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Emotional Schema Therapy by Robert L. Leahy explores how individuals interpret and regulate their emotions, proposing that these interpretations influence coping strategies and emotional responses. The book aims to enhance understanding of emotional schemas and their impact on mental health, offering insights applicable across various therapeutic approaches. It includes a model for assessing and addressing emotional schemas in therapy, emphasizing the importance of validation and understanding in emotional regulation.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
98 views162 pages

(Ebook) Emotional Schema Therapy by Robert L. Leahy ISBN 9781462520541, 1462520545 Instant Download

Emotional Schema Therapy by Robert L. Leahy explores how individuals interpret and regulate their emotions, proposing that these interpretations influence coping strategies and emotional responses. The book aims to enhance understanding of emotional schemas and their impact on mental health, offering insights applicable across various therapeutic approaches. It includes a model for assessing and addressing emotional schemas in therapy, emphasizing the importance of validation and understanding in emotional regulation.

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kctmgkp4410
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ebook
THE GUILFORD PRESS
Emotional Schema Therapy
Also from Robert L. Leahy

Cognitive Therapy Techniques:


A Practitioner’s Guide
Robert L. Leahy

Contemporary Cognitive Therapy:


Theory, Research, and Practice
Edited by Robert L. Leahy

Emotion Regulation in Psychotherapy:


A Practitioner’s Guide
Robert L. Leahy, Dennis Tirch,
and Lisa A. Napolitano

Overcoming Resistance in Cognitive Therapy


Robert L. Leahy

Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder


Edited by Sheri L. Johnson and Robert L. Leahy

Roadblocks in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:


Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for Change
Edited by Robert L. Leahy

Treatment Plans and Interventions


for Bulimia and Binge-Eating Disorder
Rene D. Zweig and Robert L. Leahy

Treatment Plans and Interventions


for Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Second Edition
Robert L. Leahy, Stephen J. F. Holland,
and Lata K. McGinn
Emotional
Schema
Therapy
Robert L. Leahy

The Guilford Press


New York  London
© 2015 The Guilford Press
A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
370 Seventh Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10001
www.guilford.com

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval


system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission
from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Last digit is print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The author has checked with sources believed to be reliable in his effort to
provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards
of practice that are accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the
possibility of human error or changes in behavioral, mental health, or medical
sciences, neither the author, nor the publisher, nor any other party who has
been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the
information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they
are not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the
use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information
contained in this book with other sources.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Leahy, Robert L.
Emotional schema therapy / Robert L. Leahy.
  pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4625-2054-1 (hardback : acid-free paper)
1. Schema-focused cognitive therapy. 2. Emotions—Psychological
aspects. I. Title.
RC455.4.S36L43 2015
616.89′1425—dc23
2014042002
For Helen
About the Author

Robert L. Leahy, PhD, is Director of the American Institute for Cognitive


Therapy in New York and Clinical Professor of Psychology in the Depart-
ment of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. His research focuses
on individual differences in emotion regulation. Dr. Leahy is Associate Edi-
tor of the International Journal of Cognitive Therapy and past president of
the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, the International
Association for Cognitive Psychotherapy, and the ­Academy of Cognitive
Therapy. He is the 2014 recipient of the Aaron T. Beck Award from the
Academy of Cognitive Therapy. Dr. Leahy has published numerous books,
including, most recently, the coauthored volumes Treatment Plans and
Interventions for Bulimia and Binge-Eating ­Disorder; Treatment Plans
and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Second Edition;
and Emotion Regulation in Psychotherapy.

vii
Preface

T herapists from all approaches are concerned to some extent with the
emotional experience that patients bring to therapy. Those who use
cognitive restructuring hope that new ways of viewing things will change
how people feel, dialectical behavior therapy encourages patients to learn
how to regulate emotions that often seem chaotic and frightening, accep-
tance and commitment therapy encourages flexibility and tolerance of emo-
tion while pursuing a valued life, metacognitive therapy focuses on the role
of problematic reliance on worry and rumination to cope with difficulty,
and behavior activation stresses the importance of proactive and rewarding
behavior rather than passivity, isolation, and avoidance. And, in the psy-
choanalytic realm, mentalization therapy emphasizes the value of increased
awareness of and reflection on the mental or internal states of self and
others, while more traditional psychodynamic models attempt to access
­emotions and memories that are associated with long-lasting difficulties.
Emotions are what lead people to seek out help, regardless of the theo-
retical orientation one takes, but little has been said about how the patient
thinks about and strategizes regulating those emotions.
Before I met Aaron Beck and pursued work in cognitive therapy, I was
actively involved in work on social cognition—that is, how people explain
the causes of behavior, their use of trait concepts in describing others, rec-
ognition of variability in others and in the self, and judgments of inten-
tionality and responsibility. Social cognition has relevance to cognitive-­
behavioral therapy in that one’s emotions—and the strategies one uses to
regulate them—may be related to the “theory” one has about emotions.

ix
x Preface

The emotional schema model proposes that once emotions are activated we
often have interpretations of those emotions, and these interpretations are
related to strategies we use to cope with the emotions.
This book develops a model of how people think about their own
emotions and those of others. Throughout this book, I describe a num-
ber of feelings, desires, or experiences, and refer to them as “emotions”—­
sadness, anxiety, anger, confusion, envy, jealousy, resentment, and sexual
feelings. I use the term “emotional schemas” to describe beliefs about the
causes, legitimacy, normality, duration, and tolerance of complexity of
emotion. Once an emotion arises—for example, anxiety—the individual
then assesses the nature of this emotion: “Is this emotion going to last
indefinitely?”, “Do other people feel the same way that I feel?”, “Should I
feel ashamed of my feelings?”, “Is it OK to have mixed feelings?”, “Can I
express my feelings?”, “Will other people validate me?”, “Do my feelings
make sense?”, and a range of other interpretations and evaluations of one’s
own emotional experience. Does the individual believe some emotions,
such as anger, are “legitimate,” whereas other emotions, such as anxiety,
are not? And, once an emotion arises, what strategies does the individual
activate to deal with these emotions? Does the individual seek out reassur-
ance, withdraw from others, ruminate, blame others, avoid, retreat into
passivity, abuse substances, interpret things differently, engage in problem
solving, activate useful behavior, seek distraction, self-mutilate, dissociate,
binge, accept the emotion, or engage in other responses?
Moreover, these emotional schemas are also related to how one thinks
about and responds to the emotions of others. For example, when one’s
intimate partner is upset, does one think one’s partner’s emotions make no
sense, does one pathologize these emotions and label them as “abnormal,”
does one believe these emotions will go on indefinitely, does one discourage
expression, or does one believe that emotions interfere with rationality and
solving the problem? And, based on these interpretations, does one criticize
and ridicule that person, tell one’s partner that he or she is complaining too
much, withdraw and stonewall, or try to convince one’s partner that he or
she should not have these feelings?
In this book, I describe a model of how people might theorize about
emotion and how these “theories” of emotion contribute to a wide range of
psychopathology. While recognizing the importance of theories about how
negative interpretations of reality can lead to sadness or anxiety or how
avoidance and passivity can contribute further to depression, the emotional
schema model attempts to extend our understanding further by proposing
that once an emotion arises, the individual’s implicit theory of emotion is
activated, and this leads to either helpful or unhelpful strategies of coping.
Quite simply, “Once you feel sad, what do you think about this sadness
and what do you do next?” For example, if I think my sadness will go on
indefinitely or escalate further, I might be desperate to find a “quick fix” by
Preface xi

abusing substances or by simply withdrawing. Alternatively, if I think my


sadness is a temporary experience and that my emotions depend on what
I do and with whom I interact, then I might activate adaptive behavior.
Interpretations lead to strategies, and strategies may make things worse—
or better.
We are fortunate to have so many cognitive-behavioral therapy
approaches that have value—that empower the patient with understand-
ing and skills, and give a sense of hope in the face of what often seem
insurmountable odds. The emotional schema approach attempts to add to
the wide range of conceptualizations and tools at the disposal of the thera-
pist. Thus, those from a wide range of theoretical orientations in cognitive-
behavioral therapy and even in the psychodynamic tradition may find some
value in the observations and suggestions offered here.
Acknowledgments

O ne of the pleasures in writing a book is to thank the many people who


have made this work possible. I have been fortunate to have worked on
many books with my colleagues at The Guilford Press; I am especially grate-
ful to Jim Nageotte, my editor for many years, and to Jane Keislar, Marie
Sprayberry, and Laura Specht Patchkofsky, who have diligently worked on
the final edits and been very helpful in getting this book into better shape.
Over the years, I have been quite fortunate to have excellent colleagues
at the American Institute for Cognitive Therapy in New York City (www.
CognitiveTherapyNYC.com), with whom I have shared and revised many
of the ideas put forth in this volume. In particular, I wish to thank Laura
Oliff, Dennis Tirch, Jenny Taitz, Mia Sage, Nikki Rubin, Victoria ­Taylor,
Melissa Horowitz, Ame Aldao, Peggilee Wupperman, Maren Westphal,
and many other clinical colleagues. ­Poonam Melwani and Sindhu Shivaji
have been outstanding in working on the bibliography, assisting with the
edits, and seeking out materials to make the final product a reality.
There are many other colleagues in the field to whom I am most grate-
ful, beginning with Aaron T. Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy. Oth-
ers include Lauren B. Alloy, David H. Barlow, Judith S. Beck, David A.
Clark, David M. Clark, Keith S. Dobson, Christopher G. Fairburn, Arthur
­Freeman, Paul Gilbert, Leslie S. Greenberg, Steven C. Hayes, Stefan G.
Hofmann, Stephen J. Holland, Steven D. Hollon, Marsha M. Linehan, Lata
K. McGinn, the late Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Cory F. Newman, ­Jacqueline
B. Persons, Christine Purdon, John H. Riskind, Paul M. Salkovskis, Zindel

xiii
xiv Acknowledgments

V. Segal, John D. Teasdale, Adrian Wells, and J. Mark G. Williams. We are


immensely blessed to have so many outstanding therapists addressing these
important issues. I would also like to thank my good friend and colleague
Philip Tata, who has always been a great source of support and wisdom,
and whose friendship I deeply cherish. And, finally, I thank my lovely wife,
Helen, who continues to inspire me and help me reach for the best that I can
hope to be. This book is dedicated to her.
Contents

Part I
Emotional Schema Theory

Chapter 1. The Social Construction of Emotion 3

Chapter 2. Emotional Schema Therapy: General Considerations 19

Chapter 3. A Model of Emotional Schemas 37

P a r t II
Beginning Treatment

Chapter 4. Initial Assessment and Interview 61

Chapter 5. Socialization to the Emotional Schema Model 88

P a r t III
Specific Interventions for Emotional Schemas

Chapter 6. The Centrality of Validation 109

Chapter 7. Comprehensibility, Duration, Control, Guilt/Shame, 141


and Acceptance

xv
xvi Contents

Chapter 8. Coping with Ambivalence 175

Chapter 9. Linking Emotions to Values (and Virtues) 198

Part IV
Social Emotions and Relationships

Chapter 10. Jealousy 223

Chapter 11. Envy 245

Chapter 12. Emotional Schemas in Couple Relationships 271

Chapter 13. Emotional Schemas and the Therapeutic Relationship 308

Chapter 14. Conclusions 341

References 347

Index 370
Part I

Emotional Schema Theory


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