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Data Warehousing with Greenplum Second Edition
Marshall Presser Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Marshall Presser
ISBN(s): 9781492058106, 1492058106
File Details: PDF, 6.03 MB
Year: 2019
Language: english
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Data Analytics

Marshall Presser

REPORT
 SECOND EDITION

Data Warehousing
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Parallel Data Analytics

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Data Warehousing with Greenplum
by Marshall Presser
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 Table of Contents

Foreword to the Second Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Foreword to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

1. Introducing the Greenplum Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Problems with the Traditional Data Warehouse 1
Responses to the Challenge 2
A Brief Greenplum History 3
What Is Massively Parallel Processing? 7
The Greenplum Database Architecture 8
Additional Resources 11

2. What’s New in Greenplum?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

What’s New in Greenplum 5? 15
What’s New in Greenplum 6? 17
Additional Resources 19

3. Deploying Greenplum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Custom(er)-Built Clusters 21
Greenplum Building Blocks 23
Public Cloud 24
Private Cloud 25
Greenplum for Kubernetes 26
Choosing a Greenplum Deployment 27
Additional Resources 27

iii
4. Organizing Data in Greenplum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Distributing Data 30
Polymorphic Storage 33
Partitioning Data 33
Orientation 37
Compression 37
Append-Optimized Tables 39
External Tables 39
Indexing 40
Additional Resources 41

5. Loading Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
INSERT Statements 43
\COPY Command 43
The gpfdist Process 44
The gpload Tool 46
Additional Resources 47

6. Gaining Analytic Insight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Data Science on Greenplum with Apache MADlib 49
Apache MADlib 51
Text Analytics 57
Brief Overview of GPText Architecture 58
Additional Resources 64

7. Monitoring and Managing Greenplum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Greenplum Command Center 65
Workload Management 70
Greenplum Management Tools 75
Additional Resources 79

8. Accessing External Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

dblink 81
Foreign Data Wrappers 83
Platform Extension Framework 84
Greenplum Stream Server 86
Greenplum-Kafka Integration 87
Greenplum-Informatica Connector 88
GemFire-Greenplum Connector 89
Greenplum-Spark Connector 90
Amazon S3 91

iv | Table of Contents
 External Web Tables 92
Additional Resources 93

9. Optimizing Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Fast Query Response Explained 95
GPORCA Recent Accomplishments 100
Additional Resources 101

Table of Contents | v
 Foreword to the Second Edition

My journey with Pivotal began in 2014 at Morgan Stanley, where I

am the global head of database engineering. We wanted to address
two challenges:

• The ever-increasing volume and velocity of data that needed to

be acquired, processed, and stored for long periods of time
(more than seven years, in some cases)
• The need to satisfy the growing ad hoc query requirements of
our business users

Nearly all the data in this problem space was structured, and our
user base and business intelligence tool suite used the universal lan‐
guage of SQL. Upon analysis, we realized that we needed a new data
store to resolve these issues.
A team of experienced technology professionals spanning multiple
organizational levels evaluated the pain points of our current data
store product suite in order to select the next-generation platform.
The team’s charter was to identify the contenders, define a set of
evaluation criteria, and perform an impartial evaluation. Some of
the key requirements for this new data store were that the product
could easily scale, provide dramatic query response time improve‐
ments, be ACID and ANSI compliant, leverage deep data compres‐
sion, and support a software-only implementation model. We also
needed a vendor that had real-world enterprise experience, under‐
stood the problem space, and could meet our current and future
needs. We conducted a paper exercise on 12 products followed by
two comprehensive proofs-of-concept (PoCs) with our key applica‐
tion stakeholders. We tested each product’s utility suite (load,

vii
unload, backup, restore), its scalability capability along with linear
query performance, and the product’s ability to recover seamlessly
from server crashes (high availability) without causing an applica‐
tion outage. This extensive level of testing allowed us to gain an inti‐
mate knowledge of the products, how to manage them, and even
some insight into how their service organizations dealt with soft‐
ware defects. We chose Greenplum due to its superior query perfor‐
mance using a columnar architecture, ease of migration and server
management, parallel in-database analytics, the product’s vision and
roadmap, and strong management commitment and financial back‐
ing.
Supporting our Greenplum decision was Pivotal’s commitment to
our success. Our users had strict timelines for their migration to the
Greenplum platform. During the POC and our initial stress tests, we
discovered some areas that required improvement. Our deployment
schedule was aggressive, and software fixes and updates were
needed at a faster cadence than Greenplum’s previous software-
release cycle. Scott Yara, one of Greenplum’s founders, was actively
engaged with our account, and he responded to our needs by assign‐
ing Ivan Novick, Greenplum’s current product manager, to work
with us and adapt their processes to meet our need for faster soft‐
ware defect repair and enhancement delivery. This demonstrated
Pivotal’s strong customer focus and commitment to Morgan Stanley.
To improve the working relationship even further and align our
engineering teams, Pivotal established a Pivotal Tracker (issue
tracker, similar to Jira) account, which shortened the feedback loop
and improved Morgan Stanley’s communication with the Pivotal
engineering teams. We had direct access to key engineers and visi‐
bility into their sprints. This close engagement allowed us to do
more with Greenplum at a faster pace.
Our initial Greenplum projects were highly successful and our plant
doubled annually. The partnership with Pivotal evolved and Pivotal
agreed to support our introduction of Postgres into our environ‐
ment, even though Postgres was not a Pivotal offering at the time.
As we became customer zero on Pivotal Postgres, we aligned our
online transaction processing (OLTP) and big data analytic offerings
on a Postgres foundation. Eventually, Pivotal would go all in with
Postgres by open sourcing Greenplum and offering Pivotal Postgres
as a generally available product. Making Greenplum the first open
source massively parallel processing (MPP) database built on Post‐

viii | Foreword to the Second Edition

gres gave customers direct access to the code base and allowed Pivo‐
tal to tap into the extremely vibrant and eager community that
wanted to promote Postgres and the open source paradigm. This
showed Pivotal’s commitment to open source and allowed them to
leverage open source code for core Postgres features and direct their
focus on key distinguishing features of Greenplum such as an MPP
optimizer, replicated tables, workload manager (WLM), range parti‐
tioning, and graphical user interface (GUI) command center.
Greenplum continues to integrate their product with key open
source compute paradigms. For example, with the Pivotal’s Platform
Extension Framework (PXF), Greenplum can read and write to
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and its various popular
formats such as Parquet. Greenplum also has read/write connectors
to Spark and Kafka. In addition, Greenplum has not neglected the
cloud, where they have the capability to write to an Amazon Web
Services (AWS) Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) object
store and have hybrid cloud solutions that run on any of the major
cloud vendors. The cloud management model is appealing to Mor‐
gan Stanley because managing large big data platforms on-premises
is challenging. The cloud offers near-instant provisioning, flexible
and reliable hardware options, near-unlimited scalability, and snap‐
shot backups. Pivotal’s strategic direction of leveraging open source
Postgres and investing in the cloud aligns with Morgan Stanley’s
strategic vision.
The Morgan Stanley Greenplum plant is in the top five of the
Greenplum customer footprints due to the contributions of many
teams within Morgan Stanley. As our analytic compute require‐
ments grow and evolve, Morgan Stanley will continue to leverage
technology to solve complex business problems and drive innova‐
tion.

— Howard Goldberg
Executive Director
Global Head of Database Engineering
Morgan Stanley

Foreword to the Second Edition | ix

 Foreword to the First Edition

In the mid-1980s, the phrase “data warehouse” was not in use. The
concept of collecting data from disparate sources, finding a histori‐
cal record, and then integrating it all into one repository was barely
technically possible. The biggest relational databases in the world
did not exceed 50 GB in size. The microprocessor revolution was
just getting underway, and two companies stood out: Tandem,
which lashed together microprocessors and distributed online trans‐
action processing (OLTP) across the cluster; and Teradata, which
clustered microprocessors and distributed data to solve the big data
problem. Teradata was named from the concept of a terabyte of data
—1,000 GB—an unimaginable amount of data at the time.
Until the early 2000s Teradata owned the big data space, offering its
software on a cluster of proprietary servers that scaled beyond its
original 1 TB target. The database market seemed set and stagnant,
with Teradata at the high end; Oracle and Microsoft’s SQL Server
product in the OLTP space; and others working to hold on to their
diminishing share.
But in 1999, a new competitor, soon to be renamed Netezza, entered
the market with a new proprietary hardware design and a new
indexing technology, and began to take market share from Teradata.
By 2005, other competitors, encouraged by Netezza’s success,
entered the market. Two of these entrants are noteworthy. In 2003,
Greenplum entered the market with a product based on Post‐
greSQL; it utilized the larger memory in modern servers to good
effect with a data flow architecture, and reduced costs by deploying
on commodity hardware. In 2005, Vertica was founded based on a

xi
major reengineering of the columnar architecture first implemented
by Sybase. The database world would never again be stagnant.
This book is about Greenplum, and there are several important
characteristics of this technology that are worth pointing out.
The concept of flowing data from one step in the query execution
plan to another without writing it to disk was not invented at Green‐
plum, but it implemented this concept effectively. This resulted in a
significant performance advantage.
Just as important, Greenplum elected to deploy on regular, nonpro‐
prietary hardware. This provided several advantages. First, Green‐
plum did not need to spend R&D dollars engineering systems. Next,
customers could buy hardware from their favorite providers using
any volume purchase agreements that they already might have had
in place. In addition, Greenplum could take advantage of the fact
that the hardware vendors tended to leapfrog one another in price
and performance every four to six months. Greenplum was achiev‐
ing a 5–15% price/performance boost several times a year—for free.
Finally, the hardware vendors became a sales channel. Big players
like IBM, Dell, and HP would push Greenplum over other players if
they could make the hardware sale.
Building Greenplum on top of PostgreSQL was also noteworthy. Not
only did this allow Greenplum to offer a mature product much
sooner, it could use system administration, backup and restore, and
other PostgreSQL assets without incurring the cost of building them
from scratch. The architecture of PostgreSQL, which was designed
for extensibility by a community, provided a foundation from which
Greenplum could continuously grow core functionality.
Vertica was proving that a full implementation of a columnar archi‐
tecture offered a distinct advantage for complex queries against big
data, so Greenplum quickly added a sophisticated columnar capabil‐
ity to its product. Other vendors were much slower to react and
then could only offer parts of the columnar architecture in response.
The ability to extend the core paid off quickly, and Greenplum’s
implementation of columnar still provides a distinct advantage in
price and performance.
Further, Greenplum saw an opportunity to make a very significant
advance in the way big data systems optimize queries, and thus the
GPORCA optimizer was developed and deployed.

xii | Foreword to the First Edition

During the years following 2006, these advantages paid off and
Greenplum’s market share grew dramatically until 2010.
In early 2010, the company decided to focus on a part of the data
warehouse space for which sophisticated analytics were the key. This
strategy was in place when EMC acquired Greenplum in the middle
of that year. The EMC/Greenplum match was odd. First, the niche
approach toward analytics and away from data warehousing and big
data would not scale to the size required by such a large enterprise.
Next, the fundamental shared-nothing architecture was an odd fit in
a company whose primary products were shared storage devices.
Despite this, EMC worked diligently to make a fit and it made a sig‐
nificant financial investment to make it go. In 2011, Greenplum
implemented a new strategy and went “all-in” on Hadoop. It was no
longer “all-in” on the Greenplum Database.
In 2013, EMC spun the Greenplum division into a new company,
Pivotal Software. From that time to the present, several important
decisions were made with regard to the Greenplum Database.
Importantly, the product is now open sourced. Like many open
source products, the bulk of the work is done by Pivotal, but a com‐
munity is growing. The growth is fueled by another important deci‐
sion: to reemphasize the use of PostgreSQL at the core.
The result of this is a vibrant Greenplum product that retains the
aforementioned core value proposition—the product runs on hard‐
ware from your favorite supplier; the product is fast and supports
both columnar and tabular tables; the product is extensible; and Piv‐
otal has an ambitious plan in place that is feasible.
The bottom line is that the Greenplum Database is capable of win‐
ning any fair competition and should be considered every time.
I am a fan.

— Rob Klopp
Ex-CIO, US Social Security Administration
Author of The Database Fog Blog

Foreword to the First Edition | xiii

 Preface

Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum, the open source massively parallel

analytic database.

Why Are We Rewriting This Book?

Greenplum has come a long way since we wrote this book in 2016.
There have been two major releases: version 5, in 2017, and version
6, announced in March 2019. While the basic principles of using
Pivotal Greenplum as an analytic data warehouse have not changed,
there are many new features that simply did not exist at the time of
the first edition of this book. Some changes for this edition are in
response to Greenplum customer requests. Others have arisen from
analysis of code users have sent in. Yet others are derived from Pivo‐
tal’s project to move Greenplum to more recent versions of Post‐
greSQL than the version used as a base more than a decade ago.
New features will be highlighted where discussed in the book with a
note that looks like this:

New in Greenplum Version 6

This feature first appears in Greenplum version 6.

In addition, technology changes in the past two years have opened

up new approaches to building Greenplum clusters. These are dis‐
cussed in Chapter 3. The tools available to do analytics have also
grown and are discussed in Chapter 6. Greenplum Command Cen‐
ter has added many new capabilities that are discussed in Chapter 7.

xv
The need to do federated queries and integrate data from a wide
variety of sources has led to new tools for using and ingesting data
into Greenplum. This is discussed in the Chapter 8.

Why Did We Write This Book in the First Place?

When we at Pivotal decided to open-source the Pivotal Greenplum
Database, we decided that an open source software project should
have more information than that found in online documentation.
As a result, we believed we should provide a nontechnical introduc‐
tion to Greenplum that does not live on a vendor’s website. Many
other open source projects, especially those under the Apache Soft‐
ware Foundation, have books, and as Greenplum is an important
project, it should as well. Our goal is to introduce the features and
architecture of Greenplum to a wider audience.

Who Are the “We”?

Marshall Presser is the lead author of this book, but many others at
Pivotal have contributed content, advice, editing, proofreading, sug‐
gestions, topics, and so on. Their names are listed in the Acknowl‐
edgments section and, when appropriate, in sections where they
have written extensively. It takes a village to raise a child, and it can
take a crowd to source a book.

Who Should Read This Book?

Anyone with a background in IT, relational databases, big data, or
analytics can profit from reading this book. It is not designed for
experienced Greenplum users who are interested in the more tech‐
nical features or those expecting detailed technical discussion of
optimal query and loading performance, and so on. We provide
pointers to more detailed information if you’re interested in a
deeper dive.

What the Book Covers

This book covers the basic features of the Greenplum Database,
beginning with an introduction to the Greenplum architecture and
then describing data organization and storage, data loading, running
queries, and doing analytics in the database, including text analytics.

xvi | Preface
In addition, there is material on monitoring and managing Green‐
plum, deployment options, and some other topics as well.

What It Doesn’t Cover

We don’t cover query tuning, memory management, best practices
for indexes, adjusting the collection of database parameters (known
as GUCs), or converting to Greenplum from other relational data‐
base systems. These topics and others are all valuable, but they are
covered elsewhere and would bog down this introduction with too
much detail.

Where You Can Find More Information

At the end of each chapter, there is a section pointing to more infor‐
mation on the topic.

How to Read This Book

It’s been our experience that a good understanding of the Green‐
plum architecture goes a long way. An understanding of the basic
architecture makes the sections on data distribution and data load‐
ing seem intuitive. Conversely, a lack of understanding of the archi‐
tecture will make the rest of the book more difficult to comprehend.
We would suggest that you begin with Chapter 1 and Chapter 4 and
then peruse the rest of the book as your interests dictate. If you pre‐
fer, you’re welcome to start at the beginning and work your way in
chronological order to the end. That works, too!

Acknowledgments
I owe a huge debt to my colleagues at Pivotal who helped explicitly
with this work and from whom I’ve learned so much in my years at
Pivotal and Greenplum. I cannot name them all, but you know who
you are.
Special callouts to the section contributors (in alphabetical order by
last name):

• Oak Barrett for Greenplum Management Tools

• Kaushik Das for Data Science on Greenplum

Preface | xvii
 • Scott Kahler for Greenplum Management Tools
• John Knapp for Greenplum-GemFire Connector
• Jing Li for Greenplum Command Center
• Frank McQuillan for Data Science on Greenplum
• Venkatesh Raghavan for GPORCA, Optimizing Query
Response
• Craig Sylvester and Bharath Sitaraman for GP Text

Other contributors, reviewers, and colleagues:

• Jim Campbell, Craig Sylvester, Venkatesh Raghavan, and Frank

McQuillan for their yeoman work in reading the text and help‐
ing improve it no end
• Cesar Rojas for encouraging Pivotal to back the book project
• Jacque Istok and Dormain Drewitz for encouraging me to write
this book
• Ivan Novick especially for the Greenplum list of achievements
and the Agile development information
• Elisabeth Hendrickson for her really useful content suggestions
• Bob Glithero for working out some marketing issues
• Jon Roberts, Scott Kahler, Mike Goddard, Derek Comingore,
Louis Mugnano, Rob Eckhardt, Ivan Novick, and Dan Baskette
for the questions they answered

Other commentators:

• Stanley Sung
• Amil Khanzada
• Jianxia Chen
• Kelly Indrieri
• Omer Arap

And, especially, Nancy Sherman, who put up with me while I was

writing this book and encouraged me when things weren’t going
well, and Craig Sylvester, my longtime colleague at Pivotal who hel‐
ped me enormously and graciously supplied me with his delicious
homemade beef jerky.

xviii | Preface
 CHAPTER 1
Introducing the Greenplum
Database

There are many databases available. Why did the founders of Green‐
plum feel the need to create another? A brief history of the problem
they solved, the company they built, and the product architecture
will answer these questions.

Problems with the Traditional Data

Warehouse
Sometime near the end of the twentieth century, there was a notion
in the data community that the traditional relational data warehouse
was floundering. As data volumes began to increase in size, the data
warehouses of the time were beginning to run out of power and not
scaling up in performance. Data loads were struggling to fit in their
allotted time slots. More complicated analysis of the data was often
pushed to analytic workstations, and the data transfer times were a
significant fraction of the total analytic processing times. Further‐
more, given the technology of the time, the analytics had to be run
in-memory, and memory sizes were often only a fraction of the size
of the data. This led to sampling the data, which can work well for
some techniques but not for others, such as outlier detection. Ad
hoc queries on the data presented performance challenges to the
warehouse. The database community sought to provide responses to
these challenges.

1
Exploring the Variety of Random
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Summer 2023 - College

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Date: July 28, 2025

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- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 16: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 20: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 34: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Background 6: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 52: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 57: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 70: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 72: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 75: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 9: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 80: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 89: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 10: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 91: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 94: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 11: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 105: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 106: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 12: Best practices and recommendations
Example 110: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 112: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 114: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 115: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 115: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 13: Key terms and definitions
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 125: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 126: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 14: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 132: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 134: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 137: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 15: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 141: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 147: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 147: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 149: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 150: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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