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OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS
Paediatric
Neurology
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Oxford Specialist
Handbooks in
Paediatrics
Paediatric
Neurology
Second edition
Edited by
Rob Forsyth
Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Child Neurology
Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, UK
Richard Newton
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, UK
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2012
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published 2007
Second Edition published 2012
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 978–0–19–960363–3
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the
drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check
the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date
published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers
and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
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                       Dedication
                         For our families:
     Pip, Beth, and Ellen; Judith, Sarah, Michael, and Jennifer
              Preface to the
              second edition
     The very gratifying response to the first edition of this book has justified
     our belief in the value of a team approach: contributors with their fingers
     on the pulse of advances in our field, steadied at the helm by two editors
     with experience and perspective. It has, again, been a great privilege: never
     has Lord Acton’s advice to ‘learn as much from writing books as from
     reading them’ been better heeded!
        We have appreciated the very constructive suggestions for improvement
     of the first edition and followed them where we can. We have added
     respiratory consults to Chapter 5, and included more neuroradiology,
     diagrams, and images in situations where they offer clarity. A section on
     late-onset metabolic disease is added with an emphasis on how this group
     of disorders might catch us out.
        With an ever-increasing list of genes and autoantibodies to think about
     it is important to remember those everyday skills we carry, honed as
     juniors in our specialty: listening to what is truly being said, careful clinical
     examination, focused investigation, and above all the communication of
     understanding, reassurance, and hope to families and young people facing
     challenges they never dreamed existed. You will find due emphasis on this
     in the text.
        We trust this book will become a trusted companion. Please continue
     to tell us how it can be improved!
                                                                                   RF
                                                                                  RN
                                                                                2012
                                                                                 vii
         Preface to the
         first edition
Acknowledgements
       We are grateful to colleagues Hilary Cass and Chris O’Brien for their con-
       tributions to the sections on b p. 114 and b p. 254, respectively. Robert
       MacFarland reviewed the section on mitochondrial disease and Simon
       Bailey commented on the CNS tumour section. We thank Susan Kafka,
       Clinical Pharmacist at Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital for her expert
       review of the pharmacopoeia. Stavros Stivaros, also of Royal Manchester
       Children’s Hospital provided some MR images. Hilary Reidpath, Senior
       Technician in the Neurophysiology Department at the Royal Hospital for
       Sick Children Glasgow and Dr Ming Lai, Consultant Neurophysiologist at
       the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle kindly supplied EEG illustrations.
          We are very grateful to Nuno Cordeiro, Christian de Goede, and
       Omar Kwaja who contributed so generously to the first edition. We are
       particularly grateful to Anna Basu, Ram Kumar, and Kate Riney for detailed
       proof-reading but any remaining errors are of course our responsibility.
                                                                               RF
                                                                              RN
                                                                             2012
                                       ix
Contents
Detailed contents xi
Contributors xv
Symbols and abbreviations xvi
1   Clinical approach                    1
2   Neurodiagnostic tools               51
3   Signs and symptoms                 103
4   Specific conditions                 209
5   Consultation with other services   469
6   Emergencies                        533
7   Pharmacopoeia                      573
    Index 621
This page intentionally left blank
                                                                     xi
Detailed contents
   Contributors xv
   Symbols and abbreviations xvi
1 Clinical approach                                              1
  The consultation 2
   What, where, and when 4
   History taking 6
   Examination 8
   Higher cognitive function 13
   Cranial nerves 16
   Peripheral nervous system 25
   Neonatal neurological examination 41
   Real world examination sequences 45
   Synthesis 49
2 Neurodiagnostic tools                                         51
  Principles of investigation 52
  Principles of neuroradiology 54
  Neuroradiological anatomy 64
  Brainstem anatomy 69
  Principles of neurophysiology 70
   Peripheral neurophysiological tests 76
   Neurophysiological testing of central sensory pathways 82
   Specialist investigations 85
   Practical procedures 94
   Neuropsychological testing 99
      6 Emergencies                                533
        Acute agitation 534
        Emergency management of coma 536
        Traumatic coma 541
        Status epilepticus 544
        Status dystonicus 551
        Sudden onset visual loss 558
        The child who suddenly stops walking 559
        Acute ataxia 572
      7 Pharmacopoeia                              573
        Pharmacopoeia: A–Z 574
        Acute sedation protocols 619
        Interactions of anti-epileptic drugs 619
        Index 621
                                                                            xv
Contributors
      5FU        5-fluorouracil
      5HIAA      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      5MTHF      5-methyl terahydrofolate
      AAC        assistive/augmentative communication
      AASA       L-alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde
      ABC        airway, breathing, circulation
      ABG        arterial blood gases
      ABI        acquired brain injury
      ACE        angiotensin converting enzyme
      AChE       anticholinesterase
      AChR       acetylcholine receptor
      ACTH       adrenocorticotrophic hormone
      AD         autosomal dominant
      ADANE      autosomal dominant acute necrotising encephalopathy
      ADC        apparent diffusion coefficient (in MRI)
      ADEM       acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy
      ADHD       attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
      ADP        adenosine diphosphate
      ADI/ADOS   Autism Diagnostic Inventory/Observation Schedule
      A&E        Accident and Emergency
      AED        anti-epileptic drug
      AFB        acid-fast bacilli
      AFP        alpha-foeto protein
      AGS        Aicardi–Goutièrres syndrome
      AIDP       acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy
      AIDS       acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      ALL        acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      ALT        alanine amino-transaminase
      ALTE       acute life-threatening events
      AMAN       acute motor axonal neuropathy
      AMC        arthrogryposis multiplex congenital
      AMP        adenosine monophosphate
      AMPA(-R)   A-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic
                 acid (receptor)
      AMSAN      acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy
      ANA        antinuclear antibody
                               SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS   xvii
ANCA      antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
AOA       ataxia oculomotor ataxia
AP        anteroposterior
APD       afferent pupillary defect
AR        autosomal recessive
ART       anti-retroviral treatment
ASOT      anti-streptolysin O titre
AST       aspartate aminotransferase
AT        ataxia telangiectasia
ATM       ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein
ATP       adenosine tri-phosphate
AV        arterioventicular
AVED      ataxia with vitamin E deficiency
AVM       arteriovenous malformation
BAER/P    brainstem auditory evoked response/potential
BAS       British Ability Scales
BBB       blood–brain barrier
BCNU      bis-chloroethylnitrosourea or carmustine
BCG       Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
bd        twice daily
BECTS     benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
BFNS      benign familail neonatal seziures
BIND      bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction
BIPAP     bilevel positive airway pressure
BM        (inf.) glucose monitoring strip
BMEI      benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy
BMD       Becker muscular dystrophy
BMT       bone marrow transplant
BNF-C     British National Formulary for Children
BNS       benign neonatal syndrome
BP        blood pressure
BSD       brainstem death
CACH      childhood ataxia with CNS hypomyelination
          (Vanishing White Matter disease)
CADASIL   cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with
          subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
CAE       childhood absence epilepsy
CAMHS     child and adolescent mental health services
CBF       cerebral blood flow
CBT       cognitive-behavioural therapy
CBZ       carbamazepine
xviii   SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
        CD        controlled drug
        CDG       congenital disorder of glycosylation (also known as
                  carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome)
        CEOP      childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms
        CFAM      cerebral function analysing monitor
        CFEOM     congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
        CFS/ME    chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelopathy
        CGD       chronic granulomatous disease
        CGH       comparative genome hybridisation
        CHARGE    coloboma, heart defects, (choanal) atresia,(growth)
                  retardation, genital/urinary and ear abnormalities
                  (syndrome)
        CHAT      checklist for Autism in Toddlers
        CIDP      chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy
        CINCA     chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular
                  (syndrome)
        CIS       clinically isolatated syndrome
        CJD       Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
        CK        creatinine (phospho)kinase
        CKMB      muscle–brain isoenzyme of CK
        CMAP      compound muscle action potential
        CMD       congenital muscular dystrophy
        CMS       congenital myaesthenic syndrome
        CRMCC     cerebro-retinal microangiopathy with calcification and
                  cysts
        CMT       Charcot-Marie tooth Disease
        CMV       cytomegalovirus
        CNS       central nervous system
        CNV       copy number variant
        COACH     cerebellar vermis hypo- or aplasia, oligophrenia,
                  congenital ataxia, ocular coloboma and hepatic fibrosis
        COX       cytochrome oxidase
        CPEO      chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
        CP        cerebral palsy
        CPP       cerebral perfusion pressure
        C/R       controlled-release
        CRMCC     cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcification and
                  cysts
        CRP       C-reactive protein
        CRPS      complex regional pain syndrome
        CSE       convulsive status epilepticus
        CSF       cerebrospinal fluid
                                SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS            xix
CSI       craniospinal irradiation
CSW       cerebral salt wasting
CSWS      continuous spike-wave discharges during slow wave sleep
CT        computed tomography
CTA       computed tomographic angiography
CTG       cardiotocograph
CVA       cerebrovascular accident
CVI       cerebral (or cortical) visual impairment
CVID      common variable immunodeficiency
CVP       central venous pressure
CVVH      continuous veno-venous haemofiltration
CXR       chest X-ray
DA        dopamine
DAMP      disorders of attention, motor processing, and perception
DCD       developmental co-ordination disorder
DDAVP     desmopressin
DEXA      dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
DI        diabetes insipidus
DIDMOAD   diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy
          and deafness.
DIPG      diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas
DKA       diabetes ketoacidosis
DM        myotonic dystrophy
DMD       Duchenne muscular dystrophy
DML       distal motor latency
DNET      dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
DRD       L-DOPA responsive dystonia
DRPLA     dentato-rubral-pallido-luysian atrophy
DSA       digital subtraction angiography
DSM-IV    diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
          disorders–Fourth edition
DTI       diffusion tensor imaging (MRI)
DTR       deep tendon reflex
DWI       diffusion-weighted image (MRI)
EBV       Epstein–Barr virus
ECG       electrocardiogram
ECMO      extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
EDH       extra-dural haemorrhage
EEG       electroencephalography
EIEE      early infantile epileptic encephalopahty
          (Ohtahara syndrome)
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