Artificial Intelligence

CHAPTER 7:
Index Report 2024
Policy and
Governance
 CHAPTER 7:
Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2024 Policy and
Governance

Preview
Overview 3 7.4 AI Regulation 28
Chapter Highlights 4 U.S. Regulation 28
Overview 28
7.1 Overview of AI Policy in 2023 5 By Relevance 29
By Agency 30
7.2 AI and Policymaking 11 By Approach 31
Global Legislative Records on AI 11 By Subject Matter 32
Overview 11 EU Regulation 33
By Geographic Area 13 Overview 33
By Relevance 14 By Relevance 34
By Approach 15 By Agency 35
By Subject Matter 16 By Approach 36
U.S. Legislative Records 17 By Subject Matter 37
Federal Level 17
State Level 18 7.5 U.S. Public Investment in AI 38
AI Mentions 20 Federal Budget for AI R&D 38
Overview 20 U.S. Department of Defense Budget Requests 40
U.S. Committee Mentions 23 U.S. Government AI-Related Contract Spending 41
AI Contract Spending 41
7.3 National AI Strategies 26 Microelectronics and Semiconductor
By Geographic Area 26 Spending 44

Appendix 46

ACCESS THE PUBLIC DATA

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 CHAPTER 7:
Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2024 Policy and
Governance

Overview
AI’s increasing capabilities have captured policymakers’ attention. Over the past year,
several nations and political bodies, such as the United States and the European Union,
have enacted significant AI-related policies. The proliferation of these policies reflect
policymakers’ growing awareness of the need to regulate AI and improve their respective
countries’ ability to capitalize on its transformative potential.

This chapter begins examining global AI governance starting with a timeline of significant
AI policymaking events in 2023. It then analyzes global and U.S. AI legislative efforts,
studies AI legislative mentions, and explores how lawmakers across the globe perceive
and discuss AI. Next, the chapter profiles national AI strategies and regulatory efforts
in the United States and the European Union. Finally, it concludes with a study of public
investment in AI within the United States.

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 CHAPTER 7:
Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2024 Policy and
Governance

Chapter Highlights
1. The number of AI regulations in the United States sharply increases. The number of AI-related
regulations in the U.S. has risen significantly in the past year and over the last five years. In 2023, there were
25 AI-related regulations, up from just one in 2016. Last year alone, the total number of AI-related regulations
grew by 56.3%.

2. The United States and the European Union advance landmark AI policy action. In 2023,
policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic put forth substantial AI regulatory proposals. The European Union
reached a deal on the terms of the AI Act, a landmark piece of legislation enacted in 2024. Meanwhile, President
Biden signed an Executive Order on AI, the most notable AI policy initiative in the United States that year.

3. AI captures U.S. policymaker attention. The year 2023 witnessed a remarkable increase in AI-related
legislation at the federal level, with 181 bills proposed, more than double the 88 proposed in 2022.

4. Policymakers across the globe cannot stop talking about AI. Mentions of AI in legislative
proceedings across the globe have nearly doubled, rising from 1,247 in 2022 to 2,175 in 2023. AI was mentioned in
the legislative proceedings of 49 countries in 2023. Moreover, at least one country from every continent discussed
AI in 2023, underscoring the truly global reach of AI policy discourse.

5. More regulatory agencies turn their attention toward AI. The number of U.S. regulatory agencies
issuing AI regulations increased to 21 in 2023 from 17 in 2022, indicating a growing concern over AI regulation
among a broader array of American regulatory bodies. Some of the new regulatory agencies that enacted AI-
related regulations for the first time in 2023 include the Department of Transportation, the Department of Energy,
and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.1 Overview of AI Policy in 2023

This chapter begins with an overview of some of the most significant AI-related policy events in 2023, as selected by
the AI Index Steering Committee.

7.1 Overview of AI Policy in 2023

China introduces regulation on administration
Jan. 10, of deep synthesis of the internet
2023
China introduces regulations aimed at “deep synthesis”
technology to tackle security issues related to the creation
of realistic virtual entities and multimodal media, including
Source: China Talk, 20221
“deepfakes.” These regulations apply to both providers and Figure 7.1.1
users across different media and mandate measures, such
as preventing illegal content, adhering to legal compliance,
verifying user identities, securing consent for biometric editing,
safeguarding data security, and enforcing content moderation.

U.S. legislators propose AI for National Security Act

Mar. 22,
This legislation clarifies and solidifies the Department of
2023
Defense’s (DoD) authority to acquire AI-based endpoint
security tools, enhancing its cyber-defense capabilities.
It aims to enable the DoD to employ AI for the automatic
detection and mitigation of threats to its networks and digital
infrastructure. This bipartisan initiative ensures the DoD can
Source: Brookings, 2018
adopt innovative commercial technologies to strengthen its Figure 7.1.2

cyber defenses, matching the pace of adversaries.

The sources cited in this section are for the images included in the text.

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U.S. policymakers introduce AI Leadership

May 11, Training Act
2023
This legislation aims to enhance AI literacy among federal
leaders in response to AI’s widespread adoption across
government agencies. It mandates the director of the Office
of Personnel Management (OPM) to create and periodically
Source: Fox News, 2023
refresh an AI training program, promoting responsible and Figure 7.1.3
ethical AI usage within the federal government. Building on
previous laws, the initiative expands AI training to include
federal employees involved in procuring AI technologies for
government use.

U.S. policymakers propose National AI

Jun. 20, Commission Act
2023
The National AI Commission Act calls for establishing a
National AI Commission tasked with crafting a comprehensive
AI regulatory framework. Highlighting the importance of
expert input due to AI’s rapid innovation and complexity, this Source: Nextgov, 2023
Figure 7.1.4
bipartisan initiative focuses on mitigating risks, preserving
U.S. leadership in AI research and development, and ensuring
consistency with American values.

House of Representatives advances Jobs of the

Jul. 06, Future Act
2023
The bill endorses a study to evaluate industries and
occupations anticipated to grow due to AI, assess its
effects on workers’ skills or potential replacement,
examine stakeholder influence opportunities, identify
Source: LSE Business Review, 2019
the demographics most impacted, evaluate the required Figure 7.1.5
skills and education, review data accessibility, investigate
efficient skill delivery methods, and explore the role of
academic institutions in offering critical training.

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U.S. Senate puts forward Artificial Intelligence and

Jul. 19, Biosecurity Risk Assessment Act
2023
The act mandates the assistant secretary for preparedness
and response to assess and address threats to public health
and national security from technical advancements in
artificial intelligence. It emphasizes evaluating the potential
use of AI, including open-source models, for developing Source: Clinical Trials Arena, 2023
Figure 7.1.6
harmful agents. The proposed initiatives include monitoring
global biological risks and integrating risk assessment
summaries into the National Health Security Strategy.

Private AI labs sign voluntary White House AI

Jul.21, commitments
2023
The Biden-Harris administration obtains voluntary pledges
from seven major AI firms—Google, Microsoft, Meta,
Amazon, OpenAI, Anthropic, and Inflection—to promote the
development of AI that is safe, secure, and reliable. These
commitments involve conducting internal and external
security assessments of AI systems prior to launch, sharing Source: Medium, 2023
Figure 7.1.7
information on identified risks, enabling public reporting of
issues, and disclosing when content is AI-generated.

U.S. Senate passes Outbound Investment

Jul. 25, Transparency Act
2023
This initiative aims to scrutinize U.S. investments in
critical sectors, especially those involving China, with
a focus on evaluating risks in crucial industries and
technologies such as AI that impact national security.
The objective is to increase awareness of potential
vulnerabilities and risks linked to foreign access to
Source: AI CIO, 2023
American technology in these domains. Figure 7.1.8

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U.S. Senate proposes CREATE AI Act

Jul. 27,
The CREATE AI Act establishes the National Artificial
2023
Intelligence Research Resource (NAIRR), a national research
infrastructure to improve AI researchers’ and students’
access to essential resources. NAIRR offers compute,
curated datasets, educational tools, and AI testbeds. It aims
to bolster the nation’s AI research capabilities by supporting
Source: Stanford HAI, 2023
the testing and evaluation of AI systems. Figure 7.1.9

China updates cyberspace administration of

Aug. 15, generative AI measures
2023
China’s updated policy adopts a more targeted regulatory
approach, focusing on applications with public implications
rather than a blanket regulation. The amendments soften
the regulatory language, changing directives like “ensure
the truth, accuracy, objectivity, and diversity of the data”
to “employ effective measures to enhance the quality of Source: South China Morning Post, 2023
Figure 7.1.10
training data and improve its truth, accuracy, objectivity, and
diversity.” Additionally, the revised regulations encourage
generative AI development, shifting away from the prior
punitive focus.

U.S. Senate puts forward Protect Elections from

Sep. 12, Deceptive AI Act
2023
The bipartisan bill seeks to prohibit the use of AI to create
materially deceptive content that falsely represents
federal candidates in political advertisements. This act
addresses the risks of AI-driven disinformation in elections
by banning the distribution of materially deceptive AI- Source: The Economist, 2023
Figure 7.1.11
generated audio or visual content related to candidates
running for federal office.

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
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U.K. proposes principles to guide competitive AI

Sep. 18, markets and protect consumers
2023
The U.K.’s Competition and Markets Authority proposes
principles to foster competitive AI markets while ensuring
consumer protection. These principles are designed to
guarantee accountability for AI outputs, maintain continuous Source: Science Business, 2022
Figure 7.1.12
access to essential inputs, promote a diversity of business
models, provide businesses with choices, offer flexibility to
switch between models, and ensure fair practices to prevent
anticompetitive behavior.

President Biden issues Executive Order on Safe,

Oct. 30, Secure, and Trustworthy AI
2023
The executive order establishes new benchmarks for AI safety,
security, privacy protection for Americans, advancement of
equity and civil rights, and the fostering of competition and
innovation. It mandates the creation of a national security
memorandum to guide the safe and ethical application of AI in
military and intelligence operations, ensuring the protection of Source: AP, 2023
Figure 7.1.13
Americans’ privacy and the cultivation of an open, competitive
AI market that emphasizes U.S. innovation. Additionally, the Department of Education is tasked
with addressing AI’s safe and responsible use in education, while the Federal Communications
Commission is encouraged to assess AI’s impact on telecommunications. The National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) is instructed to formulate guidelines and best practices to support
industry consensus on developing and deploying secure, reliable, and ethical AI.

Frontier AI taskforce releases second

Oct. 30, progress report
2023
The task force forms new alliances with leading AI
organizations and facilitates the development of the U.K.’s
AI Research Resource (AIRR), to be known as Isambard-
AI, an AI supercomputer designed for compute-intensive
safety research. Moreover, the report highlights the task
Source: PYMNTS, 2022
force’s initiatives to mitigate risks inherent in advanced Figure 7.1.14

AI development and its partnerships with premier AI

companies to gain early access to their models.

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U.K. hosts AI Safety Summit (2023)

Nov. 01,
The UK AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park seeks to tackle
2023
AI risks and promote global cooperation, culminating in
the Bletchley Declaration. This declaration, endorsed by 28
countries, including China and the United States, signifies
a significant global agreement on AI safety. The U.K. also
unveiled the world’s inaugural AI Safety Institute, dedicated to Source: CGTN, 2023
Figure 7.1.15
safety assessments and research. Despite these developments,
reactions are mixed, with certain experts advocating for more
comprehensive and ambitious policy measures.

U.K. announces AI Safety Institute

Nov. 02,
The AI Safety Institute, the first government-supported
2023
entity dedicated to advancing AI safety in the public interest,
aims to safeguard the U.K. and humanity from unforeseen
AI advancements. Its goal is to build the sociotechnical
framework required to comprehend and govern the risks
associated with advanced AI. By conducting fundamental AI
safety research, the institute intends to enhance worldwide Source: Gov.uk, 2024
Figure 7.1.16
comprehension of the dangers posed by advanced AI
systems and create the technical tools vital for effective AI governance. Furthermore, it aspires to
position the U.K. as a global center for safety research, thereby reinforcing the nation’s strategic
investment in this critical technology.

Europeans reach deal on EU AI Act

Dec. 09,
European lawmakers reach a tentative deal on the AI Act.
2023
The act establishes a risk-based regulatory framework for
AI, prohibiting systems with unacceptable risks, such as
behavioral manipulators, and classifying high-risk systems
into product-based and critical sectors. Generative AI, such
as ChatGPT, is required to adhere to transparency standards. Source: Stanford HAI, 2023
Figure 7.1.17
Meanwhile, low-risk AI, including deepfake technologies, is
subject to fundamental transparency obligations.

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.2 AI and Policymaking

7.2 AI and Policymaking

Global Legislative Records on AI
Overview
The AI Index analyzed legislation containing “artificial count of AI-related bills passed since 2016. While the
intelligence” in 128 countries from 2016 to 2023.2 Of total dropped to 28 in 2023 from 39 in the previous
these, 32 countries have enacted at least one AI-related year, the number of AI-related bills passed in 2023
bill (Figure 7.2.1).3 In total, the countries have passed significantly exceeds the total passed in 2016.
148 AI-related bills. Figure 7.2.2 illustrates the annual

Number of AI-related bills passed into law by country, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

0
1–5
6–10
11–15
16–25
No available data

Figure 7.2.1

2 The analysis of passed AI policies may undercount the number of actual bills, given that large bills can include multiple sub-bills related to AI; for example, the CHIPS and Science Act
passed by the United States in 2022.
3 The AI Index monitored AI-related bills passed in Hong Kong and Macao, despite these not being officially recognized countries. Thus, the Index covers a total of 130 geographic areas.
Laws passed by Hong Kong and Macao were counted in the overall tally of AI-related bills. This year, the Index expanded its country sample compared to previous years, resulting in a
difference between the number of AI-related bills reported this year and those in prior reports.

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Number of AI-related bills passed into law in 128 select countries, 2016–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

40

35

30
28
Number of AI-related bills

25

20

15

10

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.2

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By Geographic Area Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select

countries, 2023
Figure 7.2.3 highlights the number of laws containing Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

mentions of AI that were enacted in 2023. Belgium Belgium 5

France 3
led with five laws, followed by France, South Korea,
South Korea 3
and the United Kingdom, each of which passed United Kingdom 3
three. Figure 7.2.4 shows the total number of laws Argentina 2
Portugal 2
passed since 2016. The United States (23) has passed
Spain 2
the most AI-related laws since 2016, followed by Andorra 1
Portugal (15), and Belgium (12). Austria 1
Hungary 1
Italy 1
Kazakhstan 1
Luxembourg 1
Russia 1
United States 1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of AI-related bills

Figure 7.2.3

Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select

countries, 2016–23 (sum)
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
United States 23
Portugal 15
Belgium 12
Spain 11
South Korea 11
Italy 10
Russia 10
United Kingdom 8
France 7
Austria 6
Philippines 5
Slovenia 3
Argentina 3
Andorra 3
Germany 3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Number of AI-related bills

Figure 7.2.4

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By Relevance a medium AI relevance. Low relevance AI bills

The AI Index team further disaggregated AI-related merely mention AI in passing without a substantial
bills based on their relevance to AI, as not every bill legislative focus on AI. An example of a low relevance
mentioning AI prioritizes it equally. A bill deemed to AI bill is the Energy and Water, Legislative Branch,
have high relevance to AI is fundamentally focused and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
on AI-related policy, like the AI Training Act passed Appropriations Act, 2019. This bill allocates funding
in 2022, which mandates AI training programs to various federal agencies, and mentions AI primarily
for executive agency workers. Conversely, bills in the context of encouraging these agencies to
with medium relevance incorporate significant AI consider workforce training opportunities for sectors
policy elements but are not fundamentally focused like cybersecurity, energy, and AI.
on AI-related matters. For example, the National
Figure 7.2.5 illustrates the distribution of AI-related
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022
bills passed into law globally in 2023, categorized
includes sections on AI performance metrics and
by their relevance to AI. Out of 28 AI-related bills
AI capabilities development for the Department of
enacted, two were classified as having high relevance
Defense. However, because it has a broader focus,
to AI, while 18 were deemed to have medium
namely authorizing various Defense Agency programs,
relevance.
and is not completely centered on AI, it was assigned

Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select countries by relevance to AI, 2016–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
40 39
Low Medium High
4
35

30
30
3 28
Number of AI-related bills

26 17
25 3

20
17
18
15 15
13
12

10
6 18
9

5 10
3 8 8
6
1 3 3
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.5

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Index Report 2024 7.2 AI and Policymaking

By Approach
policymakers focus on expanding AI capabilities,
The AI Index also categorized AI-related bills as
imposing restrictions, or balancing both.
either expansive or restrictive. Expansive bills aim to
enhance a nation’s AI capabilities, such as establishing Figure 7.2.6 indicates a global trend toward regulating
a network of publicly accessible supercomputers. AI usage, showing that, while the commitment to
Restrictive bills, on the other hand, impose limitations enhancing AI capabilities remains, there is a growing
on AI usage, like setting rules for deploying facial shift toward restrictive legislation. This change
recognition technology. A bill can be both, or neither. 4
suggests that legislators are increasingly focused on
Distinguishing between expansive or restrictive mitigating the potential harms of AI’s integration into
bills can highlight legislator priorities: whether society.

Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select countries by approach, 2016–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

25
Expansive Restrictive 24

21 21
7
20
5 18
Number of AI-related bills

15 6

10
9
8 17
16
13
12
5
8
3 7

1 3
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.6

4 The AI Index only categorized bills as being expansive or restrictive if they were identified as having medium or high AI relevance. Consequently, the totals depicted in Figure 7.2.5 may not
fully correspond with those presented earlier in the chapter.

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By Subject Matter
The AI Index’s global analysis of AI legislation in 2023 the distribution of primary topics among
classifies bills by their primary subject matter passed bills broadened significantly, encompassing
according to the typology used by the U.S. Congress a diverse range of policy areas. Specifically, two bills
to classify American legislation. Historically, 5
were passed in each of the following categories:
economics and public finance have been the armed forces and national security; civil rights and
predominant focus of AI-related legislation, reflecting liberties, minority issues; commerce; education;
the fact that AI-related policymaking matters are labor and employment; science, technology, and
often incorporated within budgetary bills related communication. This diversity indicates that AI policy
to public appropriations (Figure 7.2.7). However, concerns are increasingly spanning various sectors.

Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select countries by primary subject matter, 2016–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Armed forces and national security 0 1 2 1 0 3 2 2

Arts, culture, religion 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Civil rights and liberties, minority issues 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Commerce 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2
Crime and law enforcement 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Economics and public nance 0 1 1 3 8 6 7 5
Primary subject matter

Education 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 2
Energy 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Environmental protection 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Finance and nancial sector 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Foreign trade and international nance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Government operations and politics 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0
Health 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0
Labor and employment 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 2
Science, technology, communications 1 0 2 1 4 2 2 2
Taxation 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Transportation and public works 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 7.2.7

5 Similar to the classification of bills as either expansive or restrictive, only bills coded as having a medium or high relevance to AI were coded for their primary subject matter. Consequently,
not all AI-related bills featured in this section’s analysis have subject matter coding available.

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U.S. Legislative Records

Federal Level
Figure 7.2.8 illustrates the total number of passed to 181 in 2023. This significant increase in U.S. AI-
versus proposed AI-related bills in the U.S. Congress, related legislative activity likely reflects policymakers’
highlighting a significant increase in proposed response to the increasing public awareness and
legislation. In the last year, the count of proposed AI- capabilities of AI technologies, such as ChatGPT.
related bills more than doubled, rising from 88 in 2022

Number of AI-related bills in the United States, 2016–23 (proposed vs. passed)
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

180 181, Proposed

160

140
Number of AI-related bills

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 1, Passed

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.8

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State Level Number of AI-related bills passed into law in select

US states, 2023
The AI Index also tracks data on the enactment of Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

AI-related legislation at the state level. Figure 7.2.9 California 7

Virginia 5
highlights the number of AI-related laws enacted
Maryland 3
by U.S. states in 2023. California leads with seven North Dakota 2
laws, followed by Virginia with five, and Maryland Washington 2
West Virginia 2
with three. Figure 7.2.10 displays the total amount
Alabama 1
of legislation passed by states from 2016 to 2023. Arizona 1
California again tops the ranking with 13 bills, Colorado 1
Connecticut 1
followed by Maryland (10) and Washington (7).
Florida 1
Georgia 1
Illinois 1
Iowa 1
Louisiana 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of AI-related bills

Figure 7.2.9

Number of state-level AI-related bills passed into law in the

United States by state, 2016 23 (sum)
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
AK ME
0 0
VT NH MA
4 0 6
WA MT ND SD MN WI MI NY CT RI
7 0 3 0 1 0 2 2 1 0
OR ID WY NE IA IL IN OH PA NJ
0 1 0 0 1 4 0 2 0 2
CA NV UT CO KS MO KY WV MD DE
13 2 4 3 0 0 1 3 10 0
AZ NM OK AR TN VA NC
1 1 0 0 0 6 3
TX LA MS AL GA SC
2 2 2 3 1 0
HI FL
1 2
Figure 7.2.10

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Figure 7.2.11 displays the total number of state-level proposed in 2022. A significantly greater proportion
AI-related bills proposed and passed in the United of AI-related bills are enacted into law at the state
States since 2016. In 2023, 150 total state-level bills level in the United States, compared to the federal
were proposed, a significant increase from the 61 bills level.

Number of state-level AI-related bills in the United States, 2016–23 (proposed vs. passed)
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

150, Proposed
140

120
Number of AI-related bills

100

80

60

40 38, Passed

20

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.11

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Overview
AI Mentions Figure 7.2.12 reveals a significant increase in the
Another barometer of legislative interest is the number mentions of AI in legislative proceedings across the
of mentions of artificial intelligence in governmental globe, nearly doubling from 1,247 in 2022 to 2,175 in
and parliamentary proceedings. The AI Index 2023. Since 2016, AI mentions in legislative discussions
conducted an analysis of the minutes or proceedings have risen almost tenfold. This data suggests that the
of legislative sessions in 80 countries that contain the emergence of AI systems such as ChatGPT in 2023
keyword “artificial intelligence” from 2016 to 2023. 6
has notably captured policymakers’ attention.

Number of mentions of AI in legislative proceedings in 80 select countries, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

2,175

2,000

1,500
Number of mentions

1,000

500

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.2.12

6 The full list of countries analyzed can be found in the Appendix. The AI Index research team attempted to review the governmental and parliamentary proceedings of every country in the
world; however, publicly accessible governmental and parliamentary databases were not made available for all countries.

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In 2023, the United Kingdom led in AI mentions within When legislative mentions are aggregated from
its legislative proceedings (405), followed by the 2016 to 2023, a somewhat similar trend emerges
United States (240) and Australia (227) (Figure 7.2.13). (Figure 7.2.14). The United Kingdom is first, with 1,490
Out of 80 countries analyzed, 48 mentioned AI at least mentions, followed by Spain (886) and the United
once. Moreover, AI discussions reached legislative States (868).
platforms in at least one country from every continent
in 2023, underscoring the truly global reach of AI
policy discourse.

Number of mentions of AI in legislative proceedings by country, 2023

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

0
1–55
56–120
121–250
251–410
No available data

Figure 7.2.13

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Number of mentions of AI in legislative proceedings by country, 2016–23 (sum)

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

0
1–220
221–440
441–660
661–890
891–1,500
No available data

Figure 7.2.14

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U.S. Committee Mentions Figure 7.2.15 shows the frequency of AI mentions in

Mentions of artificial intelligence in committee U.S. committee reports by legislative session from
reports by House and Senate committees serve as 2001 to 2023. Mentions of AI have decreased for the
another indicator of legislative interest in AI in the current 118th session; however, it is important to note
United States. Typically, these committees focus that this session is only about halfway through, with
on legislative and policy issues, investigations, and an end date set for January 2025. Continuing at the
internal matters. current rate, the 118th legislative session is poised to
surpass all previous sessions in terms of AI mentions.

Mentions of AI in US committee reports by legislative session, 2001–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
80

70

60

50
Number of mentions

48

40

30

20

10

107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th
(2001–02) (2003–04) (2005–06) (2007–08) (2009–10) (2011–12) (2013–14) (2015–16) (2017–18) (2019–20) (2021–22) (2023–)

Figure 7.2.15

Chapter 7 Preview 23
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.2 AI and Policymaking

Figure 7.2.16 depicts AI mentions in the committee reports of the U.S. House of Representatives during the ongoing
118th congressional session. The Appropriations and Science, Space, and Technology committees feature the
highest number of AI mentions. Meanwhile, Figure 7.2.17 highlights AI mentions in Senate committee reports, with
Appropriations leading (9), followed by the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (3).

Mentions of AI in committee reports of the US House of Representatives for the 118th congressional
session, 2023
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Appropriations 7

Science, Space, and Technology 7

Rules 4

Energy and Commerce 3

Transportation and Infrastructure 2

Agriculture 1

Armed Services 1

Education and the Workforce 1

Financial Services 1

Foreign A airs 1

Intelligence (Permanent Select) 1

Oversight and Accountability 1

Ways and Means 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of mentions Figure 7.2.16

Mentions of AI in committee reports of the US Senate for the 118th congressional session, 2023
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Appropriations 9

Homeland Security and

3
Governmental A airs

Intelligence (Select) 2

Armed Services 1

Banking, Housing, and

1
Urban A airs

Commerce, Science, and

1
Transportation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of mentions Figure 7.2.17

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.2 AI and Policymaking

Figures 7.2.18 and 7.2.19 show the total number of mentions in committee reports from congressional sessions
occurring since 2001. The House and Senate Appropriations committees, which regulate expenditures of money
by the federal government, lead their respective lists.

Mentions of AI in committee reports of the US House of Representatives, 2001–23 (sum)

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
Appropriations 52
Science, Space, and Technology 34
Rules 18
Energy and Commerce 12
Armed Services 10
Oversight and Accountability 9
Financial Services 7
Intelligence (Permanent Select) 7
Transportation and Infrastructure 6
Education and the Workforce 5
Foreign A airs 3
Homeland Security 3
Veterans’ A airs 3
Ways and Means 3
Agriculture 2
Budget 2
Judiciary 2
Natural Resources 2
Small Business 2
House Administration 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54
Number of mentions Figure 7.2.18

Mentions of AI in committee reports of the US Senate, 2001–23 (sum)

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Appropriations 25

Homeland Security and

14
Governmental A airs

Armed Services 11

Commerce, Science, and

10
Transportation

Energy and Natural Resources 7

Intelligence (Select) 7

Banking, Housing, and

1
Urban A airs

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Number of mentions
Figure 7.2.19

Chapter 7 Preview 25
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.3 National AI Strategies

This section offers an overview of national AI strategies, which are policy plans created by governments to guide
the development and deployment of AI within their country. Monitoring trends in these strategies is important for
assessing how countries prioritize the development and regulation of AI technologies. Sources include national or
regional government websites, the OECD AI Policy Observatory (oecd.ai), and news reports.7

7.3 National AI Strategies

By Geographic Area Figure 7.3.1 identifies countries that have either
Canada initiated the first national AI strategy in released or are in the process of developing a national
March 2017. To date, 75 national AI strategies have AI strategy as of January 2024. Figure 7.3.2 lists the
been unveiled. The peak year was 2019, when countries that are in the process of developing an AI
24 strategies were released. In 2023, eight new strategy within the past three years. The list of new
strategies were added, from countries in the Middle countries developing national AI strategies include:
East, Africa, and the Caribbean, showcasing the Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belarus, Costa Rica,
worldwide expansion of AI policymaking discourse. Jamaica, Pakistan, and Senegal. Figure 7.3.3 provides a
timeline of the release of national AI strategies.

Countries with a national strategy on AI, 2023

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Released
In development
Not released

Figure 7.3.1

7 The AI Index research team made efforts to identify whether there was a national AI strategy that was released or in development for every nation in the world. It is possible that some
strategies were missed.

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.3 National AI Strategies

AI national strategies in development by country Yearly release of AI national strategies by country

and year Source: AI Index, 2024 | Table: 2024 AI Index report
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Table: 2024 AI Index report
Year Country
Year Country
2017 Canada, China, Finland
2021 Andorra, Armenia, Cuba, Iceland, Morocco, New Zealand
2018 France, Germany, India, Mauritius, Mexico, Sweden
2022 Kenya
2019 Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Cyprus, Czech
2023 Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belarus, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Japan, Lithuania,
Pakistan, Senegal Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovak Republic, United Arab
Figure 7.3.2 Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay

2020 Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Latvia,

South Korea, Norway, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Spain,
Switzerland

2021 Australia, Austria, Brazil, Hong Kong, Ireland, Malaysia, Peru,

Philippines, Slovenia, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United
Kingdom, Vietnam

2022 Belgium, Ghana, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Thailand

2023 Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Benin, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia,
Iraq, Israel, Rwanda

Figure 7.3.3

Chapter 7 Preview 27
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

The advent of AI has garnered significant attention from regulatory agencies—federal bodies tasked with regulating
sectors of the economy and steering the enforcement of laws. This section examines AI regulations within the United
States and the European Union. Unlike legislation, which establishes legal frameworks within nations, regulations are
detailed directives crafted by executive authorities to enforce legislation. In the United States, prominent regulatory
agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). Since the specifics of legislation often manifest through regulatory actions,
understanding the AI regulatory landscape is essential in order to develop a deeper understanding of AI policymaking.

7.4 AI Regulation
U.S. Regulation from nearly all branches of the American government,
encompassing more than 436 agencies.8
This section examines AI-related regulations enacted
by American regulatory agencies between 2016 and Overview
2023. It provides an analysis of the total number of The number of AI-related regulations has risen
regulations, as well as their topics, scope, regulatory significantly, both in the past year and over the last five
intent, and originating agencies. To compile this years (Figure 7.4.1). In 2023, there were 25 AI-related
data, the AI Index team performed a keyword search regulations, a stark increase from just one in 2016. Last
for “artificial intelligence” on the Federal Register, a year alone, the total number of AI-related regulations
comprehensive repository of government documents grew by 56.3%.

Number of AI-related regulations in the United States, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

25 25

20
Number of AI-related regulations

15

10

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Figure 7.4.1
8 A full description of the project’s methodology can be found in the Appendix.

Chapter 7 Preview 28
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Relevance example is the Securities and Exchange Commission’s

The AI Index categorized AI-related regulations— Cybersecurity Risk Management Strategy, Governance,
those mentioning AI—into three levels of relevance: and Incident Disclosure, which established
low, medium, and high. In 2023, the number of 9
standardized disclosure practices for public companies
high and medium relevance AI-related regulations concerning cybersecurity risk management, strategy,
increased compared to 2022. For instance, a high governance, and incidents.
relevance AI regulation was the Copyright Office
Figure 7.4.2 categorizes AI-related regulations in the
and Library of Congress’ Copyright Registration
United States based on their relevance to AI. A growing
Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by
proportion of these regulations is highly relevant to
Artificial Intelligence. This policy statement clarified
AI. Among the 25 AI-related regulations enacted in
registration practices for works incorporating AI-
2023, four were identified as being highly relevant, the
generated material. Meanwhile, a medium-relevance
greatest amount since tracking began in 2016.

Number of AI-related regulations in the United States by relevance to AI, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

25
25 Low Medium High

20
Number of AI-related regulations

7
16 16
15
5
12
6
10
10
2 6

14
11
5
9
8
3
6
1
2
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Figure 7.4.2

9 A high relevance regulation focuses entirely on AI or AI-related issues. A medium relevance regulation includes meaningful mentions of AI but is not solely centered on it. A low relevance
regulation mentions AI in passing, without a significant focus on AI-related matters.

Chapter 7 Preview 29
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Agency10
Which agencies are the primary sources of AI (Figure 7.4.3). Furthermore, the number of agencies
regulations? In 2023, the Executive Office of the issuing AI regulations increased from 17 in 2022 to 21 in
President and the Commerce Department led with 2023, indicating a growing need for clarity and concern
five AI-related regulations each, followed by the regarding AI among a broader array of American
Health and Human Services Department and the regulatory bodies.
Industry and Security Bureau, with each issuing four

Number of AI-related regulations in the United States by agency, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Census Bureau 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 0 NaN 1 2 4 5 4 3
Children and Families Administration 0 NaN 0 0 1 1 1 0
Commerce Department 0 NaN 0 0 1 1 3 5
Comptroller of the Currency 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 1 0
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 0 NaN 0 1 0 0 1 1
Copyright O�ce, Library of Congress 0 NaN 0 1 0 0 0 1
Education Department 0 NaN 0 0 2 0 0 0
Employee Bene�ts Security Administration 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 1 0
Employment and Training Administration 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 0 0
Energy Department 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
Executive O�ce of the President 0 NaN 2 6 5 2 3 5
Federal Communications Commission 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 0
Federal Railroad Administration 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
Food and Drug Administration 0 NaN 0 0 1 1 2 1
Health and Human Services Department 0 NaN 1 2 5 5 5 4
Agency

Homeland Security Department 1 NaN 0 0 0 3 0 1

Housing and Urban Development Department 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 1
Industry and Security Bureau 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 3 4
Investment Security O�ce 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 0
Labor Department 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 1 1
Library of Congress 0 NaN 0 1 0 0 0 1
National Credit Union Administration 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
National Science Foundation 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 1 0
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
O�ce of Inspector General 0 NaN 0 0 2 0 0 0
O�ce of the Inspector General 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 1 0
O�ce of the Secretary 0 NaN 0 0 1 3 1 1
Patent and Trademark O�ce 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 0
Public Health Service 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 1 0
Securities and Exchange Commission 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 1 2
Transportation Department 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1
Treasury Department 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 1 0

Figure 7.4.3

10 Regulations can originate from multiple agencies, so the annual totals in Figure 7.4.3 may exceed those in Figure 7.4.1.

Chapter 7 Preview 30
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Approach restriction (Figure 7.4.4). In 2023, there were 10

The AI Index categorized regulations based on their restrictive AI regulations compared to just three that
approach: whether they expanded or restricted AI were expansive. Conversely in 2020, there were four
capabilities. Over time, the trend in AI regulations
11
regulations that were expansive and one that was
in the United States has shifted significantly toward restrictive.

Number of AI-related regulations in the United States by approach, 2016–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

13
Expansive Restrictive

12

10
Number of AI-related regulations

8 10

6
6
5

4 4
3 3

2 4
3
1 1
2 2 2

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.4.4

11 Expansive regulations refer to actions by regulatory agencies or governments aimed at augmenting AI capacity, including investments in supercomputing infrastructure. Restrictive
regulations involve steps to curtail AI capabilities, such as imposing restrictions on the use of facial recognition algorithms. Restrictive AI regulations may also be intended to address
underlying policy concerns, such as AI’s potential impact on citizens’ civil liberties. According to this coding typology, a regulation can be classified as both expansive and restrictive, or it may
fit neither category. The AI Index assigned the labels “expansive” or “restrictive” only to regulations deemed to have medium to high relevance to AI. Therefore the regulation totals in Figure
7.4.4 are less than those reported earlier in the section.

Chapter 7 Preview 31
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Subject Matter
In 2023, American AI regulations were categorized by topics tied for second place, with two occurrences
primary subject matter. The most prevalent subject each: health; commerce; and science, technology, and
matter in AI-related regulation was foreign trade and communications (Figure 7.4.5).
international finance, with three instances. Three

Number of AI-related regulations in the United States by primary subject matter, 2016–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Armed forces and national security 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1

Civil rights and liberties, minority issues 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 1

Commerce 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 0 2

Crime and law enforcement 0 NaN 0 0 0 1 0 0

Education 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 0
Primary subject matter

Finance and nancial sector 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 1 0

Foreign trade and international nance 0 NaN 0 0 0 0 2 3

Government operations and politics 0 NaN 0 0 2 0 0 0

Health 0 NaN 0 0 3 4 1 2

Housing and community development 0 NaN 0 0 1 0 0 0

Immigration 1 NaN 0 0 0 0 0 0

Labor and employment 0 NaN 1 0 0 0 0 0

Science, technology, communications 0 NaN 0 2 0 0 1 2

Figure 7.4.5

12 The AI Index team used Congress’ policy categorization typology. Only regulations that have medium and high AI relevance were coded for their primary subject matter.

Chapter 7 Preview 32
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

EU Regulation regulatory authority. The search for AI-related regulation

in the European Union was limited to legal acts,
The AI Index also gathered information on AI-related
international agreements, and consolidated texts. The
regulations enacted in the European Union between
same methodological approach was used to code EU
2017 and 2023. To compile this data, the Index
regulations, as was used to code U.S. regulations.13
team conducted a keyword search for “artificial
intelligence” on EUR-Lex, a comprehensive database Overview
of EU legislation, regulations, and case law. EUR- The number of AI-related regulations passed by the
Lex provides access to a wide range of regulatory European Union increased from 22 in 2022 to 32 in
documents, such as legal acts, consolidated texts, 2023 (Figure 7.4.6). Despite this increase, the number
international agreements, preparatory documents, of AI-related regulations passed by the European
and legislative procedures. The analysis in this section Union peaked in 2021 with 46.
focused exclusively on documents with binding

Number of AI-related regulations in the European Union, 2017–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

45

40

35
Number of AI-related regulations

32
30

25

20

15

10

0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.4.6

13 The methodological approach refers to coding regulations based on relevance, originating agency, approach, and subject matter.

Chapter 7 Preview 33
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Relevance Horizon Europe, a framework program for research

In 2021, the European Union passed its first highly and innovation. Of the 32 regulations passed in
relevant AI-related regulations. These regulations 2023, two had high relevance to AI, 13 had medium
established the Digital Europe Programme and relevance, and 17 had low relevance (Figure 7.4.7).

Number of AI-related regulations in the European Union by relevance to AI, 2017–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

46
Low Medium High
45

40

35 19
Number of AI-related regulations

32
30

25
22 13

20

15 10
12 25
11
10 3
5 17

5 4 9 10
2 6
3
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Figure 7.4.7

Chapter 7 Preview 34
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Agency
The two most prominent originator agencies for European Union AI regulations in 2023 were the Council of the
European Union (13) and European Parliament (9) (Figure 7.4.8).14

Number of AI-related regulations in the European Union by institution and body, 2017–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Council of the European Union 1 3 4 7 25 16 13
DG Competition (EC) 0 0 3 0 3 2 2
DG Connect (EC) 0 0 1 0 1 0 3
DG DEFIS (EC) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
DG ECFIN (EC) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
DG Energy (EC) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
DG FISMA (EC) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
DG GROW (EC) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Institution and body

DG HOME (EC) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
DG JUST (EC) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
DG MOVE (EC) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
DG SANTE (EC) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
DG Trade (EC) 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
EU-Egypt Association Council 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
EU-Moldova Association Council 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Euratom 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
EuroNest Parliamentary Assembly 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
European Commission 1 1 0 2 4 1 0
European Parliament 1 2 2 2 18 9 9
Eurostat (EC) 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Joint Research Centre (EC) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Secretariat-General (EC) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Figure 7.4.8

14 Institutions abbreviated with DG are Directorates-General. These are departments with specific areas of ministerial responsibility.

Chapter 7 Preview 35
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Approach
In recent years, AI-related regulation in the European Union has tended to take a more expansive approach (Figure
7.4.9). In 2023, there were eight regulations with a restrictive focus compared to 12 with an expansive one.

Number of AI-related regulations in the European Union by approach, 2017–23

Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

21
Expansive Restrictive 20
20

8
Number of AI-related regulations

15
15

10

15

12
5 10
4 4

2 2
2
1
2 2
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Figure 7.4.9

Chapter 7 Preview 36
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.4 AI Regulation

By Subject Matter
In 2023, the most common subject matters for and resilient electoral processes in the Union and
AI-related regulations in the European Union were enhancing the European nature and efficient conduct
science, technology, and communications (5); of the elections to the European Parliament. This
followed by government operations and politics (3) regulation acknowledged that AI could be used
(Figure 7.4.10). Regulations concerning government to generate political misinformation and outlined
operations and politics involve setting rules for steps the Commission has taken to ensure AI does
how governments and associated governmental not challenge the legitimacy of elections. Evidently,
processes operate. One such regulation was the European Union legislators are considering how AI
Commission Recommendation (EU) on inclusive will impact their government’s work.

Number of AI-related regulations in the European Union by primary subject matter, 2017–23
Source: AI Index, 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Armed forces and national security 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Arts, culture, religion 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Civil rights and liberties, minority issues 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Commerce 0 0 0 1 2 2 1

Crime and law enforcement 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Economics and public �nance 0 0 0 0 2 0 2

Education 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Energy 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Finance and �nancial sector 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Foreign trade and international �nance 0 0 1 0 3 0 0

Government operations and politics 0 0 0 2 5 2 3

Health 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

International a�airs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Science, technology, communications 0 1 2 0 6 2 5

Social welfare 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Transportation and public works 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Figure 7.4.10

Chapter 7 Preview 37
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.5 U.S. Public Investment in AI

This section examines public AI investment in the United States based on data from the U.S. government and Govini,
a company that uses AI and machine learning technologies to track U.S. public and commercial spending.

7.5 U.S. Public Investment in AI

Federal Budget for AI R&D information on classified AI R&D investment.

Every year in December, the National Science and According to the 2023 report, in the fiscal year 2023,
Technology Council publishes a report on the public U.S. government agencies allocated a total of $1.8 billion
sector AI R&D budget across various departments to AI research and development spending (Figure 7.5.1).
and agencies that participate in the Networking and The funding for AI R&D has risen annually since FY 2018,
Information Technology Research and Development more than tripling since then. For FY 2024, a larger
(NITRD) Program and National Artificial Intelligence budget of $1.9 billion has been requested.15
Initiative. These reports, however, do not include

US federal NITRD budget for AI, FY 2018–24

Source: U.S. NITRD Program, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
1.87
1.79
1.80 1.73

1.60 1.53
1.43
1.40
Budget (in billions of U.S. dollars)

1.20
1.11

1.00

0.80

0.60 0.56

0.40

0.20

0.00
FY18 (enacted) FY19 (enacted) FY20 (enacted) FY21 (enacted) FY22 (enacted) FY23 (enacted) FY24 (requested)
Figure 7.5.1

Figure 7.5.2 details the breakdown of NITRD AI R&D budget requests by agency. For FY 2024, the National
Science Foundation (NSF) had the highest request at $531 million, followed by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) at $322.1 million, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at $284.5 million.

15 Previous editions of the NITRD report have included spending figures for past years that differ slightly from those reported in the most recent edition. The AI Index reports the spending
amounts documented in the latest NITRD reports.

Chapter 7 Preview 38
 Budget (in millions of U.S. dollars)

0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021

1.20
3.80
8.00

0.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022

9.50
8.80

0.00
0.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

Chapter 7 Preview
DOI

NTIA
NARA

NIOSH
DARPA
FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023

8.40
0.50

0.00
13.70
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

412.00 429.80 400.50

Index Report 2024

FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024

0.10

8.40
Artificial Intelligence

0.00
(requested) (requested) (requested) (requested) (requested)

34.20
322.10

0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
Source: U.S. NITRD Program | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021

2.90

0.00
37.70

12.40
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

25.90
FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022

6.40

0.40
2.90
41.40

(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

26.00
DHS

DOT

NIST
NASA

TREAS
FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023

8.80

0.30
4.00

31.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)
38.60

FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024

0.30
4.00

31.00
10.30
(requested) (requested) (requested) (requested) (requested)
34.30

0
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
US governmental agency NITRD budgets for AI, FY 2021–24

FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021

1.20
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)
10.00

(enacted)
107.50

178.20

200 145.20
FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022

0.00
0.00

(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

93.20
NIH
DOD

USDA
NOAA
ED-IES

FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023

0.00
0.00

(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)

95.20
227.50 241.30

FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024

0.00
0.00

(requested) (requested) (requested) (requested) (requested)

104.20
274.00

268.80 288.20 284.50

0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600
0
200
400
600

FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021 FY 2021

9.10

0.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)
46.40

395.90
FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022 FY 2022
5.80

15.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)
32.40

506.50

VA
NIJ

NSF
FDA
DOE

FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 2023

8.00

21.00
(enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted) (enacted)
39.80

418.40

FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024 FY 2024

8.00

(requested) (requested) (requested) (requested) (requested)

35.80

20.00
531.30
180.80 164.40 169.90 169.90

39
Figure 7.5.2
7.5 U.S. Public Investment in AI
Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
Index Report 2024 7.5 U.S. Public Investment in AI

U.S. Department of Defense

Budget Requests development, test, and evaluation. According to its
2023 report, the DoD requested $1.8 billion in FY 2024,
Every year the DoD releases the amount of funding a significant increase from the $1.1 billion that was
they request for nonclassified AI-specific research, requested in FY 2023 (Figure 7.5.3).

US DoD budget request for AI-speci c research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E), FY 2020–24
Source: U.S. O ce of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report
1.80
1.80

1.60
Budget request (in billions of U.S. dollars)

1.40

1.20
1.10

1.00 0.93
0.87
0.84
0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
Sum of FY20 funding Sum of FY21 funding Sum of FY22 funding Sum of FY23 funding Sum of FY24 funding

Figure 7.5.3

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U.S. Government AI-Related volumes of federal contracts data, including prime

contracts, grants, and other transaction authority
Contract Spending (OTA) awards. The use of AI models enables Govini to
analyze data that is otherwise often inaccessible.
Public investment in AI can also be measured by
federal government spending on the contracts AI Contract Spending
awarded to private companies for goods and Figure 7.5.4 highlights total U.S. government spending
services. Such contracts typically occupy the largest on AI, subdivided by various AI segments. From
share of an agency’s budget. 2022 to 2023, total AI spending increased marginally
from $3.2 billion to $3.3 billion.16 Since 2018, total
Data in this section comes from Govini, which created
spending has increased nearly 2.4 times. In 2023,
a taxonomy of spending by the U.S. government on
the AI subsegments that saw the greatest amount of
critical technologies including AI. Govini applied
government spending included machine learning ($1.5
supervised machine learning and natural language
billion) and computer vision ($1.0 billion).
processing to parse, analyze, and categorize large

US government spending in AI/ML and autonomy by segment, FY 2018–23

Source: Govini, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Machine learning Computer vision Autonomy Natural language processing

3.50
3.33
3.19
U.S. government spending (in billions of U.S. dollars)

0.23
3.00
0.55
2.59
2.50 2.47 0.21
0.23 1.24

2.00 1.04
1.90
0.81 1.01

1.50 1.38 0.54

0.89
0.33 0.55
0.6
1.00 0.53
1.51
0.54
0.50
0.88 0.77 0.88
0.69
0.42
0.00
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.5.4

16 In 2023, Govini made minor adjustments to their classification methodology. Consequently, the contract totals presented in Figure 7.5.4 may vary slightly from those reported in earlier
editions of the AI Index.

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
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Figure 7.5.5 shows U.S. government spending by AI segment in FY 2022 and FY 2023. Spending significantly
increased for machine learning. Computer vision and natural language processing spending also rose, albeit less
prominently.

US government spending in AI/ML and autonomy by segment, FY 2022 vs. 2023

Source: Govini, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

1.51 (+72%)
Machine learning
0.88

1.04 (+17%)
Computer vision
0.89

0.55 (-56%)
Autonomy
1.24

0.23 (+28%)
Natural language
processing 2023
0.18
2022

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60

U.S. government spending (in billions of U.S. dollars)

Figure 7.5.5

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
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In FY 2023, the majority of federal AI contracts were prime contracts (50.6%), followed by grants (47.6%) (Figure
7.5.6). In the last year, the share of contracts has declined, while the share of grants has increased.

Total value of contracts, grants, and OTAs awarded by the US government for AI/ML and autonomy,
FY 2018–23
Source: Govini, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

2.00
Total value awarded (in billions of U.S. dollars)

1.68, Contracts
1.58, Grants
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.06, OTAs
0.00

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.5.6

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
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Microelectronics and Semiconductor FIgure 7.5.7 visualizes U.S. government spending

Spending on microelectronics by segment. Total spending on
Govini also monitors U.S. government microelectronics has grown significantly in the last
microelectronics spending, which is becoming year, increasing to $3.9 billion from $2.5 billion in
increasingly vital due to the crucial role that 2022. The large majority of American government
semiconductors, like GPUs, have played in powering microelectronic spending is allocated as contracts
recent AI technical improvements. The way (Figure 7.5.8).
governments allocate funds for semiconductors is
poised to increase in geopolitical significance.

US government spending in microelectronics by segment, FY 2018–23

Source: Govini, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

4.00 Memory and processing Semiconductor 3.89

0.48
3.50
U.S. government spending (in billions of U.S. dollars)

3.00

2.53
2.50
0.24
2.10
2.00 0.12

1.70 1.66 3.41

0.13 0.09
1.49
1.50 0.09

2.29
1.00 1.98
1.57 1.57
1.4
0.50

0.00
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.5.7

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 Artificial Intelligence Chapter 7: Policy and Governance
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Total value of contracts, grants, and OTAs awarded by the US government for microelectronics,
FY 2018–23
Source: Govini, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

3.50
3.33, Contracts

3.00
Total value awarded (in billions of U.S. dollars)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50 0.55, Grants

0.00 0.01, OTAs

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 7.5.8

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Appendix
Acknowledgments SAR, China, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta,
Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, New
The AI Index would like to acknowledge Simba Jonga Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Pakistan,
for his work collecting information on significant Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland,
AI policy events and conducting a survey of AI Portugal, Romania, Russia, Samoa, San Marino,
national strategies. Additionally, the Index would like Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South
to acknowledge the efforts of Ethan Duncan He-Li Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Hellman, Julia Betts Lotufo, Alexandra Rome, and Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine,
Emma Williamson in collecting, coding, and analyzing United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Zambia,
AI-related legislation and regulations. The Index is Zimbabwe
also grateful for the guidance provided by Caroline
Meinhardt on AI legislation and regulation tracking.
Global Legislation Records
Global AI Mentions on AI
For mentions of AI in AI-related legislative proceedings For AI-related bills passed into laws, the AI Index
around the world, the AI Index performed searches of performed searches of the keyword “artificial
the keyword “artificial intelligence” on the websites intelligence” on the websites of 128 countries’
of 80 countries’ congresses or parliaments (in the congresses or parliaments (in the respective
respective languages), usually under sections named languages) in the full text of bills. Note that only laws
“minutes,” “hansard,” etc. In some cases, databases passed by state-level legislative bodies and signed
were only searchable by title, so site search functions into law (i.e., by presidents or through royal assent)
were deployed. The AI Index team surveyed the from 2016 to 2023 are included. Laws that were
following databases: approved but then repealed are not included in the

Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, analysis. In some cases, there were databases that

Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda, Bhutan, Brazil, Cabo, were only searchable by title, so site search functions

Verde, Canada, Cayman Islands, China,12 Czech were deployed. Future AI Index reports hope to

Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El include analysis on other types of legal documents,

Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, such as regulations and standards, adopted by state-

Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, or supranational-level legislative bodies, government

Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, agencies, etc. The AI Index team surveyed databases

Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macao for the following countries:

12 The National People’s Congress is held once per year and does not provide full legislative proceedings. Hence, the counts included in the analysis only searched mentions of “artificial
intelligence” in the only public document released from the Congress meetings, the Report on the Work of the Government, delivered by the premier.

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Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola,

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia
EU AI Regulation
Austria, Azerbaijan The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, The AI Index also gathered information on AI-related
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, regulations enacted in the European Union between
Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, 2017 and 2023. To compile this data, the Index
Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, team conducted a keyword search for “artificial
Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech intelligence” on EUR-Lex, a comprehensive database
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, of EU legislation, regulations, and case law. EUR-
France, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Lex provides access to a wide range of regulatory
Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, documents, such as legal acts, consolidated texts,
Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran international agreements, preparatory documents,
Islamic Republic, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, and legislative procedures. The analysis in this
Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea section focused exclusively on documents with
Republic, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, binding regulatory authority. The search for AI-related
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao SAR regulation in the European Union was limited to legal
China, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, acts, international agreements, and consolidated texts.
Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru,
The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, The regulation was then coded by a team of two
Northern Marina Islands, Norway, Panama, Papua New human coders for: (1) relevance to AI, (2) regulatory
Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, approach, and (3) subject matter. The relevance
Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, to AI categories were low, medium, and high. The
Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, regulatory approach categories were expansive or
Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Sweden, restrictive. For the subject matter categories, the
Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tongo, Turkey, Index employed the Congress policy typology. In
Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United cases where there were disagreements on the coding
Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, schemas, a third coder was brought in to settle the
Zambia, Zimbabwe differences.

The legislation was then coded by a team of two

Federal Budget for
human coders for: (1) relevance to AI, (2) regulatory
approach, and (3) subject matter. The relevance to AI Nondefense AI R&D
categories were low, medium, and high. The regulatory
Data on the federal U.S. budget for nondefense
approach categories were expansive or restrictive. For
AI R&D was taken from previous editions of the
the subject matter categories, the Index employed the
AI Index (namely the 2021 and 2022 versions) and
Congress policy typology. In cases where there were
from the following National Science and Technology
disagreements on the coding schemas, a third coder
Council reports:
was brought in to settle the differences.

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Supplement to the President’s FY 2024 Budget terms that yield erroneous results, Govini delivers
Supplement to the President’s FY 2023 Budget a comprehensive yet discriminant taxonomy of
Supplement to the President’s FY2022 Budget subsegments that are mutually exclusive. Repeated
keyword searches and filters allow a consensus,

Govini data-driven taxonomy to come into focus. Govini

SMEs conduct final review of taxonomic structure to
Govini is a defense technology company. Ark, Govini’s complement this iterative, data-driven process.
flagship software, is a suite of AI-enabled applications,
powered by integrated government and commercial The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and supervised
data, that accelerate the Defense Acquisition Process. ML models enables analysis of the large volumes
of irregular data contained in federal contracts—
With Ark, the acquisition community eliminates data that often is inaccessible through regular
slow, manual processes and gains the ability government reporting processes or human-intensive
to rapidly imagine, produce, and field critical analytical approaches.
warfighting capabilities. Analysts and decision-
makers are equipped to solve challenges across the Moreover, beyond simply making usable an
entire spectrum of Defense Acquisition, including expansive body of data sources, Govini’s Ark
Supply Chain, Science and Technology, Production, platform and National Security Knowledge Graph
Sustainment, and Modernization. establishes high-fidelity standards in categorized and
fused data to produce a comprehensive and accurate
Govini curated USG AI spend data from their annual depiction of federal spending, and the supporting
Scorecard Taxonomy by applying supervised machine vendor ecosystem, over time.
learning (ML) and natural language processing (NLP)
techniques to parse, analyze, and categorize large
volumes of federal contracts data, including prime
National AI Strategies
contracts, grants, and other transaction authority (OTA) The AI Index did a web search to identify national
awards. Govini’s most recent Scorecard focused on strategies on AI. Below is a list of countries that were
Critical Technologies, of which AI/ML Technologies and identified as having a national AI strategy, including a
Microelectronics were segments. The AI/ML segment link to said strategy. For certain counties, noted with
consisted of five subsegments: Data Integration, an asterisk (*), the actual strategy was not found, and
Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Autonomy, a news article confirming the launch of the strategy
and Natural Language Processing. Microelectronics was linked instead.
is divided into two subsegments: Memory and
Processing, and Semiconductors. By initially generating
search terms and then subsequently excluding specific

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Countries with AI Strategies in Place The regulation was then coded by a team of two
Algeria,* Argentina, Azerbaijan,* Australia, Austria, human coders for: (1) relevance to AI, (2) regulatory
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin,* Botswana,* Brazil, approach, and (3) subject matter. The relevance
Belgium,* Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, to AI categories were low, medium, and high. The
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican regulatory approach categories were expansive or
Republic,* Egypt, Arab Republic, Ethiopia, Estonia, restrictive. For the subject matter categories, the
Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Index employed the Congress policy typology.
Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,* Iraq,* Ireland, Israel,* In cases where there were disagreements on the
Italy, Japan, Jordan,* Kenya, Korea Republic, Latvia, coding schemas, a third coder was brought in to
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Malaysia, Mauritius, settle differences.
Mexico, The Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
US Department of Defense
Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Budget Requests
Thailand, Tunisia,* Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab
Data on the DoD nonclassified AI-related budget
Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,
requests was taken from previous editions of the AI
Vietnam
Index (namely the 2021 and 2022 versions) and from
the following reports:
Countries with AI Strategies in Development
Andorra,* Antigua and Barbuda,* Barbados,* Armenia,*
Defense Budget Overview United States Department
Belarus,* Costa Rica,* Cuba,* Iceland, Jamaica,*
of Defense Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Request
Kenya, Morocco, New Zealand,* Nigeria,* Pakistan,*
Defense Budget Overview United States Department
Senegal,* Uzbekistan
of Defense Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request
Defense Budget Overview United States Department
US AI Regulation of Defense Fiscal Year 2022 Budget Request

This section examines AI-related regulations enacted

by American regulatory agencies between 2016 and US State-Level AI Legislation
2023. It provides an analysis of the total number of
For AI-related bills passed into law, the AI Index
regulations, as well as their topics, scope, regulatory
performed searches of the keyword “artificial
intent, and originating agencies. To compile this
intelligence” on the legislative websites of all 50 U.S.
data, the AI Index team performed a keyword search
states in the full text of bills. Bills are only counted
for “artificial intelligence” on the Federal Register, a
as passed into law if the final version of the bill
comprehensive repository of government documents
includes the keyword, not just the introduced version.
from nearly all branches of the American government,
Note that only laws passed from 2015 to 2022 are
encompassing more than 436 agencies.
included. The count for proposed laws includes both

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laws that were proposed and eventually passed as well

as laws that were proposed that have not yet been
passed, or are now inactive. In some cases, databases
were only searchable by title, so site search functions
were deployed. The AI Index team surveyed the
following databases:

Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,

Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia,
Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,
New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas,
Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia,
Wisconsin, Wyoming

US Committee Mentions
In order to research trends on the United States’
committee mentions of AI, the following search
was conducted:
Website: Congress.gov
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filters: Committee Reports

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