• Introduction to Microprocessors
and Microcontrollers, 8-bit/16-bit
Overview of
Microprocessor, Overview of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium; I (i3, i5, i7)series
processors
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Internal organization of computing device
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CPU
Fetch, decode and executes the instruction stored in memory
CPU must equipped with necessary resource
Important resources of CPU:
Registers – to store the information temporarily
ALU – to carryout Arithmetic and Logical operation
Program Counter – to point the next instruction to be executed
Instruction decoder – to interpret the instruction fetched into
the CPU
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MEMORY
One of the important feature
Binary digits : 0’s and 1’s
Bit: 0 or 1
Nibble: 4-Bits or half a byte – ex: 0101
Byte: 8-Bit or Byte – ex: 1010 0101
Word : 16-bits – ex: 1111 0000 1010 0101
Kilo Byte: 210 = 1024 bytes, Mega : 220, Giga : 230, Tera : 240
Ex: 16 Megabyte = 16 x 220 = 24 x 220 =224 Bytes
Memory Types: RAM & ROM
RAM or Volatile Memory : Temporary storage
ROM or Non-volatile Memory : Permanent storage
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Input and outputs
I/O devices used to provide a communication with CPU via
keyboard, video monitor etc.,
Buses
CPU is connected through stripes of wires called Buses
Address bus: To identify the device connected to CPU. Total
number of memory location addressable by a CPU is 2x, where x
is the number of bits.
Data Bus: To carry info. in and out of CPU, 8-bit to 64-bit
Control bus: To provide the read or write signal to CPU
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Steps to execute an instruction
1. Fetch Instruction from Memory
2. Decode Instruction and Fetch Operands
3. Perform ALU Operations
4. Store ALU result to register file
5. Memory Access (for load/store)
6. Update Program counter
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What is microprocessor?
It is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC) chip containing millions
of very small components including transistors,
resistors, and diodes that work together.
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How does it look like?
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But inside?
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What was the first microprocessor?
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First Microprocessor 4004 - Inventors
Federico Faggin Marcian "Ted" Hoff Stanley Mazor Masatoshi Shima
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Evolution of Intel processors (1)
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Evolution of Intel processors (2)
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Microprocessor – Block Diagram
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Microprocessor is a CPU on a single chip.
Microprocessor has several support devices like ROM, Read
write memory, timer, serial interface, I/O ports, etc.
All these support devices are interfaced to the
microprocessor through a system bus.
So finally we can conclude that all support devices in a
microprocessor are connected externally.
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Microprocessor applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Complex Industrial Controllers
• Traffic light Control
• Data acquisition systems
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems
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Microprocessor Based Temperature Monitoring System
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What is microcontrollers?
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit
designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system.
A typical microcontroller includes a processor,
memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a
single chip.
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How does it look like?
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But inside?
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Microcontroller can be easily interfaced to external
peripheral devices like ADC, DAC, serial ports, Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, etc.
Examples of the microcontrollers are microchip’s PIC, Intel’s
80196, The 8051, Motorola’s 68HCxx.
Microcontrollers is mainly designed to control
specific electronic applications.
Microcontrollers are normally found in toys, office machines,
automobiles, home appliances, etc.
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Applications of microcontrollers
• Automobile
• Aeronautics
• Rail Transport
• Mobile communications
• Industrial processing
• Remote sensing , Radio and Networking
• Robotics
• Consumer electronics , music players
• Security (e-commerce, smart cards)
• Medical electronics (hospital equipment, and mobile monitoring) and
• Defense application
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Microcontroller Based Temperature Monitoring System
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Parameters µP µC
Architecture Von-Neumann and RISC Harvard and CISC
architecture architectures.
Flexibility designer can decide on the amount fixed amount of on-chip ROM,
of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. RAM, I/O ports
Processing Power High Low
Design Time More Less
Power High Low
Protection Less More
Cost High Low
Examples 8085, 8086 8051
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Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture
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X86 Architecture ARM, Power PC
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The Intel 8085 ("eighty-eighty-five") is an 8-
bit microprocessor produced by Intel and introduced in 1976.
It is software-binary compatible with the more-famous Intel
8080 with only a few minor instructions added.
However, it requires less support circuitry, allowing simpler
and less expensive microcomputer systems to be built.
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The salient features of 8085 µp are:
It is a 8-bit microprocessor
Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC,
DE, HL.
8-bit Data bus is a group of D0 – D7
It has 16-bit address bus and hence can address up to 216
= 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations through A0-A15
The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are
multiplexed AD0 – AD7
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It supports external interrupt request
A 16 bit program counter (PC)
A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at 3.2
MHZ single phase clock.
It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in line package).
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It consists of five essential blocks.
(1) Arithmetic Logic Section
(2) Register Section
(3) The Interrupt Control Section
(4) Serial I/O Section
(5) The Timing And Control Unit
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8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085
Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976.
It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and 16 data
lines that provides up to 1MB storage.
It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations
like multiplication and division easily.
It supports two modes: Maximum mode and Minimum mode.
Maximum mode is suitable for system having multiple processors
and Minimum mode is suitable for system having a single
processor.
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Features
It is a first 16-bit μp having 16-bit ALU, 16-bit registers,
internal data bus, and 16-bit external data bus resulting in
faster processing..
8086 has a 20 bit address bus can access up to 220 =1 MB
It provides 14, 16 -bit registers.
It has multiplexed address and data bus AD0- AD15 and
A16 – A19.
It is available in 3 versions based on the frequency of
operation 5MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz
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8086 is designed to operate in two modes, Minimum and
Maximum
It can pre-fetches up to 6 instruction bytes from memory
and queues them in order to speed up instruction execution.
It requires +5V power supply and 40 pin dual in line package.
It uses two stages of pipelining, i.e. Fetch Stage and
Execute Stage, which improves performance.
Memory is byte addressable - Every byte has a separate
address.
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8085 vs 8086
Key features 8085 8086
size 8-bit microprocessor 16-bit microprocessor
Address bus 16-bit address bus 20-bit address bus
memory can access up to 64Kb can access up to 1Mb
Instruction queue doesn’t have an instruction queue Has an instruction queue,
Pipelining doesn’t support a pipelined supports a pipelined
architecture architecture.
No. of I/O can address 2^8 = 256 I/O's can access 2^16 = 65,536 I/O's
Cost Low high
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