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 02
Student:

1. Sociologists, like Peter and Patricia Adler, systematically gather our stories together through research and
make sense of them with which of the following?

A. theory
B. anomie
C. globalism
D. feminism

2. Sociology, at its core, represents a conversation between

what? A. theory and research

B. application and understanding
C. dependent and independent variables
D. reliability and validity

3. Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures
maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?

A. scientific method
B. social science
C. experiment
D. value neutrality

4. What is commonly the second step in the scientific

method? A. defining the problem

B. selecting the research design
C. reviewing the literature
D. collecting and analyzing data

5. If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and
the characteristics of the rapist, what would be your first step?

A. review the literature on date and acquaintance rape

B. define the problem
C. create a hypothesis
D. choose a research design

6. What is an operational definition?

A. A speculative statement about the relationship between two

variables. B. The extent to which a measure provides consistent
results.
C. The transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable.
D. A relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.

7. Sociologists do research, primarily, to do

what? A. Prove their theories correct.

B. Develop operational
definitions. C. Test their
hypotheses.
D. Disprove the research of others.
8. A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team
owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an
example of developing what?

A. a research design
B. an operational definition
C. a hypothesis
D. a theory

9. What is the conventional operational definition of education given by the

textbook? A. average grade/grade point

B. IQ
C. performance score on standardized
tests
D. years of schooling completed

10. What is the term for a testable statement about the relationship between two or more

variables? A. correlation
B. hypothesis
C. sample
D. research design

11. Which of the following best describes the notion that the higher the level of one's education, the higher one's
income level will be?

A. independent
variables B. operational
definition C. hypothesis
D. correlation

12. Of what is the statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have
babies" an example?

A. an operational definition
B. a hypothesis
C. a research design
D. causal logic

13. Of what is the statement "Most homeless people are not mentally ill" an

example? A. a hypothesis
B. an experiment
C. an operational definition
D. a variable

14. What is a variable?

A. A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different

conditions. B. The extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. The unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their
subjects. D. A speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.

15. Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of

what? A. indices
B. scales
C. variables
D. operational
definitions
16. A group of researchers designs a study to examine the effect of homeschooling on the academic performance
of students in university. The researchers control for parental income and for gender. What is the independent
variable in this study?

A. homeschooling
B. academic performance
C. parental income
D. gender

17. What do social scientists call the variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another

variable? A. an independent variable

B. a dependent variable
C. a spurious variable
D. an operational variable

18. Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the text research

example? A. level of education

B. level of income
C. sources of income
D. occupation

19. Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people
who are divorced. In this example, what is marital status?

A. hypothesis
B. independent
variable C. dependent
variable D. index

20. The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is
administered. In this example, what is capital punishment?

A. hypothesis
B. independent
variable C. dependent
variable D. index

21. What is the term for the relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one
event leading to the other?

A. observation
B. causal logic
C. a correlation
D. an index

22. Of what is the statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier
citizens" an example?

A. causal logic
B. a correlation
C. an independent variable
D. the Hawthorne effect
23. Of what is the statement "Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss" an
example?

A. causal logic
B. a dependent variable
C. an independent variable
D. a correlation

24. The greater likelihood of a person who is less integrated into society committing suicide illustrates which
of the following?

A. a defined variable
B. an undefined variable
C. causal logic
D. a social fact

25. What is the term for the relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change
in the other?

A. an index
B. a correlation
C. an operational definition
D. a scale

26. Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to divorce than individuals who have parents who did
not divorce. Of what is this statement an example?

A. theory
B. correlation
C. natural law
D. social fact

27. In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of
being selected?

A. random sample
B. quota sample
C. index sample
D. Roper sample

28. If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every
tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. What would this constitute?

A. scale
B. control variable
C. quota sample
D. random sample

29. What was the source of the data collected in the research example, given in the text, on education and

income? A. city directories

B. the Census of Canada
C. phone surveys
D. internet surveys
30. Which of the following is true of valid research measures?

A. they provide consistent results

B. they are always independent, rather than dependent, variables
C. they accurately measure the phenomenon under study
D. they are ethical standards that are followed by sociologists

31. Religiosity is a term for how religious an individual is. Why might it be difficult for researchers to construct a
valid measure of religiosity?

A. Most people in modern society are not religious.

B. Not all religions have the same view of the
divine.
C. Different religions impose different requirements on a pious
adherent. D. Different religions have different sacred texts.

32. What is the term for a research measure that provides consistent
results? A. valid
B. reliable
C. dependent
D. independent

33. What is the term for a factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent

variable? A. control variable

B. dependent variable
C. correlation
D. hypothesis

34. What is a research design?

A. An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the
concept. B. A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
C. An indicator of attitudes, behaviour, or characteristics of people or
organizations. D. A detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.

35. Selecting a research design is important because it may affect both the amount of time needed to collect the data
and which of the following?

A. The validity of the

study. B. The cost of the
project.
C. The reliability of the
study. D. The scale of the
project.

36. What is the term for a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides researchers
with information concerning how people think or act?

A. observation research
B. a survey
C. secondary analysis
D. an experiment
37. To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women
between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city.
What would this study be classified as?

A. a secondary analysis
B. participant observation
C. a survey
D. a content analysis

38. Which of the following survey questions will likely give the researcher the best

results? A. What was your income last year?

B. What was your personal income last year?
C. What was your personal income, before taxes, last year?
D. What was your personal income, before taxes, in the tax year ending December 31st, 2008?

39. Interviews have the advantage of a better response rate than self-administered questionnaires.
Interviews have disadvantages as well. Which of the following is a disadvantage of an interview?

A. The gender, race, appearance, or other characteristics of the interviewer may influence responses of the
research subjects.
B. A research subject is more likely to complete a written questionnaire than accept a personal request for an
interview. C. A research subject is more likely to share underlying feelings and reasons when completing a written
questionnaire
than when being interviewed by a skillful interviewer.
D. Interview results are more difficult to interpret than self-administered results.

40. Surveys most often collect and report data primarily in numerical form. What kind of data is

this? A. qualitative
B. quantitative
C. descriptive
D. ethnographic

41. What is the term for the number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of

values? A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. percentage

42. What is the term for the single most common value in a series of

scores? A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. percentage

43. What is the term for the midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal
numbers of values?

A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. percentage
44. Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5?

A. 10
B. 8
C. 7
D. 5

45. What kind of research relies on what sociologists see in the field and naturalistic settings, often focusing on
small groups and communities?

A. qualitative
B.
quantitative C.
exploratory D.
descriptive

46. What is the most common type of qualitative

research? A. observation
B. ethnography
C. surveys
D. secondary analysis

47. What is the term for research that collects information about a group through direct researcher

participation? A. a survey
B. observation
C. secondary analysis
D. an experiment

48. A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets
as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then
compiles a detailed description of the community. What kind of research is he doing?

A. content analysis
B. secondary
analysis C.
quantitative study D.
ethnography

49. What is the initial challenge faced by William F. Whyte and other participant
observers? A. Maintaining their objectivity when studying people face-to-face.
B. Formulating the sequence of questions in an interview.
C. Determining which group will be the experimental
group. D. Gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group.

50. Which of the following is true of participant observation

research? A. It tends to be more expensive than large-scale survey
research.
B. It tends to be more time consuming than secondary analysis.
C. It tends to be less useful than interviews.
D. It relies less on personal relationships than other research techniques do.

51. What is one of the major challenges of participant

observation? A. Maintaining a degree of detachment.

B. Finding a group to study.
C. Obtaining university
approval. D. Preparing results.
52. What is the term for an artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables
and to introduce control variables?

A. survey
B. experiment
C. replication
D. research design

53. In an experiment, what is the group that is not exposed to the independent variable

called? A. the experimental group

B. the representative group
C. the study group
D. the control group

54. Which of the following is true of most sociologists performing research?

A. They frequently use laboratory experiments because they are a very accurate way of examining human
behaviour. B. They often do not rely on experiments because they generally do not give accurate representations
of group
behaviour.
C. They often do not rely on experiments because the presence of a social scientist may affect the behaviour of
the people being studied.
D. They do not re-create experimental conditions in the field.

55. People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world". This poses a
particular problem for researchers using which of the following techniques?

A. questionnaires
B. content
analysis C.
replication
D. laboratory experiments

56. What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical
behaviour because they realize they are under observation?

A. the control group effect

B. the spurious response
C. the Hawthorne effect
D. skewing

57. A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer centre. When the
students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. Of what is this
an example?

A. replication
B. secondary analysis
C. the Hawthorne effect
D. value neutrality

58. What was one finding of Devah Pager's research on criminal records and employment

prospects? A. White ex-convicts have a harder time becoming employed than Blacks with no

criminal records.
B. gender is still a significant factor in employment opportunities.
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