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Monica Bordegoni, Marina Carulli and Elena Spadoni

Prototyping User eXperience in

eXtended Reality
Monica Bordegoni
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan,
Italy

Marina Carulli
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan,
Italy

Elena Spadoni
Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

ISSN 2191-530X e-ISSN 2191-5318

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
ISSN 2282-2577 e-ISSN 2282-2585
PoliMI SpringerBriefs
ISBN 978-3-031-39682-3 e-ISBN 978-3-031-39683-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39683-0

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature

Switzerland AG 2023

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Contents
1 Introduction
1.​1 Product Development—When Testing Matters
1.​2 Concept Design—The Place for Testing
References
2 User Experience and User Experience Design
2.​1 The UX Design Approach
2.​2 Design Thinking Model:​Stages, Process, and Tools
2.​3 Other Design Models
2.​4 User Experience and Digital Products
References
3 Prototyping:​Practices and Techniques
3.​1 Key Requirements for New Products
3.​2 The Cost of Design Changes
3.​3 Prototyping
3.​4 Purposes of Prototypes
3.​5 Types, Scope and Principles of Prototypes
3.​5.​1 Types of Prototypes
3.​5.​2 Scopes of Prototypes
3.​6 Resources for Prototyping
3.​7 Virtual Prototyping
3.​7.​1 Benefits of Virtual Prototyping
References
4 Multisensory Interaction in eXtended Reality
4.​1 Immersion, Interaction and Imagination in VR
4.​2 Multisensory Interaction
 4.​3 The Sense of Touch and Haptic Interaction
4.​4 Olfaction and Olfactory Displays
References
5 Case Studies
5.​1 Prototyping Guidelines
References
6 Augmented Reality Applications that Aid in Promoting
Sustainability
6.​1 An AR-Based Application for Teaching the Impact of the
Environment on Biochemical Processes
6.​2 A Tool for AR-Based Learning that Employs Eco-friendly,
Handmade Toys for Educating About Circuits
6.​3 Augmented Reality Application for Learning Plants’
Biological Processes
References
7 Applications of Multisensory Experiences in eXtended Reality
7.​1 Virtual Reality for Training Safe Use of Machinery
7.​2 eXtended Reality for Learning Languages
7.​3 eXtended Reality Application for Learning Music
References
8 Connecting Reality and Virtuality
8.​1 Connecting People:​Augmented Reality Application for
Collaborative Art
8.​2 Bonding with Nature:​Multisensory VR Application for
Humans and Plants Well-Being
8.​2.​1 Utilizing Augmented Reality for Maintenance of 3D
Printers
References
9 Conclusions
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Bordegoni et al., Prototyping User eXperience in eXtended Reality, PoliMI
SpringerBriefs
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39683-0_1

1. Introduction
Monica Bordegoni1 , Marina Carulli1 and Elena Spadoni2
(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano,
Milan, Italy
(2) Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

Monica Bordegoni (Corresponding author)

Email: [email protected]

Marina Carulli
Email: [email protected]

Elena Spadoni
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
This chapter provides insights into the dynamic nature of product
design and the key factors influencing consumer perceptions and
preferences in the modern era. It explores the multidimensional field of
product design, which combines engineering, design, psychology, and
other disciplines to create new products. It emphasizes the importance
of understanding the concept of a product, which comprises both
tangible and intangible elements that provide value to consumers.
Today's products are complex systems that constantly evolve due to
advancing technology and the demands of customers. The chapter
discusses the shift in customer preferences towards personalized
products and the challenges faced in manufacturing customized items,
and highlights the three primary attributes of products: functions, style,
and usability. The chapter also emphasizes the increasing importance
of customization and personalization in product design, and explores
the significance of efficient product development processes to meet
market demands and user expectations.

Product design is a fascinating field with many dimensions that

combines elements of engineering, design, psychology, and other fields
and that can bring together individuals from diverse backgrounds and
cultures to create new products, whether they are variations of existing
ones or entirely original. To fully comprehend the role of product
design in modern industry, it is essential to have a full understanding of
what a product is.
A product can be considered as a combination of tangible and
intangible elements that are sold for a monetary exchange, but that can
also provide value to consumers. Today's products are intricate systems
that are continuously evolving due to advancing technology on one side
and more demanding customers on the other. For example, as
technology advances, smartphone manufacturers are continually
adding new features and capabilities to their devices to meet the
demands of consumers; with the rise of electric and self-driving cars,
the automotive industry is undergoing a rapid transformation, where
car manufacturers are constantly updating their systems to keep pace
with the latest technological advances and meet the demands of
increasingly tech-savvy customers.
To expand our understanding of products, let us begin by examining
their typology and attributes (Fig. 1.1).

Fig. 1.1 Products’ typology and attributes

 Customers’ preferences have shifted in recent years. Previously,
products were widely available, mass-produced items. Today, there is a
growing desire for personalized products, including shoes, t-shirts,
bags, jewelry, furniture, cars, and more that can be customized in-store
or online. As a result, many companies have adapted to design and
produce small quantities of products tailored to individual customers’
needs. However, manufacturing customized products bring issues and
challenges. First, customizing products for individual customers can be
more expensive compared to mass-producing standard products, as it
requires more time, resources, and specialized equipment. The process
of producing small quantities of customized products can take longer,
as it requires a more complex production process and requires more
time for design, prototyping and testing. Furthermore, designing and
producing small quantities of customized products can be difficult to
scale up as the demand increases, as it requires a significant increase in
resources and specialized equipment. Finally, companies that specialize
in producing small quantities of customized products may face
competition from mass producers, who are able to offer lower prices
and a wider range of products. Despite these challenges, many
companies continue to focus on producing small quantities of
customized products, as they believe that it is a key to delivering a
unique and high-quality customer experience.
Regarding attributes, the three primary attributes of products are
functions, style, and usability, which are hereafter detailed.
Functions refer to the technical operations performed by the
product. Fully understanding how products function is crucial in the
development of new products [1]. For example, a squeezer can be
evaluated based on its ability to extract citrus juices. Technology is
closely related to the development and function of products, as it plays
a significant role in determining the capabilities and performance of the
product. With the advancement of technology, new products can be
developed with better and more complex functions, and existing
products can be improved to be more efficient and user-friendly.
Technology also enables the creation of new materials that can be used
in product development. Thus, a deep understanding of technology is
essential for developing innovative and high-quality products. However,
it is important to note that having advanced technology at the core of a
product does not guarantee commercial success. In fact, the intense
competition in the market makes it challenging for a company to gain
an advantage solely through technology.
Style refers to the visual appearance or outer appearance of a
product and provides aesthetic value to consumers. In product design,
styles often embody specific principles and techniques for achieving
design objectives. Fashion clothing and accessories are a prime example
of the importance of style in product design. Different fashion styles,
such as minimalism or maximalism, embody specific design principles
and techniques to create unique and aesthetically pleasing products.
Consumers choose clothing and accessories based on the style that
aligns with their personal taste and aesthetic preferences.
The third property is usability. According to ISO, usability is defined
as “The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to
achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in
a specified context of use.” [2]. Usability includes aspects such as ease of
use, interactivity, learnability, and content relevance. For example, in a
mobile app for online shopping usability refers to the extent to which
customers can effectively search and purchase products, efficiently
navigate the app, and be satisfied with the shopping experience within
the context of using a smartphone. Usability is closely related to User
eXperience (UX), which encompasses the emotions and attitudes a user
has while interacting with a product, system, or service [3]. An example
of user experience for a consumer product is a person using a smart
home speaker. If the speaker is easy to set up, intuitive to use and
responds accurately to voice commands, the user is likely to have a
positive experience and emotions towards the device. On the other
hand, if the speaker is difficult to set up, has poor voice recognition and
frequently fails to respond to commands, the user may have a negative
experience and emotions towards the device. In this case, the usability
of the smart home speaker directly impacts the user's overall user
experience.
Nowadays, people do not just value a product based on its function,
but also consider style and usability. In fact, people often place a greater
emphasis on the product's pleasantness and ease of use and assume
that it will function properly. The ability to customize both the
appearance and functionality of a product is highly valued by users. For
example, phone manufacturers often advertise the ability to change
phone cases and wallpapers as a way to personalize the look of the
device. This customization is highly valued by users as it allows them to
make the phone their own. Some car manufacturers offer options to
customize the appearance of a vehicle, such as different color options
or custom decals. This allows the user to make the car reflect their
personal style, which is a highly valued feature for many buyers.
Furniture retailers often offer the ability to customize the look of a
piece of furniture by selecting different fabrics, colors, and finishes.
This customization is seen as a valuable feature by users because it
allows them to create a piece that fits their personal style and taste.
Given the context of modern product expectations, the process for
product development must be highly efficient to quickly bring
competitive products to market. Additionally, these products must
perform well and meet the needs and preferences of users. The steps
involved in product development are addressed in the next section.

1.1 Product Development—When Testing Matters

The product development process involves turning a market
opportunity into a commercially available product. It encompasses
various activities that a company uses to create, design, and bring a
product to market. The company must approach the process from both
the customer's point of view and the idea's creation, which can lead to a
repetitive process to find the optimal balance between the two
perspectives. The process for product development is characterized by
several phases, a development team and related disciplines, as shown
in Fig. 1.2.
Fig. 1.2 Overview of the product development process
Historically, product design was centered on technical features and
companies marketed the product solely based on its technology. Style
and usability were given secondary consideration, viewed as mere
embellishments rather than critical components of a product's success.
Only in recent years has design gained equal importance in product
development, reflecting the shift in customer evaluation of products,
which now encompasses ergonomics and style as well as technology.
Due to the increasing complexity of products, product development
teams now consist of two roles: engineers who handle technical aspects
and industrial designers who primarily focus on style and usability.
Engineers, including mechanical, electrical, materials, software, and
manufacturing engineers, provide an instrumental contribution in
developing the technologies and manufacturing processes that allow
the product to achieve its form, performance, weight, etc.
Industrial Designers are more focused on the definition of the size
and shape of products, and human factors. Industrial designers are
primarily responsible for the aspects of a product that relate to the
user’s experience—the product’s aesthetic appeal (how it looks,
sounds, feels, and smells) and its functional interfaces (how it is used).
The two roles of engineers and industrial designers correspond to
two disciplines: Design Engineering and Industrial Design. Design
Engineering (DE) converts the design of a product from a concept or
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