PAPER I

NON-CHORDATA AND CHORDATAs

1. Comment on the evolutionary change in the proportion of limbic system versus cerebral hemisphere in
vertebrates. (2013, 10 M)
2. Describe locomotion in Hirudinaria. (2013, 10 M)
3. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal and salivary apparatus in Periplaneta americana. (2013, 10 M)
4. Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus. (2013, 10 M)
5. Describe the functional anatomy of neuro-endocrine inter-relationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name
hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With
the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis. (2013, 25 M)
6. Give an elaborate account of canal system in Porifera and discuss the taxonomic importance of spicules.
(2013, 25 M)
7. Through a comparative chart, give an account of accessory sex glands in the male vertebrate animal types
such as dogfish, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit. (2013, 25M)
8. Give an account of coral reefs, their constituents compartments and significance. (2013, 25M)
9. Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium through a labelled diagram only and discuss its parasitic adaptations.
(2013, 25M)
10. What is filariasis? Discuss the structure and life-history of filarial worms. Highlight its pathogenic aspects
and preventive measures. (2013, 25 M)
11. Mention the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal secretions that stimulate, sustain and regulate adrenal
cortex functions. Add a note on feedback systems. (2013, 15M)
12. Describe the organs and mode of locomotion in Paramecium. (2014, 10M)
13. Give an account of the structure of cnidoblast and various types of nematocysts of Hydra. (2014, 10M)
14. Draw a transverse sectional diagram of female Ascaris and label it. (2014, 10M)
15. Describe the different types of skulls in Reptilia with the help of labelled diagrams. (2014, 10M)
16. Differentiate the structural variation of mouthparts in Insects diagrammatically and label them. (2014, 10M)
17. “Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates”- Justify the statement. (2014, 15M)
18. What is Parasitism? Give an account of the life cycle of Wucheraria bancrofti and add a note on the
pathogenicity and control of the disease caused by this parasite. (2014, 15M)
19. Make a labelled diagrammatic representation of the basic forms and diversities in Echinoderm larvae and
describe their evolutionary significance. (2014, 20M)
20. Describe “Torsion and Detorsion” in Gastropoda. Add a note on the significance of this phenomenon.
(2014, 15M)
21. With the help of labelled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and modification of aortic arches in
different vertebrates. (2014, 20 M)
22. Differentiate the basic characters of cartilaginous and bony fishes with relevant diagrams. (2014, 15M)
23. What do you mean by Retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the Gonads,
developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania. (2014, 20M)
24. Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams. (2014, 15M)
25. Give an elaborate account on the Migration of Birds. Add a note on the problems faced by them during
migration. (2014, 15M)
26. What are minor phyla? Enlist minor phyla with suitable examples. (2015, 10M)
27. Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates.’ (2015, 10M)
28. Polychaetes exhibit different modes of life adapted to habitats. Elaborate the statement. (2015, 10M)
29. Apis is known for social behaviour. Discuss (2015, 10M)
30. Give an account of locomotion in Protozoa indicating locomotor organelle with suitable examples. (2015,
15M)
31. What are corals and coral reefs? Describe different types of coral reefs and their formation indicating
different theories. (2015, 15M)
32. Enumerate functions and main components of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of
jaw suspensorium in vertebrates with suitable diagrams. (2015, 20M)
33. Discuss parasitism in ‘Copepoda’. Comment on structural peculiarities of parasitic copepods. (2015, 15M)
34. Give a illustrated account of the reproductive system, life history and development of Asterias. (2015, 15M)
35. Give an account of locomotion in Pisces indicating the role of muscles and fins. How do some fish fly?
Comment. (2015, 15M)
36. ‘Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are the most advanced of all living Reptiles. Discuss the
statement. (2015, 15M)
37. Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples. (2015, 15M)
38. Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples. (2015,
20M)
39. Explain the process of Torsion and detorsion in gastropods and also write their significance. (2016, 10M)
40. Give an account of mutable connective tissue. (2016, 10M)
41. Give an account of Conjugation in Paramecium and its significance. (2016, 10M)
42. Give an account of calcium homeostasis in mammals. (2016, 10M)
43. Explain various types of canal systems in Porifera. Also give their importance. (2016, 20M)
44. Give general characters of phylum Platyhelminthes. Classify it giving the main features and examples of
each class. (2016, 15M)
45. Draw labelled diagrams of basic echinoderm larval forms and describe their evolutionary importance.
(2016, 20M)
46. Describe with the help of suitable diagrams, the major structures in the mammalian ear involved in hearing
and balance. (2016, 15M)
47. Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in humans. Also explain feedback
mechanisms of hormonal regulation. (2016, 15M)
48. Give an account of Asexual and sexual life phases of Plasmodium vivax in their hosts. (2016, 20M)
49. Give an account of social behaviour in Termites. (2016, 15M)
50. Explain parental care in amphibians and its significance. (2016, 15M)
51. Define coelomate. Write the general features and examples of an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and
coelomate animal. (2016, 15M)
52. Differentiate between major and minor phyla. Describe the salient features of any one minor phylum.
(2017, 10M)
53. Some fishes can breathe air. Elaborate. (2017, 10M)
54. Explain the types of metamorphosis in insects and their hormonal regulation. (2017, 10M)
55. Give general features and examples of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals. (2017, 10M)
56. Discuss the origin of Tetrapods. (2017, 10M)
57. Give an account of larval forms in Crustacea with examples and diagrams. Also write a note on the
significance of larvae. (2017, 20M)
58. Give the structure of cnidoblast, the defensive organ in Cnidaria. Also describe its mechanism of action.
(2017, 15M)
59. What are Bilateria? Explain the theories of origin of Bilateria. (2017, 15M)
60. Give an elaborate account of various flight adaptations in birds. (2017, 20M)
61. Explain various types of dentition in mammals. (2017, 15M)
62. Describe the roles of three eye layers in vision in humans. (2017, 15M)
63. Give an account of evolution of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals. (2017, 20M)
64. Discuss respiration in Mollusca indicating suitable examples. (2017, 15M)
65. Explain primitive, degenerate and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic
position. (2017, 15M)
66. Note on Protostomes and Deuterostomes. (2018, 10M)
67. Note on Peripatus. (2018, 10M)
68. Note on Paedomorphosis. (2018, 10M)
69. Note on status of sphenodon. (2018, 10M)
70. General characters of Cetaceans and Primates. (2018, 10M)
71. Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams. (2018, 20M)
72. Give an account of the structure and life cycle of Wucheraria bancrofti. Add a note on the pathogenicity
and control of the disease caused by this parasite. (2018, 15M)
73. What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also
write a note on its affinities. (2018, 20M)
74. Describe different larval forms of Echinoderms and comment on their evolutionary significance. (2018,
20M)
75. Explain the HPA axis. Draw a transverse section of the Adrenal gland and describe the functions of its
different hormones. (2018, 15M)
76. Give an illustrated account of the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax. (2018, 15M)
77. Give an illustrated account of different types of mouth parts in insects and write a note on their functional
significance. (2018, 20M)
78. Give an account of Migration in birds. Add a note on the problems faced by them during migration. (2018,
15M)
79. With the help of labelled diagrams only, explain the structure and different stages of the life cycle of Obelia
(no description is required). With reference to Obelia, also explain the polymorphism and the status of
metagenesis. (2018, 15M)
80. General characters and classification of Porifera. (2019, 10M)
81. Metagenesis – does it differ from alternation of generations ? (2019, 10M)
82. Parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes. (2019, 10M)
83. Water Vascular System in Asterias. (2019, 10M)
84. Connecting link between Reptiles and Aves. (2019, 10M)
85. Give an account of Nutrition in Protozoa. (2019, 10M)
86. What do you understand about Torsion and Detorsion in Mollusca? Elucidate. (2019, 15M)
87. Give an account on Types of Skulls in Reptilia with the help of relevant diagrams. (2019, 15M)
88. Write an account on the social Behaviour in Apis and Termites. (2019, 20M)
89. Describe the external features of Nereis. What is Heteronereis and how does it differ from Nereis?
Comment upon Metamerism in Annelida. (2019, 15M)
90. Describe the Dentition in Mammals along with relevant diagrams. (20M)
91. Define parental care. Give an illustrated account of parental care in Amphibia. (2019, 15M)
92. Describe urinogenital systems in both the sexes of Amniotes with the help of diagrams only (No description
is required). (2019, 15M)
93. Note on Gamontogamy in Monocystis (2020, 10M)
94. Note on Skeleton in sponges (2020, 10M)
95. Describe different kinds of coral reefs on the basis of their formation. (2020, 10M)
96. Note on general characters of Prototheria. (2020, 10M)
97. Note on flight adaptations in birds. (2020, 10M)
98. With the help of suitable diagrams, describe the different stages of life cycles of Nereis. (2020, 15M)
99. With the help of labelled diagrams, the mouthparts of house-fly, butter-fly and honey bee. (2020, 20M)
100 . With the help of labelled diagrams, give an account of the larvae found in Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and
Holothuroidea. (2020, 15M)
101 . Describe the distribution, habits and habitat of Rhynchocephalia. Write a note on crocodilian and
lacertilian characters of Sphenodon. (2020, 20M)
102 . Explain the origin of Amphibia and classify up to subclass with characters and examples. (2020, 15M)
103 . With the help of labelled diagrams only, explain the different larval stages in the life cycle of Fasciola
hepatica (No description is required). (2020, 15M)
104 . Describe various accessory respiratory organs of fishes with examples. (2020, 20M)
105 . Describe the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in Unio. (2020, 15M)
106 . Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals. (2020, 15M)
107 . Note on canal system in sponges. (2021, 10M)
108 . Note on nematocysts of aurelia. (2021, 10M)
109 . Note on trochophore larva and its evolutionary significance. (2021, 10M)
110 . Note on origin of tetrapods. (2021, 10M)
111 . Draw a well-labelled diagram of the avian brain. (2021, 10M)
112 . What is metamorphosis? Describe the hormonal regulation of metamorphosis of insects. (2021, 20M)
113 . What is the alternation of generations? Illustrate this phenomenon with life history of obelia. (2021, 15M)
114 . Describe the structure and functions of internal ear in mammals. (2021, 15M)
115 . What is the Hypothalamo-pituitary axis? Draw a well-labelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the
functions of its hormones. (2021, 20M)
116 . Define nephridium. Describe the various types of nephridia found in Pheretima. (2021, 15M)
117 . Describe the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in pila. (2021, 15M)
118 . Define double circulation. Give a comparative account of heart in reptiles, birds and mammals. (2021,
20M)
119 .Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma. (2021, 15M)
120 . Give an illustrated account of life cycle of leishmania. (2021, 15M)
121 . Structure of visual organs of cockroach. (2022, 10M)
122 . What is meant by symmetry? Write about different types of symmetry in animals. (2022, 10M)
123 . Structure and functions of endocrine pancreas. (2022, 10M)
124 . “Cnidoblast as defensive organs in coelenterates”. Justify. (2022, 10M)
125 . Evolutionary status of Sphenodon. (2022, 10M)
126 . Explain asexual and sexual modes of reproduction in Paramecium. (2022, 20M)
127 . Write general features of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals. (2022, 15M)
128 . Describe different types of scales in fishes with suitable diagrams. (2022, 15M)
129 . Explain habitat, habits, general features and life cycle of Wuchereria. (2022, 20M)
130 . Describe different types of canal system found in Porifera. Also mention their functions. (2022, 15M)
131 . Draw a suitable diagram and explain the structure of the human eye. (2022, 15M)
132 . Give an account of the origin as well as adaptive radiation of reptiles. (2022, 20M)
133 . Describe the general structure of a mammalian tooth. Also, classify mammalian teeth based on their
shape, attachment and succession. (2022, 15M)
134 . Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development. (2022,
15M)
135 . Short Note on Erythrocytic schizogony. (2023, 10M)
136 . Short Note on Statocyst of medusa. (2023, 10M)
137 . Short Note on Evolutionary Status of Onychophora. (2023, 10M)
138 . Short Note on Neoteny. (2023, 10M)
139 . Short Note on Migration in birds (2023, 10M)
140 . Define Conjugation. Explain the mechanism of conjugation in Paramecium. Also give its significance.
(2023, 20M)
141 . Describe the different stages of the life cycle of leeches with the help of suitable diagrams. (2023, 15M)
142 . Describe the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in cockroach. (2023, 15M)
143 . Explain the general features, life cycle and pathogenicity of Taenia. (2023, 15M)
144 . Give an illustrated account of origin of mammals. (2023, 15M)
145 . Describe the perivisceral coelom and endoskeleton of Asterias. (2023, 15M)
146 . Draw a well-labelled diagram of adrenal gland and discuss the functions of its hormones. (2023, 20M)
147 . Describe the general features and life cycle of Ascaris. (2023, 15M)
148 . What are the skeletal elements of sponges? Describe the structure and types of various skeletal elements
found in sponges. (2023, 15M)
149 .
ECOLOGY

1. Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon
cycle? (2013, 25M)
2. Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamics of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it. (2013, 25M)
3. State briefly what are biomes, ecotones and ecological succession. Give an account of the causes, trends
and general process of ecological succession in nature. (2013, 25M)
4. Distinguish between edge, border and ecotone. Why do edges and ecotones often support a greater
diversity of species than the adjoining communities? (2014, 10M)
5. Define sustainable development. What are the merits of remote sensing in sustainable development? Give
examples. (2014, 20M)
6. Describe the predator-prey relationship with suitable examples. (2014, 15M)
7. Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the
keystone species on the community structure of the food web. (2014, 20M)
8. What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact. (2014,
15M)
9. What is the Jatinga bird mystery? Is it related to bird migration? Explain. (2015, 10M)
10. What is the ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain. (2015, 10M)
11. What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations. (2015, 15M)
12. What are biogeochemical cycles? Discuss nitrogen cycle indicating the role of atmospheric N-fixation, the
role of bacteria and the impact of human activity. (2015, 20M)
13. Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural
eutrophication. Suggest measures for abatement of water degradation. (2015, 15M)
14. Define biodiversity hot-spots and mention the criteria of its selection. Write about biodiversity hot-spots of
the Indian sub-region giving their salient features. (2015, 20M)
15. Define migration and its causes. Discuss the migration of Anadromous and Catadromous fishes. (2016,
10M)
16. List different human-induced changes in the atmosphere. Describe the greenhouse effect and its impact.
(2016, 10M)
17. Define ecological succession. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Explain various
steps involved in the mechanism of ecological succession. (2016, 20M)
18. Enlist the various biomes of the biosphere and discuss the problems and adaptations of the animals of
marine and desert biomes. (2016, 20M)
19. Define remote sensing. Explain how it can be used as an effective tool for sustainable development. (2016,
15M)
20. What are Ecotones? Are wetlands ecotones? Justify. (2017, 10M)
21. Discuss Thermal Pollution and its preventive measures. (2017, 10M)
22. Elaborate the term ‘Ecosystem’ and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic
Dynamics concept. (2017, 15M)
23. Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore
the water quality of our rivers, lakes and reservoirs. (2017, 15M)
24. What is meant by Biodiversity? Explain Protected Area Networking w.r.t. their establishment, monitoring
and management. (2017, 15M)
25. Explain adaptations of animals inhabiting fast flowing waters. (2017, 15M)
26. Note on ozone layer depletion. (2018, 10M)
27. Note on Population dynamics. (2018, 10M)
28. Note on endemism with reference to India. (2018, 10M)
29. What is ecological succession? Give an account of the causes, types and general process of ecological
succession in nature. (2018, 20M)
30. Give an account of sources, impacts and prevention of air pollution. Comment on Montreal and Kyoto
protocol also. (2018, 20M).
31. Define Migration and describe various types of Migration in Fishes with suitable examples. Comment upon
its significance. (2019, 15M)
32. Short note on greenhouse effect and its impact on the atmosphere. (2019, 10M)
33. Short note on Biome. (2019, 10M)
34. What is the Biogeochemical cycle? Discuss in detail the Nitrogen cycle. (2019, 20M)
35. What is community ecology? Explain different stratification in the biotic community. Add a note on species
abundance and species diversity. (2019, 15M)
36. Give an account of causes, consequences and control of water pollution. Comment on “Ganga action Plan”.
(2019, 20M)
37. Note on division of biosphere. (2020, 10M)
38. Note on phosphorus biogeochemical cycle. (2020, 10M)
39. Describe the uses of remote sensing in sustainable development. (2020, 15M)
40. Note on ecological succession. (2021, 10M)
41. Note on Biodiversity hotspots. (2021, 10M)
42. Write a note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples. (2021, 15M)
43. Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem. (2021, 20M)
44. What are ecotones? Explain by giving examples. Also write a note on ‘edge-effect’. (2022, 10M)
45. (i) Differentiate between primary and secondary pollutants. (2022, 5M)
(ii) Explain primary and secondary treatment of wastewater. (2022, 10M)
46. Explain biological, non-biological and industrial fixation of nitrogen. (2022, 15M)
47. Short note on Ecological Niche. (2023, 10M)
48. Short note on Lotka-Volterra model. (2023, 10M)
49. Define the food chain. Describe different types of food chain with suitable examples. (2023, 15M)
50. What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in india.
(2023, 15M)
51.
ETHOLOGY

1. What is circadian and circannual rhythm? Discuss briefly the influence of exogenous cycles on these
rhythms. (2013,10 M)
2. Write an account of parental care in Amphibia. (2013, 25M)
3. Define ‘Insight’. Explain this behaviour using the example of Chimpanzees. (2013, 10 M)
4. Describe the method of studying animal behaviour using T-maze. (2013, 10M)
5. What do you understand by conditioning? Explain with relevant examples. (2014, 10M)
6. Give an account of Orientation, Navigation and Homing behaviour in animals with suitable examples. (2014,
20M)
7. Explain the role of pheromones in alarm spreading. (2015, 10M)
8. Discuss social hierarchies in Primates. (2015, 15M)
9. Describe kinship and altruistic behaviour in animals. (2016, 10M)
10. Give an account of biological rhythms and discuss the mechanism of their regulation. (2016, 15M)
11. What are suitable examples of explaining conditioning and imprinting in animals? (2016, 20M)
12. Explain the role of chemical signals in alarm spreading. (2017, 10M)
13. Mention the advantages of social living. Describe different types of social hierarchies in primates. (2017,
20M)
14. Note on Habituation and conditioning. (2018, 10M)
15. What is Eusocialism? Describe this phenomenon with reference to Honey bees. (2018, 15M)
16. What is the biological rhythm? Give an account of its types and characteristics. What is the role of different
factors in their entertainment? (2018, 20M)
17. Short note on Pheromones in alarm spreading. (2019, 10M)
18. Explain orientation and navigation with examples in different animals. Add a note on Homing behaviour.
(2019, 15M)
19. Describe different types of social hierarchies in Primates. (2019, 15M)
20. Give an account of biological rhythms. (2020, 10M)
21. Describe the characteristics of social insects with examples. (2020, 15M)
22. Note on Biological clock. (2021, 10M)
23. What are pheromones? Discuss their role in insects. (2021, 15M)
24. Explain the process of learning and memory in animals with suitable examples. (2021, 15M)
25. ‘Conditioned learning’ in animals. (2022, 10M)
26. Describe various types of social groupings in primates. Write a note on importance of social grouping.
(2022, 20M)
27. Describe two basic laws of learning. Explain habituation, trial and error learning and latent learning in
animals. (2022, 15M)
28. What is meant by biodiversity. Explain habituation, trial and error learning and latent learning in animals.
(2022, 15M)
29. Short Note on Instinct behaviour in animals. (2023, 10M)
30. Describe the phenomenon of altruism and kinship in studying animal behaviour with suitable examples.
(2023, 15M)
31. Define imprinting. Describe the mechanism of imprinting in animals with suitable examples. (2023, 15M)
32. Define Crypsis. Explain the types and mechanism of crypsis in animals with suitable examples. (2023, 15M)
33.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

1. What is forensic biotechnology? Discuss its significance. (2013, 10 M)

2. Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of life-history of Bombyx mori. (2013, 10M)
3. Name four human genetic diseases. Give an account of human genome research and its applications. (2013,
25M)
4. How are pearls cultured? Describe the economic importance of Pearl culture. (2014, 10M)
5. Give an elaborate account on AIDS. (2014, 15M)
6. Describe the principal steps in Apiculture and note various aspects of its rearing techniques. (2014, 15M)
7. ‘Biotechnology is a vital tool in modern forensic science’. Comment. (2015, 10M)
8. What is Euphenics? Explain its use for improvement of human welfare. (2015, 15M)
9. Discuss the status and scope of prawn culture in India. Mention commercially viable and cultivable species
of freshwater and brackish water prawns. (2015, 15M)
10. What are transgenic animals? How are they produced? Explain their contributions to human welfare.
Comment on ethical concerns in relation to transgenesis. (2015, 20M)
11. Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its
control measures. (2016, 10M)
12. What is meant by vermiculture? Enlist various species suitable for vermiculture. Also explain techniques
and importance of vermicomposting. (2016, 15M)
13. What is medical biotechnology? Discuss its role in human welfare. (2016, 15M)
14. How is ‘Composite Carp Culture’ advantageous over “Traditional Carp Culture’? (2017, 10M)
15. Discuss the concept and importance of genetic counselling and gene therapy. (2017, 15M)
16. What is the systematic position of rice pests? Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this
pest. Write a note on the measure for its prevention and control. (2018, 15M)
17. What is “Lac-culture”? Explain the methodology employed in lac-culture. Also describe the uses of lac.
(2018, 15M)
18. Short note on Elephantiasis. (2019, 10M)
19. Describe the structure of the pathogen responsible for AIDS. How is it transmitted? Also mention the
pathogenesis and prevention of AIDS. (2018, 15M)
20. Write the systematic position of a sugarcane pest. Give an account of its life-cycle and the damage caused
by this pest. Write a note on its control measures. (2019, 15M)
21. Through a labelled diagram show the stages of life history of Mulberry silk worm. Explain various aspects of
rearing techniques in sericulture and add a note on the difference of silk worms. (2019, 20M)
22. Note on Transgenic animals. (2020, 10M)
23. Describe the names of any four diseases of silkworm and their causal agents (scientific names), sources of
infection, symptoms and management. (2020, 20M)
24. Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and
management of Sitophilus oryzae. (2020, 15M)
25. Note on Vermiculture. (2021, 10M)
26. What is transgenesis? Describe the methods and applications of transgenesis in animals. (2021, 20M)
27. What is apiculture? Describe the various methods of beekeeping and also add a note on the uses of honey.
(2021, 15M)
28. Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome in humans. (2022, 10M)
29. Mention the causative agent and means of spread of tuberculosis. Also describe symptoms, diagnosis,
treatment and preventative measures of tuberculosis. (2022, 20M)
30. What is gene therapy? Citing suitable examples explain germline and types of somatic cell gene therapy.
(2022, 15M)
31. Short note on Pathogenesis of cholera. (2023, 10M)
32. Short note on Amniocentesis. (2023, 10M)
33. What is lac culture? Explain the life cycle of lac insects and describe cultivation and processing of lac in india.
Also add a note on its economic importance. (2023, 20M)
34. Describe the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of livestock disease. (2023, 15M)
35.
BIOSTATISTICS

1. Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance. (2014, 10M)
2. Give an account of “correlation analysis”, its application and significance. (2014, 15M)
3. Differentiate between one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comment on its application in
biostatistics. (2015, 10M)
4. What is correlation? Explain its various types and methods of calculating correlation analysis. (2016, 10M)
5. Describe the measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. What is their use in biology? (2016,
15M)
6. What is meant by biostatistics? Explain the role of correlation, regression and ANOVA in data analysis in
Zoology. (2017, 20M)
7. What is the Chi-square test? Give a detailed account of the computation of Chi-square for tests of
independence, homogeneity and goodness of fit using biological data. (2018, 15M)
8. What is ANOVA? Differentiate between One-way and Two-way ANOVA. Comment on its applications in
Biostatistics. (2019, 15M)
9. Describe the differences between f-test and t-test. (2020, 20M)
10. Define correlation. Explain its types and methods of computing coefficient of correlation. (2021, 20M)
11. Comment on ‘measures of central tendency of data’. (2022, 10M)
12. What is chi-square analysis? Explain its applications in biology. (2022, 15M)
13. Define regression. Explain different methods and applications of Regression analysis. (2023, 20M)
14.
INSTRUMENTATION METHODS

1. While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through
a diagram show the relative working distance under low and high powers. (2013, 10M)
2. What is the principle of spectrophotometry? Discuss the details of instrumentation and application of
spectrophotometer. Comment upon the common feature of spectrophotometric assay and ELISA, if any.
(2013, 25M)
3. Differentiate between the Phase Contrast and Fluorescent Microscopy. (2014, 10M)
4. Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
(2014, 15M)
5. Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss. (2015, 10M)
6. What is chromosome painting? Comment on its principles and scope. (2015, 15M)
7. Write the principle, working and uses of spectrophotometer. (2016, 10M)
8. What is ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)? Write its principle and procedure. Add a note on its
applications. (2016, 15M)
9. Describe ‘FISH: Principle, Procedure and Applications’. (2017, 10M)
10. Write about phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy with notes on their principles and applications in
Zoology. (2017, 15M)
11. Explain the principle, types and applications of ultracentrifuge. (2017, 15M)
12. Note on PCR. (2018, 10M)
13. What is the resolution of a microscope? Comment on the principles of SEM and TEM. Describe the
structure, working and applications of any one of the electron microscopes in biology. (2018, 15M)
14. Short note on ultracentrifuge. (2019, 10M)
15. Explain the principle and procedure of “ELISA”. Give a note on its application. (2019, 15M)
16. Note on TEM (2020, 10M)
17. Explain the principle of spectrophotometer and describe its following components:
(i) Radiation sources
(ii) Phototube
(iii) Prism
18. Describe the principle and applications of gel electrophoresis. (2020, 15M)
19. Describe chromosome painting and its versatility in modern diagnostics. (2020, 15M)
20. Note on FISH. (2021, 10M)
21. Differentiate between SEM and TEM. (2021, 15M)
22. Describe the principle and applications of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (2021, 15M)
23. Describe principle, working mechanism and applications of gel electrophoresis. (2022, 10M)
24. Write principle, working mechanism and uses of PCR. (2022, 15M)
25. What is ELISA? Explain the principle, types, procedure and applications of ELISA. (2023, 20M)
26.
 PAPER II
CELL BIOLOGY

1. Describe the structural organisation of a prokaryotic cell. What are the traits and functions in which it differs
from a eukaryotic cell? (2013, 20M)
2. How does the protein synthetic machinery operate in prokaryotes? Mention the various functions of protein
in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (2013, 15M)
3. Give an account of the structure and function of the organelles considered unusual in the cell cytoplasm.
(2013, 15M)
4. What are RNA genes? State the role of ribozymes and microRNA in protein synthesis. (2013, 15M)
5. Compare the events during mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. Add a note on the role of stage-specific
macromolecules and enzymes in such cycles. (2014, 20M)
6. Give an illustrated account of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Compare this with similar events in a
prokaryotic. Add a note on the mechanisms that lead to migration of such proteins in the lumen of
endoplasmic reticulum. (2014, 20M)
7. What are nucleic acids? Describe the structure and functions of various types of RNAs. (2014, 10M)
8. List and illustrate the components of biological membranes in terms of their arrangement, role in the
maintenance of feudicity, permeability and signal reception and translation. (2015, 10M)
9. Arrange the sequential enzymatic participations in DNA replication. Describe their specific role in each step.
(2015, 10M)
10. What are Rb and P53 proteins? How do they regulate the cell cycle? How do they protect the cell from
carcinogenesis? (2015, 15M)
11. What are giant chromosomes? Name them. State their locations and illustrate their structures. How do
they function? (2015, 15M)
12. Enumerate a comparative account of different functions of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
(2016, 10M)
13. Describe the role of microtubules in chromosome movement during cell division. (2016, 15M)
14. Explain the mechanism of transport of small and large molecules across plasma membranes. (2016, 20M)
15. Explain the structure and functions of lysosome. (2016, 15M)
16. What is meant by the ‘Lamp brush’ chromosome? Explain its structure and functional significance. (2017,
10M)
17. What is protein targeting? Illustrate the same with reference to transport proteins to plasma membranes.
(2017, 20M)
18. Explain in detail the structural organisation and functions of Golgi-Complex. (2017, 20M)
19. Explain in detail how a DNA molecule gets organised into a chromosome? (2017, 15M)
20. What is Euchromatin and Heterochromatin? Explain the events of Heterochromatin formation. (2018, 10M)
21. Explain the origin and functions of lysosomes with emphasis on different enzymes. (2018, 10M)
22. Describe the role of protein kinases in the regulation of cell cycle. Add a note on the importance of
checkpoints. (2018, 20)
23. Describe the structure of plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model with emphasis on the role
of lipid molecules in maintaining the fluidity of the membrane. (2018, 20M)
24. What is transcription? Explain the process of transcription in a eukaryote. (2019, 10M)
25. Explain the isolation and methodology of study of the cell membrane. (2019, 15M)
26. Explain the biochemical composition of cell membranes. (2019, 15M)
27. Explain the cell cycle is fully based on molecular events. (2019, 15M)
28. Delineate the structural and functional characteristics of polytene chromosomes. (2019, 15M)
29. Sequentially explain the process of apoptosis. (2019, 15M)
30. Short note on Watson and Crick model of DNA. (2019, 10M)
31. Short note on Secondary structure of Proteins. (2019, 10M)
32. What is the wobble hypothesis? How does it explain degeneracy in genetic code? (2020, 10M)
33. Describe the sequence specific DNA binding proteins. (2020, 10M)
34. Draw an overview of eukaryotic cell cycle. Describe the roles of cyclins in the regulation of cell cycle. (2020,
20M)
35. What is a nucleosome? Explain the functional elements of eukaryotic chromosomes. (2020, 15M)
36. Draw an ultrastructure of plasma membrane. Discuss the roles of lipids in the regulation of membrane
fluidity. (2020, 15M)
37. Define programmed cell death. Explain the molecular mechanism and significance of apoptosis during early
embryonic development. (2020, 20M)
38. Describe the requirement of proteins for the initiation of transcription in a eukaryotic. (2021, 10M)
39. What is the cell cycle? Draw an overview of molecular events during the cell cycle. Discuss the role of
protein kinases in the regulation of meiotic cell cycle. (2021, 20M)
40. Lysosomes are polymorphic, justify. Draw a diagram representing the dynamic aspect of the lysosome
system. Write down the functions of lysosomes. (2021, 15M)
41. Draw the structure of a microtubule and explain its role in chromosomal movements during cell division.
(2022, 10M)
42. What is rough endoplasmic reticulum (RPR)? Describe in detail the various modifications of secretory
proteins occurring in the lumen of RER. (2022, 20M)
43. Define endomitosis. Describe in detail the structure of a polytene chromosome highlighting the importance
of puffs. (2022, 15M)
44. What is facilitated diffusion? Describe the mechanism of active transport across the plasma membrane with
suitable examples. (2022, 15M)
45. Sketch out a basic transcription unit and illustrate the RNA polymerase II associated assembly of a
transcription initiation complex during expression of a eukaryotic gene. (2022, 20M)
46. Illustrate the steps of constructing a recombinant c-DNA and an m-RNA. (2022, 15M)
47. (i) Stepwise intrinsic mechanism of apoptotic induction. (2022, 15M)
(ii) Principle of DNA fingerprinting.
48. How is hn RNA (primary transcript) modified into functional m-RNA in eukaryotes. (2023, 10M)
49. Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) along with its advantage. (2023, 10M)
50. Give structure of t-RNA. Write the role of different RNAs in the translation process. (2023, 20M)
51. Describe structure of mitochondria. Why is it known as the powerhouse of the cell? (2023, 20M)
52. Describe various stages of prophase of meiosis-I in an animal cell. (2023, 15M)
53.
GENETICS

1. What is an interrupted gene? What is its relation with exons and introns? Explain the functioning of
interrupted gene in lower eukaryotes. (2013, 10M)
2. What are sex-linked and sex-limited characters? Explain by suitable examples their mode of transmission.
(2013, 10M)
3. What is recombinant DNA technology? How is it done? Discuss its applications. (2013, 15M)
4. Delineate the production of new combinations of alleles, encoding a novel set of genetic information. What
is its role in genetic engineering? (2013, 20M)
5. Characterize with suitable examples, the following features of genetic code:
(i) Degeneracy
(ii) Universality of genetic code
And add a note on the wobble hypothesis. (2014, 10M)
6. Give an illustrated account of Lac operon in E.Coli. (2014, 10M)
7. Define and differentiate between Genomics and Proteomics. Add a note on their biomedical applications.
(2014, 10M)
8. Complete the table given below by inserting o, 1, ½ or ¼ for the probability for each type of mating. Five
reasons.

Genotype Of Progeny

Mating AA Aa aa

AA*AA

AA*Aa

Aa*aa

Aa*Aa

Aa*aa

9. Describe the molecular basis of the following inherited diseases and their manifestations in humans: (2014,
15M)
(i) Cystic fibrosis (ii) Sickle cell Anemia (iii) Hunting chorea
10. Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting and indicate which of the following is used in DNA
fingerprinting: (2014, 15M)
(i) Palindromic sequences of DNA
(ii) VNTR
(iii) Shine Dalgarno sequences
(iv) TATA boxes
11. What are the various vectors used in genetic engineering ? write and compare the protocol for each. (2014,
15M)
12. Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a
focus on attenuation. (2015, 10M)
13. The genotype of the parent is as under:
2n+XhY*2n+X0xh
Indicate the type of gametes that will be formed and character represented by their offsprings. Also
indicate whether the parents are carriers or free from disorder.
Find out:
 (i) Percentage of carriers
(ii) Percentage of haemophilic sons and daughters
(iii) Percentage of normal offspring.
Why does haemophilia occur? Give the symptoms of haemophilia. How is haemophilia
genetically inherited? (2015, 20M)
14. What is mutagenesis? Explain with diagrams how mutagens cause genetic changes. (2015, 10M)
15. Narrate with suitable examples the use of ribozymes in health care and agriculture. (2015, 10M)
16. Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion. (2016, 10M)
17. Describe the impact of gene mutation on human health. (2016, 10M)
18. Give an account of the Human Genome Project. (2016, 20M)
19. Discuss the applications of recombinant technology in human health. (2016, 15M)
20. Explain pedigree analysis to illustrate hereditary disease with suitable examples. (2016, 15M)
21. What are multiple alleles? Explain the phenomenon of multiple allelism by giving suitable examples. (2017,
10M)
22. Explain ‘Whole animal cloning’ by giving suitable examples. Enumerate the steps involved in whole animal
cloning. (2017, 10M)
23. What is meant by RFLP? Explain the applications of RFLP. (2017, 15M)
24. Bring out the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene organisation. (2017, 15M)
25. Explain the use of VNTRs in DNA fingerprinting in paternity tests. (2018, 10M)
26. Comment on the following human genetic disorders: (2018, 15M)
(i) Down Syndrome.
(ii) Klinefelter’s Syndrome.
(iii) Sickle cell anaemia
27. Explain the distinctive features of Plasmid and Cosmid vectors used in recombinant DNA technology. (2018,
15M)
28. Explain the phenomenon of X-linked inheritance in Drosophila. (2018, 15M)
29. Explain the use of ribozyme technology for the treatment of diseases. (2019, 10M)
30. What is an artificial chromosome vector? Give its application. (2019, 10M)
31. Differentiate between genomics and proteomics. (2019, 20M)
32. Justify the statement “Linkage and recombination play a significant role in the process of inheritance”.
(2019, 20M)
33. Describe the mechanism of sex determination in Drosophila. (2020, 10M)
34. What is transgenesis? Describe the methods for gene transfer in animals and its applications. (2020, 15M)
35. Define mutation. Describe the types, causes and applications of mutation. (2020, 20M)
36. What is RAPD? Give an account of the general methods for mapping human genome. (2020, 15M)
37. What is the modern concept of genes? Describe the test of allelism with suitable examples. (2021, 10M)
38. What is chromosome mutation? Describe various types of polyploidy with suitable examples. Add a note on
phenotypic effects of polyploidy. (2021, 20M)
39. What is chromosome theory of linkage? Describe the methods for determination of linkage using suitable
examples. (2021, 15M)
40. What is Mendel’s dihybrid cross? Discuss the mechanism of independent assortment using suitable
examples. (2021, 15M)
41. What is mutation? Write a brief note on various types of point mutations. (2022, 10M)
42. Give schematic organization of Cosmid. Why is it preferred over plasmid for gene cloning? (2022, 10M)
43. Write principle and application of RFLP. (2023, 10M)
44. Describe the principle and method of whole animal cloning. (2023, 15M)
45. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in human beings. (2023, 15M)
46. Explain Haemophilia. (2023, 10M)
47. Explain Red-green color-blindness. (2023, 10M)
48.
EVOLUTION

1. Describe the process of mimesis and crypsis in animals with suitable examples. (2013, 10M)
2. How are evolutionary patterns and processes affected by the dual operation of mutation and natural
selection ? Give examples. (2013, 15M)
3. Using the fossil history of humans, reconstruct the stages of evolution of present-day Homo sapiens,
mentioning the geological periods as well. (2013, 20M)
4. What is Hardy-Weinberg law? Give examples to establish its validity and limitations. (2013, 15M)
5. Identify the five important evolutionary changes led to evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the
ancestral stock during various Geological era and epochs. (2014, 15M)
6. Give an illustrated account of the evolution of horses, mentioning the relevant geological time periods.
(2014, 15M)
7. State and explain Hardy Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium. What are its limitations? Calculate the allele
frequencies of L M and L N genes from the following blood group data of a population on the basis of this
law.

Blood type Genotype No of individuals

M M
1. M L *L 1787

2. MN LM *LN 3039

3. N LN *LN 1303

8. Define continental drift. Explain the processes by which this has impacted upon the geographical
distribution of fauna restricting it to certain regions only. (2014, 15M)
9. What is cladistics? Discuss its applications in understanding of evolution of different life forms and
phylogeny. (2014, 15M)
10. Illustrate the different theories regarding the origin of life with special reference to protein evolution.
(2015, 20M)
11. “Isolation is the key factor in evolution.” Justify the statement giving suitable examples from geographical
and reproductive isolation. (2015, 15M)
12. Give the characteristics features of ancestors of elephants and give progressive evolutions that have
occurred during various geological times resulting in the emergence of the modern-day elephant. (2015.
20M)
13. Define mimicry. How does it occur? How has mimicry evolved in the animal kingdom? Give examples.
(2015, 15M)
14. Describe Hardy-weinberg law and its application in evolution. (2016, 10M)
15. Explain the key features of oriental region with its sub-regions. Add a note on the faunistic distribution of
the region. (2016, 10M)
16. Explain the salient features in the ‘theory of natural selection’. Add a special comment on ‘synthetic theory
of evolution’. (2016, 15M)
17. Discuss the role of mutation in speciation. Comment on the effect of the process of variation on evolution.
(2016, 20M)
18. Explain in brief the role of ‘isolation’ in evolution by giving suitable examples. (2017, 10M)
19. What is meant by molecular drive? Explain its significance in evolution giving suitable examples. (2017,
15M)
20. Outline the course of evolution of modern-day horse. (2017, 15M)
21. Give a brief account of various theories of ‘Origin of Life’ on earth. (2017, 20M)
22. What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of
fossils. (2018, 10M)
23. With suitable examples, describe how adaptive radiation helps in the evolution of terrestrial and aquatic
animal groups. (2018, 15M)
24. What are micro, macro, and mega evolutions? Explain the terms with suitable examples. (2018, 15M)
25. Define Isolation. Explain in detail the premating and postmating isolating mechanisms. (2018, 20M)
26. Write a chronological account of human evolution as evidenced by palaeontological records. (2019, 10M)
27. Explain Stanley Miller's experiment related to the origin of life. (2019, 10M)
28. Elucidate the process of continental drift and its impacts on animal diversity. (2019, 20M)
29. Describe between sympatric and Parapatric speciation with suitable examples. (2020, 10M)
30. Define Palaeontology. Discuss the chronological order of elephant evolution. (2020, 15M)
31. What is Hardy-weinberg equilibrium? Describe the principles, mechanisms and its applications in
population genetics. (2020, 20M)
32. Define mimicry. Discuss the types of mimicry with suitable examples. (2021, 10M)
33. What is isolation? Describe the major isolating mechanisms which lead to speciation. (2021, 20M)
34. Enlist theories of the origin of life. Explain the theory of biochemical evolution proposed by Oparin and
Haldane. (2021, 15M)
35. What is fossil data? Discuss the chronological order of human evolution with suitable examples. (2021,
15M)
36. Explain Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium and mention the factors that upset the equilibrium. (2022, 10M)
37. Write a note on the theory of natural selection. (2022, 10M)
38. Define variation. Describe different types of variations and their role in evolution. (2022, 15M)
39. What is a fossil? Describe the origin and evolution of horses based on the fossil. (2022, 20M)
40. Continental drift has resulted in discontinuous distribution of alligators and lungfishes. Justify (2023, 10M)
41. Explain Stanley Miller experiment. In which way, it provided support to the most acceptable theory of origin
of life? (2023, 15M)
42. Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population. (2023, 15M)
43. Explain phenomenon of natural selection taking examples of peppered moth and sickle cell anemia. (2023,
15M)
SYSTEMATICS

1. What is a taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable
examples. (2013, 10M)
2. What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope and limitations in the present-day scenario of nomenclature.
(2015, 15M)
3. What is biodiversity? Give an account of the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Add a note on
Hotspots in India. (2016, 15M)
4. Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities. (2016, 10M)
5. Differentiate between molecular taxonomy and classical taxonomy. (2017, 10M)
6. What is ‘CLADE’? Explain the importance of ‘cladistics’ in evolution. (2017, 15M)
7. Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals. (2018, 10M)
8. Who proposed Binomial Nomenclature? Describe the rules of Zoological Nomenclature. (2018, 10M)
9. Discuss the role of molecular techniques in the study of contemporary systematics. (2019, 15M)
10. Describe the origin of code for zoological nomenclature. (2020, 10M)
11. Explain biodiversity. Discuss different grades and factors affecting the distribution of animal biodiversity.
(2020, 15M)
12. Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy. (2021, 10M)
13. What is cladistics? Discuss the international code of biological nomenclature. (2021, 10M)
14. What is biodiversity? Describe the major types of bio-diversities found in nature. (2022, 15M)
15. Write about different ways by which biodiversity is being threatened. (2023, 10M)
16.
BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Compare the function of mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes in cellular metabolism. (2013, 10M)
2. Which eukaryotes do not contain repetitive DNA? Give a brief account of biological macromolecules found
in all living organisms. (2013, 15M)
3. What is cyclic AMP? How is it derived? Mention the role of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells. (2013, 10M)
4. Describe the short-term and long-term effects of stress on the human body. (2013, 10M)
5. Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity?
(2013, 15M)
6. What is anti-vitamin? Classify and describe the function of vitamins in human nutrition. (2013, 15M)
7. Illustrate and narrate the structure of F1-F0 particles of mitochondria. How do they facilitate movement of
protons across the mitochondrial membrane leading to ATP generation? (2014, 10M)
8. Name the enzymes and hormones released by liver and pancreas. Discuss their functions in digestion of
food and maintenance of blood glucose balance. (2014, 10M)
9. What are vitamins? Name and give the functions of water-soluble vitamins? Tabulate the diseases that
occur in humans due to hypo and hypervitaminosis. (2014, 10M)
10. What are immunoglobulins? Describe the structure of IgG and add a note on its diversity. (2014, 20M)
11. Describe with suitable diagrams the role of G-protein in the synthesis of C-AMP. Demonstrate how C-AMP
activate protein kinase. (2015, 10M)
12. What are vitamins and coenzymes? Describe fat soluble vitamins with examples. (2015, 10M)
13. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their functions. (2015, 10M)
14. Differentiate between Innate and adaptive immunity. Justify your answer with suitable examples. (2015,
10M)
15. Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain
how amino acids differ from each other. (2016, 10M)
16. Explain in brief about the synthesis and functions of steroid and peptide hormones. (2016, 15M)
17. Discuss the TCA cycle is the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a cell. (20M)
18. Explain the role of coenzymes with suitable examples. (2016, 15M)
19. Give the classification of immunoglobulins and state their functions. Draw a labelled diagram of IgM. (2016,
15M)
20. What are ‘Coenzymes’? Explain their importance in metabolism. (2017, 10M)
21. Discuss antibodies as key players of humoural immunity. (2017, 15M)
22. Give the structure of cyclic AMP and discuss its role as a Second messenger by giving suitable examples.
(2017, 15M)
23. Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain
their role in ATP synthesis. (2017, 20M)
24. Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in
Mitochondria. (2018, 20M)
25. Define and explain the ‘Michaelis-Menten equation’, and write its significance in enzyme kinetics. (2019,
20M)
26. Explain the structure and functions of IgG immunoglobulin. (2019, 15M)
27. Make a diagrammatic presentation of Krebs cycle. (2019, 15M)
28. Describe the basic structure and functions of immunoglobulins. (2020, 10M)
29. Define oxidative phosphorylation. Describe the theories of mechanism of ATP synthesis. (2020, 20M)
30. Glycolysis is considered a metabolic hub. Justify. (2020, 15M)
31. What are vitamins? Describe the types and biological roles of fat-soluble vitamins. (2020, 15M)
32. Fatty acids regulate the nature of lipids, justify. (2021, 10M)
33. Define coenzyme. Explain the role of coenzymes in the regulation of metabolic reactions by giving suitable
examples. (2021, 10M)
34. Explain the respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. (2021, 10M)
35. What are peptide hormones? With the help of schematic diagram, discuss the epinephrine cascade for the
glucose release from hepatocytes. (2021, 20M)
36. Cyclic AMP is a second messenger, justify. Discuss the importance of cyclic AMP in intracellular signal
transduction with suitable examples. (2021, 15M)
37. What is bioenergetics? Discuss the role of second law of thermodynamics in energy transduction. (2021,
15M)
38. Define immunity. Explain cell-mediated immune response in vertebrates with suitable diagrams. (2022,
10M)
39. Explain the functions of neutrophils, basophils and lymphocytes. (2022, 10M)
40. Draw the molecular structure of ATP synthase and diagrammatically explain the chemiosmotic concept of
ATP synthesis. (2022, 20M)
41. Explain the cellular mechanism of action of steroid hormones. (2022, 15M)
42. (i) A=T and G=C base pairing as a part of DNA double strand (2022, 15M)
(ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction.
43. Describe the balance sheet of ATP production in glycolysis. (2023, 10M)
44. Explain competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition. (2023, 10M)
45. Classify carbohydrates by giving suitable examples. Also, mention characteristics of each category. (2023,
20M)
46. Explain the source(s) of functions of the following: B1, B2, B12 (2023, 15M)
47. Explain enzymes, their characteristics as well as induced-fit model of mechanism of enzyme action. (2023,
20M)
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note
on the regulatory mechanisms that ensure stable titers of iron in the body. (2013, 10 M)
2. Draw a labelled diagram of the human eye and discuss the function of each layer. Mention the role of eye
pigments in visual perception under light and dark conditions. (2013, 15 M)
3. What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture. (2013, 15 M)
4. What do you mean by neurotransmitters? Describe adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic
neurotransmitters and write an illustrated account of their functions in synaptic transmission. (2014, 15 M)
5. What is haematopoiesis? Indicate the site and stages by which erythrocytes, various types of leukocytes and
platelets are formed. Which chemical factor(s) coordinate and control these events? (2014, 20 M).
6. What do you mean by anticoagulant? Describe the structure and functions of natural and synthetic
anticoagulants. (2014, 15 M)
7. Label the figure and answer the following questions: (2015, 10M)
(i) Name the parts.
(ii) Name the inner ossicles.
(iii) Name the parts of cochlea.
(iv) What is the organ of corti?
(v) What are the steps by which sound waves at the eardrum cause impulse generation in the cells
of the organ of corti?
8. Explain in the diagrams the molecular mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles. Discuss the role of ions
and bioenergetics in muscle contraction. Attribute the cause(s) for muscle cramps. (2015, 20M)
9. Describe the structure of rods and cones in the retina, and discuss their role in vision. (2016, 10M)
10. Describe the sequences of stages during synaptic transmission with acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter.
(2016, 15M)
11. Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in
endothermic animals. (2016, 20M)
12. Describe the process of digestion and absorption in small intestine. (2017, 10M)
13. What is meant by the Rh factor? Explain Rh incompatibility in human beings. (2017, 10M)
14. Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood. (2017, 20M)
15. Describe the ultrastructure of ‘ Sarcomere’ and explain the process of muscle contraction. (2017, 15M)
16. What is menopause? Discuss its occurrence, consequences and significance in human females. (2017, 15M)
17. Describe the role of Acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission. (2018, 10M)
18. Define Muscle twitch and explain the features of Summation and Tetanus. (2018, 10M)
19. Explain the role of pancreatic enzymes in digestion. (2018, 10M)
20. Describe the role of pituitary and gonadal hormones on puberty and regulation of menstrual cycle. (2018,
20M)
21. Describe the role of visual pigments in daylight and night vision. (2018, 15M)
22. Describe in detail about the structure and function of Nephron and explain fluid balance regulation through
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone systems. (2018, 15M)
23. Short note on Physiology of action potential (2019, 10M)
24. Short note on mammalian internal ear (2019, 10M)
25. Enlist and describe the types and mechanical properties of muscle fibres. (2019, 15M)
26. Give a brief account of tropic hormones which affect the endocrine glands. (2019, 20M)
27. Explain the structure and functions of haemoglobin. (2019, 15M)
28. Draw a typical neuron action potential. Discuss the iconic basis for the propagation of nerve impulse. (2020,
10M)
29. Enlist the composition of saliva. Describe the mechanism of secretion of saliva. (2020, 10M)
30. What is the general mechanism of blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic pathway for the initiation of
blood clotting. (2020, 15M)
31. Enlist the sources of energy of muscle contraction. Describe the mechanism of contraction of skeletal
muscle. (2020, 20M)
32. Describe the process of glomerular filtration. Discuss the determinants of glomerular filtration rate in
humans. (2020, 15M)
33. Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples. (2021, 10M)
34. Explain the basic stimuli causing pancreatic secretion. Discuss the role of pancreas in major food digestion.
(2021, 20M)
35. Explain the transport of oxygen in blood. Discuss the factors that shift oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation
curve. (2021, 15M)
36. Describe the functional anatomy of cochlea with a suitable diagram. Write down the functions of organ of
corti. (2021, 15M)
37. Illustrate the counter-current mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance. (2022,
10M)
38. Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
(2022, 15M)
39. What are intestinal glands? Describe the roles of intestinal juices in digestion and absorption of food.
(2022, 20M)
40. Draw the structure of the retina and explain the mechanism of vision in the mammalian eye. (2022, 15M)
41. Highlight role of various hormones in the regulation of digestive secretions. (2023, 10M)
42. List different neurotransmitters. Explain the role of specific neurotransmitter across neuromuscular
junction. (2023, 10M)
43. Explain the structure of haemoglobin and its role in carbon dioxide transport. (2023, 15M)
44. Give an account of hormonal regulation of menstruation in human females. (2023, 20M)
45. List various coagulation factors and describe their role in blood clotting. (2023, 15M)
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. What is the Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
(2013, 10M)
2. With suitable illustrations delineate the role of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine in amphibian
metamorphosis. (2013, 10M)
3. Describe the role of neuro-endocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of
human seminiferous tubules. (2013, 20M)
4. Using villi as the basis of classification, describe the various types of placenta in eutherian mammals. Add a
note on placental hormones and their role in pregnancy and birth. (2013, 20M)
5. Differentiate between puberty and menopause and discuss their neuro-endocrine basis. Mention the
aberrant symptoms and disorders of both. (2013, 20M)
6. What is I.V.F. ? Make a flowchart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications. (2014, 10M)
7. Describe the process of formation of three germinal layers. Draw sequential diagrams and narratives to
show formation of eye in frog or chick. (2014, 15M)
8. What is paedomorphosis? How does it differ from Neoteny? Add a note on its significance in evolution of
Homo sapiens. (2014, 15M)
9. Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples
that negate it or favours it. (2014, 15M)
10. What is apoptosis? What are its stages? Write about the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. (2014, 20M)
11. What is metamorphosis? Differentiate between retrogressive and progressive metamorphosis, with figures
and examples. How are they regulated? (2015, 15M)
12. Enumerate the clinical applications of stem cells. (2016, 10M)
13. What is neoteny? How does it occur? Explain this phenomena with suitable examples. (2016, 10M)
14. Explain the term and structural details of placenta in eutherian mammals. Add a note on its significant role
in pregnancy. (2016, 15M)
15. Explain the fate map of frogs with a neat labelled diagram. Write a note on its contribution in
understanding cell lineage and development process. (2016, 20M)
16. What is the composition of semen? Explain briefly about in vitro and in vivo capacitation of mammalian
sperm. (2016, 15M)
17. What is morphogen? Explain its role in embryonic development. (2017, 10M)
18. What are homeotic genes? Explain with the help of suitable examples. (2017, 10M)
19. Explain the process of oogenesis. Discuss the importance of meiotic arrest during oogenesis. (2017, 15M)
20. What is an ‘Organiser’? Explain the role of Organiser in axis formation amphibians. (2017, 20M)
21. What are stem cells? Discuss their sources, types and applications in human welfare. (2017, 15M)
22. Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on
why you consider these changes as essential. (2018, 15M)
23. Describe the role of fertilizin and antifertilizin interactions during fertilization. (2018, 15M)
24. With particular reference to Gradient theory, describe how polarity is established during embryonic
development. Comment on its significance. (2018, 15M)
25. Give an account of the impact of drugs on teratogenesis. (2018, 15M)
26. What are fate maps? Describe the methods of fate maps construction with reference to frog or chick.
(2018, 15M)
27. Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3 in calcium metabolism. (2018, 20M)
28. Give an account of the morphological and histological types of placenta. Add a note on the physiological
function of mammalian placenta. (2018, 15M)
29. Short note on Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. (2019, 10M)
30. Give a brief account of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques used for mammals. (2019, 20M)
31. Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo. (2019, 15M)
32. Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic
development in mammals. (2020, 10M)
33. “calcium is an-initiator of cortical granules reaction”. Explain. (2020, 10M)
34. What are embryonic stem cells? Discuss the isolation, differentiation and therapeutic applications of
embryonic stem cells. (2020, 15M)
35. What is metamorphosis? Explain the role of thyroxine in the regulation of amphibian metamorphosis.
(2020, 15M)
36. What are morphogens? Describe the cellular differentiation during morphogenesis. (2021, 20M)
37. What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction. (2021, 15M)
38. What is a primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis. (2021,
15M)
39. Define biogenetic law. Write the characteristics of Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation. (2022, 10M)
40. Describe the structure and function of mammalian placenta. (2022, 10M)
41. Describe the hormonal regulation of metamorphosis in amphibians. (2022, 15M)
42. Explain the mechanism of spermatogenesis in mammals with suitable diagrams. (2022, 15M)
43. What is a stem cell? Discuss the types of stem cells and their application in therapeutic uses in humans.
(2022, 20M)
44. Write a note on acrosome reaction during fertilization. (2023, 10M)
45. Describe various techniques of in-vitro fertilization. (2023, 15M)
46. Write in detail three phases of oogenesis in human females. (2023, 15M)
47. Explain neoteny phenomenon taking suitable examples. How is it different from paedogenesis? (2023, 15M)