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Handbook of
Geometry and
Topology of
Singularities IV
Handbook of Geometry and Topology
of Singularities IV
José Luis Cisneros-Molina • Lê Dũng Tráng •
José Seade
Editors

Handbook of Geometry and

Topology of Singularities IV
Editors
José Luis Cisneros-Molina Lê Dũng Tráng
Instituto de Matemáticas, Unidad Centre de Math. et Info.
Cuernavaca, Universidad Nacional Université d’Aix-Marseille
Autónoma de México and MARSEILLE CEDEX 13, France
International Research Laboratory CNRS
Laboratorio Solomon Lefschetz
Cuernavaca, Mexico

José Seade
Instituto de Matemáticas, Unidad
Cuernavaca, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México and
International Research Laboratory CNRS
Laboratorio Solomon Lefschetz
Cuernavaca, Mexico

ISBN 978-3-031-31924-2 ISBN 978-3-031-31925-9 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31925-9

Mathematics Subject Classification: 14BXX, 32SXX, 58KXX

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Preface

Singularity theory dates back to the work of Newton, Leibniz, Cauchy, Lagrange
and many others, although it only emerged as a field of mathematics in itself in
the early 1960s, thanks to pioneering work by Thom, Zariski, Whitney, Hironaka,
Milnor, Pham, Arnold et al.
Singularities are ubiquitous in mathematics, appearing naturally in a wide range
of different areas of knowledge. Their scope is vast, their purpose is multifold. Its
potential for applications in other areas of mathematics and of knowledge in general
is unlimited, and so are its possible sources of inspiration. This theory is crucible
where different types of mathematical problems interact and surprising connections
are born. Just as mathematics interacts energetically with science in general, so does
singularity theory with the rest of mathematics.
The downside is that before a researcher, or a student, can successfully detect
and try to answer some interesting problem, he or she must become familiar with
different subjects and their techniques, and the learning process is long. In most
cases, various areas are involved, as for instance topology, geometry, differential
equations and algebra. That makes this a fascinating area of mathematics. And that
is also a reason why a handbook which presents in-depth and reader-friendly surveys
of topics of singularity theory is useful.
This is the fourth volume of the Handbook of the Geometry and Topology of
Singularities. By no means this collection pretends to be comprehensive, since the
theory is vast. Yet, it has the intention of covering a wide scope of singularity theory,
presenting in a clear and inspiring way, articles on various aspects of the theory and
its interactions with other areas of mathematics. The authors are world experts; the
various articles deal with both classical material and modern developments.
The first three volumes of this collection gathered foundational aspects of the
theory, as well as some other important aspects. Some topics are studied in various
chapters, and in some cases, also in more than one volume. The topics studied so far
include:
– The combinatorics and topology of plane curves and surface singularities.
– The analytic classification of plane curve singularities and the existence of
complex and real algebraic curves in the plane with prescribed singularities.
v
vi Preface

– Introductions to four of the classical methods for studying the topology and
geometry of singular spaces, namely: resolution of singularities, deformation
theory, stratifications and slicing the spaces à la Lefschetz.
– Milnor’s fibration theorem for real and complex singularities, the monodromy,
vanishing cycles and Lê numbers.
– Morse theory for stratified spaces and constructible sheaves.
– Simple Lie algebras and simple singularities.
– Limits of tangents to a complex analytic surface, a subject that originates in
Whitney’s work.
– Zariski’s equisingularity and intersection homology.
– Mixed singularities, which are real analytic singularities with a rich structure that
allows their study via complex geometry.
– Intersections of quadrics in .Rn , and their relation with holomorphic vector fields,
toric geometry and moment-angle manifolds.
– Quasi-projective varieties, complements of plane curves and hypersurfaces in
projective space.
– Singularities of mappings. Thom-Mather theory.
– The interplay between analytic and topological invariants of complex surface
singularities and their relation with modern three-manifold invariants.
– Indices of vector fields on singular varieties and their relation with other
invariants.
– Chern Class and Segre Class for singular varieties.
– Baum-Bott residues and localization in singularity theory.
– Mixed Hodge structures.
– Constructible sheaf complexes.
This Volume IV consists of 12 chapters. In Chap. 1, the authors look at limits
of tangents spaces and Whitney stratifications. If X is a singular complex analytic
space, then it has no tangent bundle and one cannot use in a direct way many
classical and fundamental constructions. As explained in the introduction to that
chapter, throughout the eighteenth century much work was done on singular
curves and surfaces with the goal of generalizing Riemann’s work understanding
“conditions of adjunction”. Then, John Semple [Proc. LMS 1954] introduced the
space of limit directions of tangent spaces to an algebraic variety, which he called the
first derivate. The construction can be naively explained by saying that one replaces
the singular set by all limits of spaces tangent to the regular part. Semple’s work
passed unnoticed for a long time, and about 10 years later, independently, John Nash
rediscovered the construction and this became known as the Nash modification, or
blow up. It is just recently that credit is being given to Semple as well. The use
and study of this construction is vast, and it has already appeared in several works
in this handbook, as for instance in Mark Spivakovski’s chapter in Volume 1, and
in several works on characteristic classes in Volume III. It appears also in Chap. 6
of this Volume IV. There is an analogous construction where tangent spaces are
replaced by tangent hyperplanes. This viewpoint is more suitable for using other
techniques of algebraic geometry, as for instance intersection theory. Chapter 1 is
Preface vii

devoted to these two constructions, their applications to stratification theory in the

sense of Whitney and to a general Plücker type formula for projective varieties.
Chapter 2 surveys determinantal singularities. These varieties are spaces of
matrices with a given upper bound on their ranks. These generalize the much
studied class of complete intersections in several different aspects, and they exhibit
interesting new phenomena such as, for instance, non-isolated singularities which
are finitely determined, or smoothings with low connectivity. The chapter starts with
the necessary algebraic background, and then continues by discussing the subtle
interplay of unfoldings and deformations in this setting.
Chapters 3 and 4 concern the space of arcs in algebraic varieties. Roughly
speaking, an arc is a very small portion of a curve on a scheme. The space of arcs
and the space of m-jets have natural schemes structures with important properties.
These spaces appeared in singularity theory for the first time in a short preprint in
1968 by John Nash, although these concepts somehow already appear in the work of
Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century. If X is a singular complex analytic space
and .Z → X is a resolution, then one can construct infinitely many other resolutions
of X by blowing up Z along regular loci. Nash wanted to codify the data which is
common to all these resolutions, and he suggested that these data are hidden in the
arc space. This led to what is nowadays known as the Nash problem. Chapter 3 is an
introduction to the subject and it makes a remarkable bridge connecting this theory
with birational geometry. Chapter 4 provides an overlook of the diverse aspects
in the literature about the subject, complementing in several ways the existing
literature.
Vector fields on a smooth manifolds and their local Poincaré-Hopf indices at
the singular points play an important role in many different areas of mathematics.
For singular varieties, the study of indices of a particular class of vector fields
started in the 1960s with work by M. H. Schwartz [CRAS 1965] aimed towards
extending Chern classes to singular varieties. With that same goal but a different
viewpoint, MacPherson [Ann. Maths. 1975] used an index (the Euler obstruction)
for a particular class of 1-forms on singular spaces. Seade [AMS Contemp. Math.
58, 1987] discovered an index of vector fields on smoothable normal complex
Gorenstein surfaces germs and this gave rise to the so-called GSV-index of vector
fields on complex ICIS germs. This was a markpoint in the study of indices of
vector fields on singular varieties. In the 1990s, King and Trottman introduced
another notion of index, much related to Schwartz’ index, but their work was not
published until some 20 years later [Proc. LMS 2014; in the meantime, the same
notion was rediscovered independently by W. Ebeling and S. Gusein-Zade, and
by M. Aguilar et al.]. This is known as the radial (or Schwartz) index. Then, as
hinted by Arnold, Ebeling and Gusein-Zade began the study of indices of 1-forms.
In Chap. 5, the authors survey the theory of indices of vector fields and 1-forms on
singular varieties, a subject previously discussed with different viewpoints in the
chapters by Brasselet and by Callejas et al. in Volume III of this handbook. The
authors discuss also indices for appropriate collections of 1-forms, an interesting
concept. Just as the index of a 1-form is morally linked with the Chern number
viii Preface

defined by the top Chern class, so too the indices of collections of 1-forms are
linked with other Chern numbers.
Chapter 6 is about the motivic Hirzebruch class for singular varieties and it
complements various articles that appeared in Volume III on the theory of Chern
classes for singular varieties. We recall that Hirzebruch used the Todd class of
complex manifolds to prove a deep theorem that has as special cases:
(a) The theorem of Gauss–Bonnet
(b) A generalization of Riemann-Roch’s theorem to higher dimensions and with
cohomology in arbitrary holomorphic vector bundles
(c) The Thom-Hirzebruch signature theorem
These three theorems have been extended individually to singular varieties: via
MacPherson’s Chern class (mentioned above) in the first case, with the Baum-Fulton
MacPherson’s Todd class in the second case [Publ. Math. IHES 1975] and with
Cappell-Shaneson’s L-class [J. AMS 1991] in the latter case. In this chapter, the
author discusses the motivic Hirzebruch class, which unifies these three classes.
Chapters 7–10 are about Lipschitz geometry in singularity theory, a subject
that started with work by Pham and Teissier [CMI, Nice 1970]. Later, Mostowski
[Rozprawy Mat. 1985] studied Lipschitz equisingularity and Lipschitz stratifica-
tions in analytic sets, a notion that grants the constancy of the Lipschitz type of
the stratified set along each stratum. The existence of Lipschitz stratifications for
analytic sets was established by Mostowski in 1989 in the complex case, and by
Parusinsky in 1993 in the real setting. We refer to Parusinsky’s paper in Volume
II for an account on this subject, and to Chap. 7 in this Volume IV. This chapter
deals with semialgebraic and subanalytic subsets of .Rn , and more generally with
all the sets that are definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure
expanding .R. The chapter begins with basic definitions about o-minimal structures
and Lipschitz geometry, and it gives a short survey of some historical results, such
as existence of Mostowski’s Lipschitz stratifications and the Preparation Theorem
for definable functions. It then presents a stratification theorem and discusses
related important results, including a bi-Lipschitz version of Hardt’s theorem on
polynomially bounded o-minimal structures.
Notice that given an analytic subset X of .Rn , we have two natural metrics on X:
one is the metric induced from the ambient space; this is called the outer metric.
The other is the inner, or length, metric, defined in the usual way in differential
geometry, as the infimum of lengths of piecewise smooth curves connecting two
given points. An embedding of X in .Rn is normal if the two metrics are equivalent
up to a bilipschitz homeomorphism. Chapter 8 presents basic results on the Lipschitz
Geometry of germs. It reviews recent results related to the outer metric and to the
ambient bi-Lipschitz classification of surface germs, explaining why the outer bi-
Lipschitz classification is much harder than the inner classification. It also discusses
relations with the theory of metric knots. Chapter 9 addresses the classical concept
of multiplicity of singular points of complex algebraic sets (not necessarily complex
curves). It approaches the nature of the multiplicity of singular points as a geometric
Preface ix

invariant from the perspective of Zariski’s Multiplicity Conjecture (1971). The

chapter begins with a long introduction to the subject.
The study of Lipschitz normally embedded germs has attracted a lot of interest
in the last decade, and this is the subject of Chap. 10. Here the authors discuss many
general facts about Lipschitz normally embedded singularities, before moving their
focus to some recent developments on criteria, examples and properties of such
germs. The chapter concludes with a list of interesting open questions.
If X is a scheme of finite type over a perfect field k, as for instance .C, its
multiplicity at each point x is the multiplicity of the local ring .OX,x . This is a
measure of how “bad”, or perhaps “interesting”, the singularity is. For instance,
resolution of singularities of varieties over .C, and more generally, over fields of
characteristic zero, can be proved by using the multiplicity as main invariant, as
proved by O. Villamayor [Adv. Math. 2014]. In order to study the multiplicity, one
may look at the Hilbert-Samuel function, which is defined for any local Noetherian
ring. More precisely, for a prime .p in a Noetherian ring .B, the multiplicity of B at
.p springs when trying to measure the growth of dimension of the graded pieces of

the graded ring


GrpBp (Bp ) =
. pi Bp /pi+1 Bp
i≥0

as .k(p)-vector spaces. In fact this growth is encoded asymptotically by the so

called Hilbert-Samuel polynomial of .Bp at .p, which is a polynomial of degree
.d = dim(Bp ) and the multiplicity at .p is (up to some suitable factor) the leading

coefficient of that polynomial. Chapter 11 is mostly expository and the authors

pay special attention to the geometrical aspects of these notions. To this end, finite
projections from .Spec(B) to the spectrum of a regular ring S are studied. When
the projections are “generic enough”, then some applications are discussed, like the
determination of the top multiplicity locus of .Spec(B), or the computation of other
invariants like the asymptotic Samuel function.
We close this volume with a chapter about the logarithmic comparison theorem
and several results known as comparison theorems, in the line of Grothendieck’s
comparison theorem. We recall that if X is a complex analytic manifold, one has the
classical de Rham complex of holomorphic forms on X. And if we have a divisor D
in X, we have also the de Rham complex of meromorphic forms with logarithmic
poles in D, a notion introduced by K. Saito and recalled in the text. In Chap. 12,
the authors state and sketch the proof of the logarithmic comparison theorem (LCT)
which says that for a locally quasihomogeneous free divisor .D ⊂ Cn , the complex
of meromorphic differential forms with logarithmic poles along D can be used to
calculate the cohomology of .Cn − D. It goes on to consider a range of related
results in the theory of D-modules, including a characterization of the hypersurfaces
for which the conclusion of LCT holds. The LCT owes its name to its analogy
with Grothendieck’s comparison theorem, which is made clear in a brief historical
introduction. The opening section gives the necessary background on free divisors
x Preface

and logarithmic poles, and the background on D-module theory is given in Section
2. Section 3 deals with a D-module characterization of LCT for free divisors.
This handbook is addressed to graduate students and newcomers to the theory,
as well as to specialists who can use it as a guidebook. It provides an accessible
account of the state-of-the-art in several aspects of singularity theory, its frontiers
and its interactions with other areas of research. This will continue with a Volume V
that will focus on holomorphic foliations, an important subject on its own, with close
connections with singularity theory and holomorphic vector fields, and a Volume VI
with other important areas of singularity theory.

Cuernavaca, Mexico José Luis Cisneros Molina

Marseille, France Lê Dũng Tráng
Cuernavaca, Mexico José Seade
March 2023
Contents

1 Limits of Tangents, Whitney Stratifications and a Plücker

Type Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lê Dũng Tráng and Bernard Teissier
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Limits of Tangent Spaces: The Semple-Nash Modification . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Limits of Tangent Hyperplanes: The Conormal Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Some Symplectic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.1 The Conormal Space in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Conormal Spaces and Projective Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.3 Polar Varieties and the Control of the Dimension
of the Fibers of
κX : C(X) → X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.4 Limits of Tangent Spaces and Bertini’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 Limits of Secants: The Blowing-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6 The Normal/Conormal Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.6.1 Limits of Tangent Spaces of Quasi-Ordinary
Hypersurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.7 The Relative Conormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.8 Whitney Stratifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.8.2 Whitney Conditions and the Normal/Conormal
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.8.3 The Whitney Conditions Are Lagrangian in Nature . . . . . . 37
1.9 The Multiplicities of Local Polar Varieties and a Plücker
Type Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2 Determinantal singularities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Anne Frühbis-Krüger and Matthias Zach
2.1 Singularities of Matrices and Determinantal Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.1 Determinantal Ideals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

xi
xii Contents

2.1.2 Free Resolutions and Generic Perfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.1.3 Determinantal Singularities and Their Deformations . . . . . 54
2.1.4 Geometry of the Generic Determinantal Varieties . . . . . . . . 61
2.2 Unfoldings and Equivalence of Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.1 Finite Determinacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.2 Versal Unfoldings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2.3 Discriminants of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3 Essentially Isolated Determinantal Singularities
and Their Deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.3.1 The Tjurina Transformation for EIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.2 Comparison of Unfoldings and Semi-universal
Deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.3.3 Complete Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.4 Cohen-Macaulay Codimension 2 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.5 Gorenstein Singularities in Codimension 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.3.6 Rational Surface Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3.7 Further References and Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4 Classification of Simple Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.4.1 Singularities of Square Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.4.2 Cohen-Macaulay Codimension 2 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.5 Stabilizations and the Topology of Essential Smoothings . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.5.1 Construction of Essential Smoothings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.5.2 Determinantal Hypersurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.5.3 Isolated Cohen-Macaulay Codimension 2
Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.5.4 Arbitrary EIDS and Some Further, Particular Cases . . . . . . 132
2.5.5 Skew-Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
2.5.6 Cohen-Macaulay Codimension 2 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . 147
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3 Singularities, the Space of Arcs and Applications to
Birational Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Shihoko Ishii
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.1.2 Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.1.3 The Goal of this Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.2 Construction of the Space of Jets and the Space of Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.2.1 Construction of the Space of Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.2.2 Morphisms of the Spaces of Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.2.3 The Space of Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.2.4 Thin and Fat Arcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.3 Properties of the Space of Arcs and the Space of Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.3.1 Group Actions on the Space of Jets/Arcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.3.2 Morphisms of the Space of Jets/Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Contents xiii

3.3.3 The Structure of the Space of Jets/Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

3.4 Introduction to the Nash Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.4.1 Basics for the Statement for the Nash Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3.4.2 History of the Nash Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
3.5 Applications to Birational Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3.5.1 Overview of Birational Geometry in Connection
with the Space of Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3.5.2 Basics in Birational Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3.5.3 Log Discrepancies via the Spaces of Arcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4 Jet Schemes and Their Applications in Singularities, Toric
Resolutions and Integer Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Hussein Mourtada
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.2 The Construction of Jet Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.3 The Nash Problem and Its Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.4 Motivic Invariants of Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.5 Jet Schemes and Singularities of Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4.6 The Jet-Components Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.7 A Geometric Approach to Resolution of Singularities via
Arc Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.8 Deformations of Jet Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.9 Arc Spaces and Integer Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
4.10 Completions of Localizations of the Algebra of Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5 Indices of Vector Fields and 1-Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Wolfgang Ebeling and Sabir M. Gusein-Zade
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5.2 The Case of Smooth Manifolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
5.2.1 The Index in the Real Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
5.2.2 The Index in the Complex Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
5.2.3 Collections of Sections of a Vector Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.2.4 Algebraic Formulas for the Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5.3 Vector Fields and 1-Forms on Singular Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.3.1 Radial Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5.3.2 GSV Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
5.3.3 Poincaré–Hopf Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
5.3.4 Homological Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
5.3.5 Euler Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5.3.6 Algebraic, Analytic, and Topological Formulas . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.3.7 Determinantal Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
5.4 Indices of Collections of Vector Fields and 1-Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.4.1 GSV Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.4.2 Chern Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
xiv Contents

5.4.3 Homological Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

5.5 Equivariant Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.5.1 Equivariant Euler Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.5.2 Equivariant Indices of Vector Fields and
1-Forms on Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.5.3 The Equivariant Radial Index on a Singular Variety . . . . . . 294
5.5.4 Equivariant GSV and Poincaré–Hopf Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
5.5.5 Equivariant Homological Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
5.5.6 Equivariant Euler Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
5.5.7 Real Quotient Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6 Motivic Hirzebruch Class and Related Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Shoji Yokura
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.2 Characteristic Classes of Complex Vector Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.2.1 Characteristic Cohomology Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.2.2 Yoneda’s Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
6.3 Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch and
Grothendieck–Riemann–
Roch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.3.1 Riemann–Roch Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.3.2 Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.3.3 Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.4 Three Distinguished Characteristic Classes of Complex
Algebraic Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6.4.1 MacPherson’s Chern Class c∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
6.4.2 Baum–Fulton–MacPherson’s Todd Class td∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.4.3 Cappell–Shaneson’s L-Class L∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.5 Motivic Hirzebruch Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.5.1 A Generalized Hirzebruch–Riemann-Roch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.5.2 Hodge–Deligne Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
6.5.3 Motivic Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
6.5.4 The Grothendieck Group of Complex Algebraic
Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
6.5.5 The Relative Grothendieck Group of Complex
Algebraic Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.5.6 Motivic Hirzebruch Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
6.5.7 A Zeta Function of Motivic Hirzebruch Class . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
6.6 A “Unification” of the Three Distinguished Characteristic
Classes of Singular Varieties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
6.7 Verdier–Riemann–Roch and Milnor Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
6.7.1 Verdier–Riemann–Roch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
6.7.2 Milnor Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
6.7.3 Generalized Motivic Milnor–Hirzebruch Classes . . . . . . . . . 358
Contents xv

6.7.4 Hirzebruch–Milnor Class via the Vanishing

Cycle Functor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
6.8 Equivariant Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
6.8.1 Transformation Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
6.8.2 “Simple” G-Equivariant Natural Transformations . . . . . . . . 366
6.8.3 Cartan Mixing Space and Cartan Mixing Diagram . . . . . . . 367
6.8.4 Equivariant (Co)homology by Cartan–Borel
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
6.8.5 Equivariant Motivic Hirzebruch Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
6.9 Bivariant Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
6.9.1 Fulton–MacPherson’s Bivariant Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.9.2 Operational Bivariant Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
6.9.3 Canonical Orientation and Riemann–Roch Formula . . . . . 384
6.9.4 A Universal Bivariant Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.10 Bivariant Motivic Hirzebruch Characteristic Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
6.10.1 A Bivariant Relative Grothendieck Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
6.10.2 A Bivariant Motivic Hirzebruch Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
7 Regular Vectors and Bi-Lipschitz Trivial Stratifications in
O-Minimal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Guillaume Valette
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
7.2 O-Minimal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
7.2.1 Bi-Lipschitz Trivial Stratifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
7.2.2 The Preparation Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
7.3 The Regular Vector Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
7.4 A Few Lemmas on Lipschitz Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
7.4.1 Regular Vectors and Lipschitz Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
7.4.2 Finding Regular Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
7.5 Regular Systems of Hypersurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
7.5.1 Regular Systems of Hypersurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
7.5.2 Two Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
7.5.3 Proof of Theorem 7.5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
7.5.4 Proof of Theorem 7.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
7.5.5 Regular Vectors and Set Germs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
7.6 Definable Bi-Lipschitz Triviality in Polynomially
Bounded O-Minimal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
8 Lipschitz Geometry of Real Semialgebraic Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Lev Birbrair and Andrei Gabrielov
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
8.2 Inner Lipschitz Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
8.3 Normal Embedding Theorem, Lipschitz Normally
Embedded Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
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