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 OPERATION CHARIOT

THE ST NAZAIRE RAID, 1942

 OPERATION CHARIOT

THE ST NAZAIRE RAID, 1942

JEAN-CHARLES STASI
To Major-General Corran Purdon, to Stephen Barney, to Bill “Tiger” Watson,
James Dorrian, Hubert Chemereau, to the Commando Veterans’ Association, to
the “Mémoire et savoir nazairiens” association, to the St Nazaire Municipal
Archives and Ecomuseum; to Laurent Lemel, Gérard Cerizier, Paul Gros,
Thierry Vallet and the whole team at Heimdal.— Jean-Charles Stasi
CIS0013

Print Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7298

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7304

Kindle Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7304

This book is published in cooperation with and under license from Heimdal.
Originally published in French as Saint-Nazaire, 28 mars 1942 “Chariot,” Le
plus grand raid commando de la seconde guerre mondiale © Heimdal 2018

Translation by Hannah McAdams

Design by Battlefield Design

Color artwork by Jean Restayn

Infographics by Paul Gros

Color profiles by Thierry Vallet

Additional text by Chris Cocks

Original cartography by Sandra Gosselin

CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (US)

Telephone (610) 853-9131

Fax (610) 853-9146

Email: [email protected]
www.casematepublishers.com

CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (UK)

Telephone (01865) 241249

Fax (01865) 794449

Email: [email protected]

www.casematepublishers.co.uk

Title page: One of the many Flak pieces protecting the port of St Nazaire,
positioned on the roof of the cold-storage warehouse. (St Nazaire Ecomuseum)
Contents page: After crossing under the bascule bridge at the New Entrance,
Lieutenant-Commander Erich Topp’s U-552 (Topp is on the turret, in the center)
enters the old basin. With several kills to his name, Topp was certainly the most
photographed of the U-boat captains at St Nazaire. His motto was “The red
devil, come to bring fire to England.” (Unknown/ECPAD/Defense)

Map: The commando raid (March 28, 1942)

Note: vehicle illustrations and profiles are not to scale.

Contents

Timeline of Events

The British Face the Threat of the Tirpitz

The Estuary and the Lock

Combining Strike Power and the Element of Surprise

Newman and Ryder on All Fronts

The Flotilla Sails to Warmer Seas

HMS Campbeltown Hits the Bullseye

The German Counterattack Traps the Commandos

The Price of Success

Afterword

Sources
Timeline of Events

Between May 26 and June 4, 1940, 338,000 Allied troops—predominantly

British Expeditionary Force, and remnants from the French and Polish armies—
were evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk. Britain now truly stood alone
against the might of the Third Reich. On May 27, 1941, the German battleship
Bismarck was sunk by the Royal Navy in the running battle of the Denmark
Strait, but not before HMS Hood, the pride of the Royal Navy, was dispatched to
the seabed. On June 17, 1940 RMS Lancastria, evacuating Allied troops during
the fall of France, was sunk by the Luftwaffe in St Nazaire harbor with the loss
of up to 5,800 lives. It was the worst maritime disaster of British history. The
only way the British, their backs desperately to the wall, knew how to strike
back was through commando raids against German facilities on the European
continent. Pinpricks at first, the raids were soon to grow in scale and intensity …
June 24/25, 1940 Operation Collar, first-ever British commando raid (by
No.11 Independent Company) on Boulogne

July 17, 1940 Admiral of the Fleet Roger Keyes becomes first director of
new Combined Operations HQ

March 4, 1941 Operation Claymore, successful large-scale British

commando raid on Norwegian Lofoten Islands; German encryption codes
captured

October 28, 1941 Admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten appointed
director of Combined Operations HQ. British Naval Intelligence proposes
raid against St Nazaire

December 27, 1941 Operation Archery, the Maloy Raid, successful

commando raid against German positions on the island of Vaagso, Norway

HMS Tynedale was one of the flotilla’s two escorts. This Hunt-class destroyer
was launched in 1940. On December 15, 1941, it was transferred to the
Devonport-based 15th Destroyer Flotilla at Plymouth. Damaged in the
Mediterranean in 1943, it was sunk on December 12 of the same year by U-593
off Jijel, Algeria. Ironically, U-593 was the same German submarine the
Tynedale encountered on the morning of March 27, 1942, on its way to St
Nazaire. (Imperial War Museum)
Aerial photo of St Nazaire, taken by a Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft.
(The National Archives)
The British Face the Threat of the Tirpitz

In early 1942, the prospect of the formidable German

battleship, the Tirpitz, patrolling the Atlantic was a
horrifying prospect for the Allied convoys supplying
Britain. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
now had just one thing on his mind: neutralizing this
giant of the seas.

Since the war began, the Kriegsmarine—the German navy—had been sowing
terror in the Atlantic. German submarines—Unterseeboote, or U-boats—were
relentlessly attacking supply convoys bound for Great Britain, sinking an
increased tonnage of shipping every month. The U-boat torpedoes hit their mark
almost every time, eviscerating the cumbersome cargo vessels, inadequately
protected by their escorts that lacked effective detection methods.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was only too aware that his country
would find itself exsanguinated if the situation persisted. He was obsessed with
the battle of the Atlantic because he well knew that the future of the conflict
rested on its outcome. With German troops occupying most of Western Europe,
with the exception of Switzerland, Sweden and the Iberian Peninsula, how could
the United Kingdom continue fighting if it found itself starved of ore, fuel, food,
weapons, and munitions?
The Joubert lock, built in the 1930s for the Normandie liner, was the only dry
dock on the Atlantic seaboard big enough to accommodate the mammoth Tirpitz.
(St Nazaire Municipal Archives)
A “Most Secret” British sketch of the port facilities at St Nazaire. At the bottom
right is the HMS Campbeltown, about to pass through the Joubert caisson. (The
National Archives)

In early 1942, a new threat joined the U-boat wolf packs. On January 16, the
Tirpitz left its home port of Wilhelmshaven to lie in wait in the Norwegian
fjords: the Nazi battleship was thus ideally placed to attack Arctic convoys
supporting the Soviet war effort, as well as the cumbersome convoys of
merchant ships that, farther south, were making their way towards England.

Sister ship to the Bismarck that was sunk by the Royal Navy on May 27, 1941,
three days after it had sent the pride of the Royal Navy, the battlecruiser HMS
Hood and 1,400 of its crew to the bottom of the Atlantic, the Tirpitz represented
a greater threat than dozens of submarines combined. Over 250 meters long,
with a crew of 2,600, it was armed with 60 guns, of which eight were 38cm
caliber, not to mention its eight torpedo launch tubes, four Arado 196 floatplanes
and armor plating of unparalleled thickness.

Churchill’s worries were thus entirely justified, especially as the Tirpitz could
easily be joined in Norway by the cruisers Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz
Eugen, which were waiting in Brest, ready to take to the seas and force the
British blockade in the Pas de Calais.

In a note dated January 25 and addressed to the Chiefs of Staff of the British
armed forces, the British prime minister emphasized the magnitude of the threat
the arrival of the Tirpitz posed, not only to their own country, the United
Kingdom, but to the entire Allied war effort: “The destruction or even crippling
of this ship is the greatest event at sea at the present time. No other target is
comparable to it.”
With the gravity of the situation very clear, the next step was to establish how to
neutralize the Tirpitz. The first and obvious solution that came to mind was to
sink it. The best way to accomplish this would be to lure— or force—it to leave
its Norwegian haven, but following the Hood tragedy, the British knew only too
well the risk and cost of such an offensive action. Certainly, the Bismarck now
lay in some five kilometers of water, 659 kilometers northwest of Brest, but
putting it there had cost the Home Fleet its best ship and 1,415 seamen,
provoking a national tragedy and striking a terrible blow to the morale of the
British people.
The Joubert lock today. The pumping station, one of the British commandos’
objectives, is visible on the right. (J.-C. Stasi)

So, instead of attacking the Tirpitz directly, how could they prevent it from
making mischief? The Admiralty was not going to wait for Hitler to order the
ship out of its Norwegian berth. The solution quickly manifested itself: to stop
the Tirpitz from appearing in the Atlantic, they had to remove every opportunity
for repair or maintenance along the entire coastline controlled by the forces of
the Third Reich. Luckily for the British, outside of Germany, there was only one
dry dock that was large enough to house the 250-meter, 50,000-ton behemoth:
the Joubert lock at St Nazaire. At 350 meters in length, it was 100 meters longer
than the one at the Kriegsmarine’s flagship port of Wilhelmshaven. In addition,
the lock’s 50-meter breadth and 15-meter height meant it could accommodate
vessels of up to 85,000 tons.

In addition to its use as a dry dock, the Joubert lock also operated as a lock
between the Loire estuary and the Penhoët basin, which served as the gateway to
the shipyards of the same name. Indeed, it had at each end a gigantic rolling
door, or gates, made of solid steel. Being 52 meters long and 11 meters deep,
these two doors operated by sliding laterally, open and closed, on rolling trolleys,
rather than opening and closing like a set of double doors as in regular locks.

Its size, its versatility, and the modernity of its equipment made this unique dock
the ideal refuge for a ship the size of the Tirpitz. Indeed, it was toward St
Nazaire that the Bismarck was heading when it was torpedoed by the Royal
Navy on the morning of May 27, 1941. The British had nicknamed it the
“Normandie Dock,” as the Normandie, the largest liner of the time at 313
meters, had been berthed there from the early 1930s. The Normandie was
launched in October 1932 and entered service in May 1935.
Beyond its strategic value, St Nazaire gave the British an opportunity for
revenge. In mid-June 1940, following the evacuations at Dunkirk, some 40,000
men from the British Expeditionary Force had converged on the port to depart
for England. Among them were also elements of the Polish and Czech armies.
On the 17th, the day that Marshal Pétain requested Germany open peace
negotiations with France, the Luftwaffe attacked the Cunard White Star liner
RMS Lancastria at St Nazaire, which was carrying both military personnel and
civilians. Hit by several bombs, the 13,000-ton ship sank within minutes,
causing the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,800 people. It was Britain’s largest
maritime disaster in history, but was never publicized as survivors were
expressly forbidden from talking about it.

The possibility of an offensive action against St Nazaire was initially mooted in

August 1941. Encouraged by the success of the earlier raid on Norway—
Operation Claymore, a British commando raid on the Lofoten Islands in March
1941—the Admiralty had asked the Royal Navy to consider the possibility of a
joint attack with Combined Operations Headquarters, a department of the British
War Office set up in the immediate aftermath of the evacuation of Dunkirk to
harass the Germans in Europe through combined naval and commando raids. As
well as the Joubert lock, it also sought to attack the submarine base, which was
effectively indestructible by aircraft due to the thickness of the reinforced
concrete slabs of its roof.
Aerial view of the Normandie liner in the Joubert lock. (The National Archives)
The Normandie in the Joubert lock. (St Nazaire Municipal Archives)
One of the gates of the Joubert lock. The people in the foreground give you an
idea of the scale of the dock (The National Archives)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Forbes, charged with working out this double-
objective, made his report in the fall of 1942. His conclusions could not have
been clearer: given the means and manpower currently available to the British
armed forces, he deemed the mission impracticable, and the obstacles facing
them insurmountable. Indeed, how were they to retain the element of surprise,
indispensable in such an operation, when they had to travel all the way from the
south of England to St Nazaire, a distance of 700 kilometers, or 435 miles,
without being spotted? And how were they to navigate the shoals that made the
estuary such a dangerous place for shipping? And how on earth were they going
to transport enough troops—they would need at least 300—complete with their
equipment, as well as the demolition teams?

In short, there were more cons than pros, and the project was abandoned. But by
the close of 1941, the threat of Tirpitz once again loomed large, and brought the
issue back to the fore. By the beginning of 1942, Churchill was confident that he
could rely on a man whom he saw as both dynamic and imaginative: Vice-
Admiral Louis Mountbatten, who, at 41 years of age, had been appointed by the
prime minister as Chief of Combined Operations in October 1941. Hailing from
the highest ranks of British nobility, cousin of King George VI, and nephew of
Tsarina Alexandra, Louis Mountbatten—“Dicky”—was a charismatic and
celebrated senior naval officer, boasting an adequate intelligence.
Provided to British intelligence by the French Resistance, this sketch of the
technical installations of the pump station proved invaluable for the preparation
and training of the demolition teams. (The National Archives)
In Profile:

The Tirpitz
The battleship Tirpitz—sister ship of the Bismarck that was sunk by the Royal
Navy on May 27, 1941—was launched by Adolf Hitler himself in
Wilhelmshaven on April 1, 1939. With a length of 251 meters, a width of 36
meters and a draft of 11 meters, it was the Kriegsmarine’s largest warship. In
some places, its armor measured a staggering 323mm. It was armed with eight
38cm guns, secondary artillery and an antiaircraft defense system. The 38cm
guns were paired in four turrets, named Anton and Bruno in the bow, and Cæsar
and Dora in the stern. Secondary artillery consisted of 12 15cm guns in six
turrets, and 16 10.5cm guns on dual mounts, plus 16 3.7cm antiaircraft guns and
80 2cm rapid-fire guns. The Tirpitz also carried four Arado Ar 196 floatplanes.
(Thierry Vallet)

Shortly after he took over the reins of Combined Operations, he conceived and
launched a commando raid on Norway: Operation Archery, or the Maloy Raid as
it came to be known, was a Combined Operations raid against German positions
on the Norwegian island of Vaagso, on December 27, 1941. The operation was
wildly successful, allowing the British commandos to capture the German naval
encryption system not only for Kriegsmarine vessels based in Norway, but also
those in France.

In true “Dicky” fashion, Mountbatten dived headlong into the St Nazaire project
with all his customary initiative, effectively assisted by a staff of talented and
enthusiastic officers. Based at Richmond Terrace, between Whitehall and the
Thames River, Mountbatten’s team worked round the clock, making rapid and
significant progress in the planning of the operation.

While scouring the nautical charts of the St Nazaire sector, Vice-Admiral John
Hughes-Hallett, a naval adviser, made an important discovery that could
ostensibly reinforce the feasibility of an attack by sea: at spring tide, when the
tide was at its highest, it would be just about achievable for shallow-draft boats
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