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Introduction to Tectonics and Structural
Geology: Indian Context

Soumyajit Mukherjee

1 Summary of Different Chapters

Tectonics and structural geology of Indian terrain is of great interest to the

Government and a number of private exploration agencies that are working pre-
sently. This edited volume aims to meet this requirement. In addition, B.Sc. and M.
Sc. geoscience students undergoing geohistory and/or tectonic courses would
benefit using this book.
This edited volume brings 16 research papers (Chaps. 2–17) from both academia
and industry.
Mukherjee et al. (2019) in Chap. 2 present an exhaustive review on the geology
and the geochronology and of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC).
They classify the CGGC into three domains, and also comment on the
India-Antarctica reconstruction.
Padmalal et al. (2019) in Chap. 3 perform morphologic dating of the seismo-
genic Allah Bund Fault scarp as 208, 200, and 193 yrs B.P. These dates establish
reliably that those scarps were produced by the 1819 earthquake.
Patil Pillai and Kale (2019) in Chap. 4 detail the sedimentation and the tectonic
histories of the Kaladgi Purana (Proterozoic) basin. The basin in the first stage
underwent sagging. A nested continental sag basin formed afterward.
Babar et al. (2019) in Chap. 5 describe with several field photographs the
deformation features near the basement granites around Degloor (Maharashtra).
They work out the stress regime and the stress axes orientations. One can compare
these findings with the Deccan tectonics as well by going through Misra et al.
(2014, 2015), Misra and Mukherjee (2015, 2017), etc.

S. Mukherjee (&)
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai
400076, Maharashtra, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

S. Mukherjee (ed.), Tectonics and Structural Geology: Indian Context,
Springer Geology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99341-6_1

[email protected]
2 S. Mukherjee

In their very detailed review on the Bengal basin, Hossain et al. (2019) in
Chap. 6 present the basic division of this basin, fault distribution, and how these
divisions evolved temporally with or without volcanism.
Goswami and Upadhyay (2019) in Chap. 7 study the structural geology and
geochemistry of the Kadiri schist belt (Cuddapah) and decipher an ocean-continent
subduction tectonics and a volcanic arc setting of the terrain.
Detailed field investigation of the structural geology of the Nallamalai Fold Belt
(Cuddapah) by Tripathy et al. (2019) in Chap. 8 reveals a Pan-African thin-skinned
tectonics, which link with the tectonics of the East Gondwana fragments.
Multi disciplinary geoscientific studies by Mazumder et al. (2019) in Chap. 9
reveal that a number of E trending steeply dipping shear zones pass through the
northern part of the Cauvery Basin that was later reactivated.
Dasgupta (2019) in Chap. 10 reviews the Cauvery basin’s tectonics. Half gra-
bens in its all the three sub basins signify a rift origin of the basin. This article
analyzes the transfer zone geometries from the Cauvery basin that are crucial in
developing hydrocarbon trap conditions.
Misra et al. (2019) in Chap. 11 study the field structural geology of the Ramgarh
impact structure (SE Rajasthan), and especially its fracture patterns. They conclude
that impacting happened at the palaeo-channel of the river Parvati.
Dinkar et al. (2019) in Chap. 12 describe in detail field structural geology from
the Lalitpur district (Uttar Pradesh). The notable information are E/ENE trending
axial traces and Proterozoic to Neoproterozoic reactivation plausible in the southern
part of the study area.
Singh and Awasthi (2019) in Chap. 13 discuss the tectonics of the Kangra region
(Himachal Pradesh), which is presumably devoid of any weak layer below itself.
Overpressure condition at depth possibly due to fluid activity had helped to
propagate this crustal wedge towards the foreland side.
Kumar et al. (2019a) in Chap. 14 describe from the field along with attractive
photographs the damage zone associated with the Munsiari Thrust, a strand of the
Main Central Thrust, from the Mandakini river section, Higher Himalaya. The
authors document more landslides from the damage zone and perform engineering
geological studies from such zones.
Mahato et al. (2019) in Chap. 15 perform detailed field studies from the
Mussoorie syncline and the nearby regions from the Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya.
Top-to-N/NE back shear and Himalayan arc-parallel shears (such as top-to-NW) are
the new meso scale findings in this work.
Banerjee et al. (2019) in Chap. 16 too document orogen-parallel shear from the
Darjeeling Group of rocks from the Sikkim Lesser Himalaya. A more detail work
from the same research group has been submitted in a journal where such defor-
mation is reported from the Siwalik Himalaya (Dutta et al. submitted).
Kumar et al. (2019b) in Chap. 17 discuss the database of lead (Pb) content in the
Indian Gondwana coal (207Pb/206 Pb = 0.7150–0.8845; 208Pb/206 Pb = 1.9484–
2.2231; Pb concentration = 3.2–566 mg kg−1). This study will have a far-reaching
implication in India-Antarctica plate reconstruction.

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Introduction 3

Readers without any instructors, especially students (in some unfortunate cases),
are requested to go through few recent books on structural geological and tectonic
principles and Indian case studies (e.g., Sharma 2010; Mukherjee 2013a, b, 2014,
2015a, b; Mukherjee et al. 2017; Mukherjee and Mulchrone 2015; Mukherjee et al.
2015, 2017; Valdiya 2016; Bose and Mukherjee 2017; Dasgupta and Mukherjee
2017; Chetty 2018; Misra and Mukherjee 2018; Roy and Purohit 2018; Acharyya,
in press) before going through this book.
Refer this book as follows:
• Mukherjee S (2019) Tectonics and Structural Geology: Indian Context.
Springer International Publishing AG, Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9.
pp. 1–455.
Refer individual chapters of this book as follows:
• Banerjee S, Bose N, Mukherjee S (2019) Field structural geological studies
around Kurseong, Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India. In: Mukherjee S
(ed) Tectonics and Structural Geology: Indian context. Springer International
Publishing AG, Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9. pp. 425–440.

References

Acharyya SK (in press) Tectonic setting and Gondwana Basin architecture in the Indian Shield. In:
Mukherjee S (eds) Developments in structural geology and tectonics. Elsevier.
ISBN: 978-0-12-815218-8
Babar MD, Kaplay RD, Mukherjee S, Mahato S, Gurav C (2019) NE-SW strike-slip fault in the
granitoid from the margin of the South East Dharwar Craton, Degloor, Nanded district,
Maharashtra, India. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context.
Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 115–134. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Banerjee S, Bose N, Mukherjee S (2019) Field structural geological studies around Kurseong,
Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology:
Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 425–440. ISBN
978-3-319-99340-9
Bose N, Mukherjee S (2017) Map interpretation for structural geologists. In: Mukherjee S
(ed) Developments in structural geology and tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN:
978-0-12-809681-9. ISSN: 2542-9000
Chetty TRK (2018) Proterozic orogens of India: a critical Window to Gondwana. Elsevier,
Amsterdam. ISBN: 9780128044414
Dasgupta S (2019) Implication of transfer zones in rift fault propagation: example from Cauvery
basin, Indian east coast. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian
contexts. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 313–326. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Dasgupta S, Mukherjee S (2017) Brittle shear tectonics in a narrow continental rift: asymmetric
non-volcanic Barmer basin (Rajasthan, India). The Journal of Geology 125, 561–591
Dinkar GK, Bhattacharya AR, Verma AK, Sharma P (2019) Geology, structural architecture and
tectonic framework of the rocks of Southern Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India: an epitome
of the Indian Peninsular Shield. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian
context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 353–379. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9

[email protected]
4 S. Mukherjee

Dutta D, Biswas T, Mukherjee S (Submitted) Orogen-parallel compression in NW Himalaya:

evidence from structural and paleostress studies of brittle deformation from the pebbles of
Upper Siwalik conglomerates, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Earth System Science
Goswami S, Upadhyay PK (2019) Tectonic history of the granitoids and Kadiri schist belt in the
SW of Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Tectonic history of the granitoids and Kadiri
schist belt in the SW of Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. In: Mukherjee S
(ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG,
Cham, pp 253–278. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Hossain MS, Khan MSH, Chowdhury KR, Abdullah R (2019) Synthesis of the tectonic and
structural elements of the Bengal Basin and its surroundings. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics
and structural geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 135–
218. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Kumar M, Joshi RC, Dutt Pant P (2019a) Impact of structural damage zones on slope stability: a
case study from Mandakini Valley, Uttarakhand state (India). In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics
and structural geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 397–
410. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Kumar R, Ghosh JG, Patel SS, Das A, Sengupta S, Krishna KVSS, Guha D (2019b) Pb—isotopic
characterization of major Indian Gondwana Coalfields: implications for environmental
fingerprinting and Gondwana reconstruction. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural
geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 441–455. ISBN
978-3-319-99340-9
Mahato S, Mukherjee S, Bose N (2019) Documentation of brittle structures (back shear and
arc-parallel shear) from Sategal and Dhanaulti regions of the Garhwal Lesser Himalaya
(Uttarakhand, India). In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context.
Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 411–423. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Mazumder S, Tep B, Pangtey KKS, Mitra DS (2019) Basement tectonics and shear zones in
Cauvery Basin (India): implications in hydrocarbon exploration. In: Mukherjee S
(ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG,
Cham, pp 279–311. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Misra AA, Bhattacharya G, Mukherjee S, Bose N (2014) Near N-S paleo-extension in the western
Deccan region in India: Does it link strike-slip tectonics with India-Seychelles rifting?
International Journal of Earth Sciences 103:1645–1680
Misra AA, Mukherjee S (2015) Tectonic inheritance in continental rifts and passive margins.
Springer Briefs in Earth Sciences. ISBN 978-3-319-20576-2
Misra AA, Mukherjee S (2017) Dyke-brittle shear relationships in the Western Deccan Strike Slip
Zone around Mumbai (Maharashtra, India). In: Mukherjee S, Misra AA, Calvès G, Nemčok M
(eds) Tectonics of the Deccan large igneous province. Geological Society, London, pp 269–
295 (Special Publications 445)
Misra AA, Mukherjee S (2018) Atlas of structural geological interpretation from seismic images.
Wiley Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-119-15832-5
Misra AA, Sinha N, Mukherjee S (2015) Repeat ridge jumps and microcontinent separation:
insights from NE Arabian Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology 59, 406–428
Misra S, Srivastava PK, Arif MD (2019) Remote sensing, structural and rock magnetic analyses of
the Ramgarh structure of SE Rajasthan, Central India—further clues to its impact origin and
time of genesis. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context.
Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 327–352. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Mukherjee S (2013a) Channel flow extrusion model to constrain dynamic viscosity and Prandtl
number of the Higher Himalayan Shear Zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences 102,
1811–1835
Mukherjee S (2013b) Deformation microstructures in rocks. Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy,
Berlin, pp 1–111. ISBN 978-3-642-25608-0
Mukherjee S (2014) Atlas of shear zone structures in meso-scale. Springer Geology, Cham, pp 1–
124. ISBN 978-3-319-0088-6

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 Introduction 5

Mukherjee S (2015a) Petroleum geosciences: Indian contexts. Springer Geology. ISBN

978-3-319-03119-4
Mukherjee S (2015b) Atlas of structural geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-12-420152-1
Mukherjee S, Mulchrone KF (2015) Ductile shear zones: from micro-to macro-scales. Wiley
Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-118-84496-0
Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek PA, Mukherjee BK, Robinson DM (2015) Tectonics of the
Himalaya: an introduction. In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek P, Mukherjee BK,
Robinson D (eds) Geological Society, London, pp 1–3. ISBN 978-1-86239-703-3. ISSN
0305-8719 (Special Publications 412)
Mukherjee S, Misra AA, Calvès G, Nemčok M (2017) Tectonics of the Deccan large igneous
province: an introduction. In: Mukherjee S, Misra AA, Calvès G, Nemčok M (eds) Tectonics
of the Deccan large igneous province. Geological Society, London, pp. 1–9 (Special
Publications 445)
Mukherjee S, Dey A, Sanyal S, Sengupta P (2019) Proterozoic crustal evolution of the
Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic complex, Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal, India: current status
and future prospect. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context.
Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 7–54. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Padmalal A, Khonde N, Maurya DM, Shaikh M, Kumar A, Vanik N, Chamyal LS (2019)
Geomorphic characteristics and morphologic dating of the Allah Bund Fault scarp, Great Rann
of Kachchh, Western India. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian
context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 55–74. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Pillai SP, Kale VS (2019) Interplay between tectonics & eustasy in a Proterozoic epicratonic,
polyhistoric basin: Kaladgi basin: North Dharwar craton. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and
structural geology: Indian context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 75–114.
ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Roy AB, Purohit R (2018) Indian shield: Precambrian evolution and Phanerozoic reconstitution.
Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN: 9780128098394
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Singh T, Awasthi AK (2019) Deformation in the Kangra Reentrant, Himachal Pradesh of NW-Sub
Himalaya of India: a paradox. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian
context. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 381–396. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Tripathy V, Satyapal, Mitra SK, Sai BBS (2019) Fold-thrust belt architecture and structural
evolution of the Northern part of the Nallamalai Fold Belt, Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh,
India. In: Mukherjee S (ed) Tectonics and structural geology: Indian context. Springer
International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 219–252. ISBN 978-3-319-99340-9
Valdiya KS (2016) The making of India, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin. ISBN: 978-3-319-25029-8

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