is needed. To err is human. However, we must do our best. Always, there is a
space for learning new experiences.
The editor, the contributing authors, the publisher and the printing company have
made every effort to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible. How-
ever, there still may be grammatical errors or mistakes in the content or typography.
Therefore, the contents in this book should be considered as a general guide and not
a complete solution to address any specific situation in the human body. For example,
all humans are not same and behave differently.
The authors, the publisher and the printing company shall have neither liability nor
responsibility to any person, any organization or entity with respect to any loss or dam-
age caused, or alleged to have caused, directly or indirectly, by information or advice
contained in this book. Therefore, the purchaser/reader must assume full responsibility
for the use of the book or the information therein.
The mentioning of commercial brands and trade names are only for technical pur-
poses. It does not mean that a particular product is endorsed over to another product or
equipment not mentioned. Author, cooperating authors, educational institutions, and
the publisher Apple Academic Press Inc. do not have any preference for a particular
product.
All weblinks that are mentioned in this book were active on December 31st 2013.
The editor, the contributing authors, the publisher and the printing company shall have
neither liability nor responsibility if any one of the weblinks is inactive at the time of
reading of this book.

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 17 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 18 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM
 BOOK REVIEWS

“I am enthusiastic to know that Apple Academic Press Inc. and Dr. Megh R. Goyal
(whom have I known since 1979) have published this textbook that is user-friendly
and easy-to-read. The book includes key aspects of Biomechanics of Artificial Organs
and Prostheses.”
— Miguel A. Muñoz Muñoz, PhD, President of University of Puerto Rico, USA
“I hope that this concise textbook on artificial organs and prostheses by Dr. Goyal
and Apple Academic Press Inc. will be definitely appealing and valuable to the health
sciences community. It is unique and introductory focusing on essential aspects of
Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses. I will like to see more books on
such topics.”
— Jesús Manuel Román Vélez, M.D., Practicing Physician, Specialist in Internal
Medicine and Pulmonary Mechanics, Fellow of American Society of Pulmonary
Medicine, Mayaguez, PR, USA.
“What a gem, with simple language and vivid illustrations! The photos and data deep-
ened my understanding on biomechanics and biomaterials of artificial organs and
prostheses the way it applies to our daily life. Before I sat down to read this book,
I was not sure how much I would understand the content. But each chapter builds
understanding on the content and shows the author’s mastery on the subject. I firmly
believe that this book is a must read for all with interest in bioengineering and readers
who want to make their health as their first priority.”
— Prof. Raj Bansal, New Jersey, USA

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 20 1/7/2014 3:29:20 AM
 ABOUT THE BOOK SERIES: ADVANCES
IN BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH AND
APPLICATIONS

Apple Academic Press, Inc. (AAP) is publishing volume 2, titled Biomechanics of

Artificial Organs and Prostheses as part our AAP series titled Advances in Bioengi-
neering Research and Applications. Previously, we have published volume 1, titled
Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body Systems. Volume 3, titled, Dictionary of Techni-
cal Terms: Bioengineering and Biotechnology is coming in 2014. Over a span of 8 to
10 years, Apple Academic Press, Inc. will publish subsequent volumes in the specialty
areas defined by Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES). The mission of this series
is to provide knowledge and techniques for biomedical and biological engineers. The
series aims to offer academic researchers, scientists, university faculty, and students
high-quality reference and academic content in bioengineering that is accessible to
university-level students and professionals around the world. We thank BMES for
granting the permission to use the following copyright material from <www.bmes.org/
aws/bmes/pt/sp/be_faqs>. It has been edited/modified and reproduced below:

WHAT IS BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING/BIOENGINEERING (BME)?

Pacela’s Bioengineering Education Directory (Quest Publishing Co., 1990) has de-
fined biomedical engineering, bioengineering, and clinical (or medical) engineering.
According to Pacela, the scope of bioengineering is broader. Bioengineering is usu-
ally a basic research – oriented closely related to biotechnology/bionanotechnology
and genetic engineering with a mission to improve agriculture plants or animals cells
or human body cells. BME is the application of engineering principles and design
concepts to medicine and biology. This field seeks to close the gap between engineer-
ing and medicine: It combines the design and problem-solving skills of engineering
with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare diagnosis, monitoring,
and therapy. BME is, therefore, an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that ranges
from theoretical, nontheoretical knowledge to state-of-the-art application in medicine
and human health.

SPECIALTY AREAS OF BME

BME has only recently emerged as its own discipline, compared to many other en-
gineering fields. Much of the work in BME consists of academics, research, and
development. Prominent BME applications include the development of biocompat-
ible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from
clinical equipment to microimplants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs

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 xxii Advances in Bioengineering Research and Applications Book Series

and EEGs, regenerative tissue growth, and pharmaceutical and therapeutic drugs. In
BME there is continual change and creation of new areas due to rapid advancement
in technology. However, some of the well-established specialty areas of BME are:
bioelectricity; bioheat transfer; bioinformatics; bioinstrumentation; biomass trans-
port; biomaterials; biomechanics; biotechnology/bionanotechnology; biosensors;
cellular, tissue, genetic engineering, and transport phenomena; clinical engineering;
medical imaging; orthopedic surgery; physiologic modeling; prosthetic devices and
artificial organs; rehabilitation engineering; and systems physiology. These special-
ty areas frequently depend on each other. BMES has been the lead society to define
some of these areas as below:
Bioinstrumentation is the application of electronics and measurement techniques
to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Computers are an essen-
tial part of bioinstrumentation, from the microprocessor in a single-purpose instrument
used to do a variety of small tasks to the microcomputer needed to process the large
amount of information in a medical imaging system.
Biomaterials include both living tissue and artificial materials used for implanta-
tion. Understanding the properties and behavior of living material is vital in the design
of implant materials. The selection of an appropriate material to place in the human
body may be one of the most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical engineer. Cer-
tain metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites have been used as implantable
materials. Biomaterials must be nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, chemically inert, stable,
and mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime. Newer
biomaterials even incorporate living cells in order to provide a true biological and
mechanical match for the living tissue.
Biomechanics applies classical mechanics (statics, dynamics, fluids, solids, ther-
modynamics, and continuum mechanics) to biological or medical problems. It in-
cludes the study of motion, material deformation, flow within the body and in de-
vices, and transport of chemical constituents across biological and synthetic media
and membranes. Progress in biomechanics has led to the development of the artificial
heart and heart valves, artificial joint replacements, as well as a better understanding
of the function of the heart and lung, blood vessels and capillaries, and bone, cartilage,
intervertebral discs, ligaments and tendons of the musculoskeletal systems.
Cellular, tissue and genetic engineering involve more recent attempts to solve
biomedical problems at the microscopic level. These areas use the anatomy, biochem-
istry, and mechanics of cellular and subcellular structures in order to understand dis-
ease processes and to be able to intervene at very specific sites. With these capabilities,
miniature devices deliver compounds that can stimulate or inhibit cellular processes at
precise target locations to promote healing or inhibit disease formation and progres-
sion.
Clinical engineering is the application of technology to health care in hospitals.
The clinical engineer is a member of the health care team along with physicians,
nurses and other hospital staff. Clinical engineers are responsible for developing and
maintaining computer databases of medical instrumentation and equipment records
and for the purchase and use of sophisticated medical instruments. They may also
work with physicians to adapt instrumentation to the specific needs of the physician

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 Advances in Bioengineering Research and Applications Book Series xxiii

and the hospital. This often involves the interface of instruments with computer
systems and customized software for instrument control and data acquisition and
analysis. Clinical engineers are involved with the application of the latest technol-
ogy to health care.
Medical imaging combines knowledge of a unique physical phenomenon (sound,
radiation, magnetism, etc.) with high-speed electronic data processing, analysis and
display to generate an image. Often, these images can be obtained with minimal or
completely noninvasive procedures, making them less painful and more readily re-
peatable than invasive techniques.
Orthopaedic bioengineering is the specialty where methods of engineering and
computational mechanics have been applied for the understanding of the function of
bones, joints and muscles, and for the design of artificial joint replacements. Orthopae-
dic bioengineers analyze the friction, lubrication and wear characteristics of natural
and artificial joints; they perform stress analysis of the musculoskeletal system; and
they develop artificial biomaterials (biologic and synthetic) for replacement of bones,
cartilages, ligaments, tendons, meniscus and intervertebral discs. They often perform
gait and motion analyzes for sports performance and patient outcome following surgi-
cal procedures. Orthopaedic bioengineers also pursue fundamental studies on cellular
function, and mechano-signal transduction.
Rehabilitation engineering is a growing specialty area of BME. Rehabilitation
engineers enhance the capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with
physical and cognitive impairments. They are involved in prosthetics, the develop-
ment of home, workplace and transportation modifications and the design of assistive
technology that enhance seating and positioning, mobility, and communication. Reha-
bilitation engineers are also developing hardware and software computer adaptations
and cognitive aids to assist people with cognitive difficulties.
Systems physiology is a term used to describe that aspect of BME in which engi-
neering strategies, techniques and tools are used to gain a comprehensive and integrat-
ed understanding of the function of living organisms ranging from bacteria to humans.
Computer modeling is used in the analysis of experimental data and in formulating
mathematical descriptions of physiological events. In research, predictor models are
used in designing new experiments to refine our knowledge. Living systems have
highly regulated feedback control systems that can be examined with state-of-the-
art techniques. Examples are the biochemistry of metabolism and the control of limb
movements.
Biotechnology, nanotechnology and bionanotechnology are sometimes used in-
terchangeably with BME in general. Biotechnology is the use of biological processes,
organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of hu-
man life. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnol-
ogy as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Nano-
technology is a study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers
in size. For example a width of a human hair is equivalent to eight hundred 100-nano-

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 xxiv Advances in Bioengineering Research and Applications Book Series

meter particles side by side. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems

at the molecular scale. Bionanotechnology or nanobiotechnology or nanobiology is
the harnessing of biological processes on an ultra-small scale in the manufacture and
alteration of materials and products.
The presnt era is already preparing the foundation for femtotechnology and bio-
femtotechnology during 22nd centrury.
For more information on this series, readers may contact:

Ashish Kumar, Publisher and President Megh R Goyal, PhD, P.E.

Apple Academic Press, Inc., Series Senior Editor-in-Chief
Tel. 289–937–6300 Advances in Bioengineering Research
Fax: 866–222–9549 and Applications
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
http://www.appleacademicpress.com/pub-
lishwithus.php

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 24 1/7/2014 3:29:21 AM

 TITLES IN THE ADVANCES IN
BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH AND
APPLICATIONS BOOK SERIES

Senior Editor-in-Chief: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus;
Senior Acquisitions Editor, Biomedical Engineering and Agricultural Science,
Apple Academic Press, Inc.
email: [email protected]

Volume 1: Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body Systems

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Volume 2: Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, and Vijay K. Goyal, PhD

Volume 3: Dictionary of Technical Terms: Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 26 1/7/2014 3:29:21 AM
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Megh R. Goyal received BSc degree in Engineer-

ing in 1971; MSc degree in 1977 and PhD degree
in 1979; and Master of Divinity degree in 2001. He
spent a one-year sabbatical leave in 2002–03 at the
Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida Inter-
national University, Miami – USA. He is a registered
professional engineer in Puerto Rico and in India.
Since 1971, he has worked as a Lecturer/Research As-
sistant at the Haryana Agricultural University and the
Ohio State University; and Professor-cum-Research
Agricultural and Biological Engineer at University of
Puerto Rico – Mayaguez.
At present, he is a Retired Professor in Agricultural
and Biomedical Engineering in the College of Engi-
neering at University of Puerto Rico. He is also Senior Acquisitions Editor for Apple
Academic Press, Inc., in the areas of agricultural science and biomedical engineering,
as well as Senior Editor-in-Chief of the book series, Advances in Bioengineering Re-
search and Applications, published by AAP.
He has authored more than 200 articles in technical journals and textbooks on
Elements of Agroclimatology (Spanish) by UNISARC, Colombia; two Bibliographies
on Drip Irrigation; Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body, Management of Drip/Trickle
or Micro Irrigation, Evapotranspiration: Principles and Applications for Water Man-
agement, three-volume set on Research Advances on Sustainable Micro Irrigation,
and Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses, by Apple Academic Press Inc.
Readers may contact him at: [email protected]

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Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 28 1/7/2014 3:29:21 AM
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Vijay K. Goyal received a BS in Mechanical

Engineering from the University of Puerto Rico at
Mayaguez and a PhD in Aeropsace Engineering from
Virginia Tech. He is an associate professor at the Uni-
versity of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez with over 17 years
of experience in advanced computational methods ap-
plied to structures. He has published over 25 technical
publications, is the main author of two books (Aircraft
Structures for Engineers and Finite Element Analysis,
to be published by Pearson Education Publishers), and
has been the recipient of several research grants from
Lockheed Martin Co., ONR, and Pratt and Whitney.
He has extensively studied the static and dynamic failure response of composites
using deterministic and stochastic approaches. His research is focused on dynamic
stability of composite materials using nonlinear finite element methods, crack propa-
gation of rotary composite blades, impact dynamics of composites, bird-strike model-
ing, behavior and simulations of micro/macro scale structures, fracture and fatigue
of composites, fluid structure interaction to simulate wave propagation, and health
monitoring of gears and bearings. Currently, he has been developing bone and tis-
sue regeneration computational models. The main goal is to develop a computational
model that will assist doctors to predict, based on scientific principles, whether the
bone will regenerate or not and healing time for various treatments. This on-the-spot
simulation with inputs from bone and blood samples would revolutionize how doctors
treat broken bones. Readers may contact him at: [email protected]

Biomechanics of Artificial Organs and Prostheses.indd 29 1/7/2014 3:29:21 AM

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