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Poetry, Photography, Ekphrasis
Poetry, Photography, Ekphrasis

Lyrical Representations of Photographs


from the 19th Century to the Present

Andrew D. Miller

LI V ERPOOL U NI V ERSIT Y PRESS


First published 2015 by
Liverpool University Press
4 Cambridge Street
Liverpool L69 7ZU

Copyright © 2015 Andrew D. Miller

The right of Andrew D. Miller to be identified as the author of this book has
been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a


retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data


A British Library CIP record is available

ISBN 978-1-78138-190-8 cased


epdf ISBN 978-1-78138-467-1

Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster


Printed and bound by BooksFactory.co.uk
For my wife, Inge, and our daughters,
Hannah, Emily and Eva
Contents

Contents

List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of Permissions xiii
Copyright Disclaimer xvii
A Note on the Presence of Translations and Poems in their
Original Languages xviii

Introduction 1
1 That Which Will Not Perish into Art: the Chronotope of
the Photograph 9
2 The Ekphrasis of the Cicerone: the 19th Century 20
3 The Snapshot Elegy 70
4 The Suppressed Ekphrasis 104
5 The Ekphrasis of Iconic Photographs 136
6 The Ekphrastic Calligram 171
7 The Anti-Ekphrasis: Larry Levis’s “Sensationalism” 217
8 The Speaking Photograph 230
9 The Shadow of the Former Self 250
10 The Photoshopped Image: the Ekphrases of Digital
Photographs 290
Coda: Sallie in her Byzantine Mirror 312

Bibliography 318
Index 328
Illustrations

Illustrations

1. David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, “Mrs. Elizabeth


Hall of New Haven, Scotland,” 1842 10
2. William Kennedy Dickson, “Clip from Kinetoscope of Pope
Leo XIII,” 1898 24
3. Secondo Pia, “Negative of the Shroud of Turin,” 1898, Museo
Della Sindone, Turin 26
4. Mathew Brady and F. D’Avignon, “John C. Frémont,”
lithograph taken from photographic print, 1850, C.E. Lester
and M.B. Brady, The Gallery of Illustrious Americans,
Containing the Portraits and Biographical Sketches of
Twenty-four of the Most Eminent citizens of the American
Republic, since the death of Washington. From Daguerrotypes
by Brady—Engraved by D’Avignon. Edited by C.E. Lester.
New York: C.E. Lester and M.B. Brady, 1850 35
5. Mathew Brady, “General Winfield Scott Hancock,” 1864 42
6. Unknown photographer, “Herman Melville,” 1860 45
7. Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), “Self-Portrait,” 1875 51
8. Arthur B. Frost, The Older Son, Illustration from Lewis
Carroll, Rhyme? And Reason? London: Macmillan, 1887 56
9. Unknown photographer, “Walt Whitman,” June 1887 61
10. Unknown photographer, “Portrait of Catherine Christ,” c. 1859 84
11. Unknown photographer, “Paper Nautilus” 111
12. Museum Collection Photograph, “Grauballe Man” 124
x Poetry, Photography, Ekphrasis

13. P.V. Glob, “Grauballe Man’s excavation,” 1952 125


14. Unknown photographer, “The Dying Gaul” 127
15. Gilles Peress, “Northern Ireland, Londonderry, Bloody
Sunday,” 1972 133
16. Huỳnh Công (Nick Ut), “The Terror of War (Vietnam,
Napalm, Trang Bang),” 1972 140
17. US Army photographer, “Norma Jeane Mortenson (Marilyn
Monroe),” Yanks Magazine, 1945 162
18. Arnold Newman, “Marilyn Monroe, Hollywood California,”
1962 163
19. Ander Gunn, “Photograph #35,” Positives, 1966 178
20. Ander Gunn, “Photograph #36,” Positives, 1966 179
21. Nadar, “Charles Baudelaire,” 1857 189
22. Aaron Siskind, “Gloucester 114,” 1944 200
23. Josef Koudelka, “Untitled,” 1968, Josef Koudelka, Gypsies 218
24. Unknown photographer, “Joseph Goebbels and Hermann
Goering,” 1943, War Primer 235
25. Unknown photographer, “Helmets,” 1943, War Primer 237
26. Unknown photographer, “Mad Soldier,” 1943, War Primer 239
27. Edward Curtis, “The Women of the Desert,” 1904 241
28. Unknown photographer, “Table Prepared for a Meal” 317
Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

What qualities this book might be said to have originate from diverse
sources. In its original form, it was a dissertation submitted through the
Department of English, German and Romantic Studies of the University
of Copenhagen in the winter of 2009. There, its ideas and eventual
content were developed under the supervision of three fine senior
scholars, Professor Justine Edwards (University of Surrey), Dr. Lene
Østermark-Johansen (Copenhagen University) and Professor Charles
Lock (Copenhagen University). Each of them deserves thanks and credit
for what appears here; however, special thanks must be given to Charles
Lock, whose passion, knowledge and insights have known no bounds.
In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder describes the birth of painting as
originating in the myth of the potter, Boutades, and Boutades’ daughter.
Upon the departure of her lover, the daughter traces the youth’s profile on
a wall, so that she can have an image by which she can remember him.
After the youth’s death, Boutades comes to this skiagram, fashioning over
it a clay relief. Boutades then paints this relief, giving it color, character
and expression. Lending this study his passion, insights, knowledge and
faith, Professor Lock has been the Boutades to what was in many ways
but a shadow.
Additional thanks must also be given to the kind assistance of the
late John Hollander, who pointed me in the direction of the critic Mary
Price. Hollander also suggested I examine the poems of Herman Melville,
Lewis Carroll and Richard Howard. Thanks must be extended to Claus
Clüver, whom I consulted in the early stages of this study; to Norman
Bryson, who first recognized the connection between my study and the
acheiropoietos; and to Stephen Cheeke, who gave me a manuscript copy
xii Poetry, Photography, Ekphrasis

of one of the chapters of his own recent book on ekphrasis so that I


might employ his critical insights in support of my own. I would also
like to thank Professor Tim Kendall and Professor Patricia Rae for their
generous comments when they were the opponents of this study in its
form as a PhD thesis. One final thanks must be extended to Cambridge
University’s Journal of American Studies, which, in 2012, published as
an article (in an abbreviated form) the sub-chapter “Favoring Nature:
Herman Melville’s ‘On the Photograph of a Corps Commander.’”
This meant that the insights of the journal’s peer-review readers also
contributed to the quality of that sub-chapter’s discussion.
In addition to the scholarly assistance of these supervisors and
researchers, I am indebted to the novelist Paula Champa, whose skills
as an editor have brought style and grace to this study. Since I began
writing the book, readability has been in the forefront of my mind;
however, my writing did not live up to that aspiration. Paul Champa
lovingly shepherded my often wandering and academic prose and lent
to it the precision and rhythm of a novelist’s touch. She gave the study
her insights as a creative writer and also her encouragement as a scholar.
Thanks must also be given to James Martin for his critical and editorial
insights into the chapter about Thom and Ander Gunn’s Positives. James
also took on the task of indexing the book, and he did this work with
skill and remarkable speed.
Finally, thanks go to my family: my wife, Inge, and our three daughters
Hannah, Emily and Eva, who sacrificed their time with me and who
supported me through many difficulties. I cannot express the gratitude
and love I have for them.
Permissions

Permissions

Illustrations

Figure 1. David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, “Mrs. Elizabeth


Hall of New Haven, Scotland,” 1842. Courtesy of the Victoria and
Albert Museum.
Figure 2. William Kennedy Dickson, “Clip from Kinetoscope of Pope
Leo XIII,” 1898. Courtesy of The Library of Congress.
Figure 3. Secondo Pia, “Negative of the Shroud of Turin,” 1898, Museo
Della Sindone, Turin. Open source image.
Figure 4. Mathew Brady and F. D’Avignon, “John C. Frémont,”
lithograph taken from photographic print, 1850, C.E. Lester and
M.B. Brady, The Gallery of Illustrious Americans, Containing the
Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Twenty-four of the Most Eminent
citizens of the American Republic, since the death of Washington. From
Daguerrotypes by Brady—Engraved by D’Avignon. Edited by C.E. Lester.
New York: C.E. Lester and M.B. Brady, 1850. Courtesy of The Library
of Congress.
Figure 5. Mathew Brady, “General Winfield Scott Hancock,” 1864,
Courtesy of The Library of Congress.
Figure 6. Unknown photographer, “Herman Melville,” 1860, Courtesy
of The Library of Congress.
Figure 7. Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), “Self-Portrait,” 1875.
Courtesy of the Science and Society Picture Library, London.
Figure 8. Arthur B. Frost, The Older Son, Illustration from Lewis
Carroll, Rhyme? And Reason? London: Macmillan, 1887. Open source
image.
xiv Poetry, Photography, Ekphrasis

Figure 9. Unknown photographer, “Walt Whitman,” June 1887.


Courtesy of The Library of Congress.
Figure 10. Unknown photographer, “Portrait of Catherine Christ,”
c. 1859, Courtesy of Geoffrey Batchen.
Figure 11. Unknown photographer, “Paper Nautilus.” Courtesy of Super
Stock.
Figure 12. Museum Collection Photograph, “Grauballe Man.” Courtesy
of Moesgaard Museum, Aarhus, Denmark.
Figure 13. P.V. Glob, “Grauballe Man’s excavation,” 1952. Courtesy of
Moesgaard Museum, Aarhus, Denmark.
Figure 14. Unknown photographer, “The Dying Gaul.” Courtesy of
Cambridge Archeological Museum.
Figure 15. Gilles Peress, “Northern Ireland, Londonderry, Bloody
Sunday,” 1972. Courtesy of Magnum Images, London.
Figure 16. Huỳnh Công (Nick Ut), “The Terror of War (Vietnam,
Napalm, Trang Bang),” 1972. Courtesy of AP Images.
Figure 17. US Army photographer, “Norma Jeane Mortenson (Marilyn
Monroe),” Yanks Magazine, 1945. Open source image.
Figure 18. Arnold Newman, “Marilyn Monroe, Hollywood California,”
1962. Courtesy of Getty Images.
Figure 19. Ander Gunn, “Photograph #35,” Positives, 1966. Courtesy of
Ander Gunn.
Figure 20. Ander Gunn, “Photograph #36,” Positives, 1966. Courtesy of
Ander Gunn.
Figure 21. Nadar, “Charles Baudelaire,” 1857. Open source image.
Figure 22. Aaron Siskind, “Gloucester 114,” 1944. Courtesy of The
Aaron Siskind Foundation.
Figure 23. Josef Koudelka, “Untitled,” 1968, Josef Koudelka, Gypsies.
Courtesy of Magnum Images, London.
Figure 24. Unknown photographer, “Joseph Goebbels and Hermann
Goering,” 1943, War Primer. Courtesy of Libris Press.
Figure 25. Unknown photographer, “Helmets,” 1943, War Primer.
Courtesy of Libris Press.
Permissions xv

Figure 26. Unknown photographer, “Mad Soldier,” 1943, War Primer.


Courtesy of Libris Press.
Figure 27. Edward Curtis, “The Women of the Desert,” 1904. Courtesy
of Library of Congress.
Figure 28. Unknown photographer, “Table Prepared for a Meal.” Open
source image.

Texts

The following lists only texts where copyrights were required. Open
source texts and briefly cited texts are not listed.
1. Adam Thorpe, “Navaho.” Courtesy of Adam Thorpe.
2. Bertolt Brecht, poems from “War Primer.” Courtesy of Libris Press.
3. Ernesto Cardenal, “Prayer for Marilyn Monroe.” Courtesy of New
Directions.
4. Ivor Gurney, “Photographs.” Courtesy of Carcanet Press.
5. John Ashbery, “The Picture of Little J.A. in a Prospect of Flowers.”
Courtesy of Faber and Faber.
6. John Logan, “On a Photograph by Aaron Siskind.” Courtesy of
Logan’s Estate.
7. Kate Daniels, “War Photograph.” Courtesy of University of Pittsburg
Press.
8. Larry Levis, “Sensationalism.” Courtesy of Levis’s Estate.
9. Marianne Moore, “The Paper Nautilus.” Courtesy of Faber and
Faber.
10. Philip Larkin, “Lines on a Young Lady’s Photograph Album.”
Courtesy of Faber and Faber.
11. Richard Howard, “Charles Baudelaire.” Courtesy of Glen Harley.
12. Robert Penn Warren, “Old Photograph of the Future.” Courtesy of
William Morris.
13. Seamus Heaney, “Grauballe Man.” Courtesy of Faber and Faber.
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