(Ebook) Operator Theory: Nonclassical Problems by Sergei

G. Pyatkov ISBN 9783110900163, 3110900165 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-theory-nonclassical-
problems-51136912

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (17 reviews )

DOWNLOAD PDF

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Operator Theory: Nonclassical Problems by Sergei G.
Pyatkov ISBN 9783110900163, 3110900165 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Recent Advances in Operator Theory and Operator Algebras by

Bercovici, Hari; Katsoulis, Elias G.; Kerr, David; Timotin, Dan ISBN
9781138030213, 113803021X

https://ebooknice.com/product/recent-advances-in-operator-theory-and-
operator-algebras-6749456

(Ebook) Operator Methods in Mathematical Physics: Conference on

Operator Theory, Analysis and Mathematical Physics (OTAMP) 2010,
Bedlewo, Poland by Sergio Albeverio, Rostyslav O. Hryniv (auth.), Jan
Janas, Pavel Kurasov, Ari Laptev, Sergei Naboko (eds.) ISBN
9783034805308, 9783034805315, 3034805306, 3034805314
https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-methods-in-mathematical-
physics-conference-on-operator-theory-analysis-and-mathematical-
physics-otamp-2010-bedlewo-poland-4260608

(Ebook) Asymptotic Theory of Dynamic Boundary Value Problems in

Irregular Domains (Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, 284) by
Dmitrii Korikov, Boris Plamenevskii, Oleg Sarafanov ISBN
9783030653712, 3030653714
https://ebooknice.com/product/asymptotic-theory-of-dynamic-boundary-
value-problems-in-irregular-domains-operator-theory-advances-and-
applications-284-51206354

(Ebook) Operator Algebras, Operator Theory and Applications (Operator

Theory: Advances and Applications) by Maria Amélia Bastos, Israel
Gohberg, Amarino Brites Lebre, Frank-Olme Speck ISBN 9783764386832,
9783764386849, 3764386835, 3764386843
https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-algebras-operator-theory-and-
applications-operator-theory-advances-and-applications-2004600
(Ebook) Operator Approach to Linear Problems of Hydrodynamics: Volume
1: Self-adjoint Problems for an Ideal Fluid by Nikolay D. Kopachevsky,
Selim G. Krein (auth.) ISBN 9783034883429, 9783034895255, 3034883420,
3034895259
https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-approach-to-linear-problems-of-
hydrodynamics-volume-1-self-adjoint-problems-for-an-ideal-
fluid-4206730

(Ebook) Operator Theory in Krein Spaces and Nonlinear Eigenvalue

Problems by Karl-Heinz Förster, Peter Jonas, Heinz Langer ISBN
9783764374525, 9783764374532, 3764374527, 3764374535

https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-theory-in-krein-spaces-and-
nonlinear-eigenvalue-problems-989966

(Ebook) Lp-Theory of Cylindrical Boundary Value Problems: An Operator-

Valued Fourier Multiplier and Functional Calculus Approach by Tobias
Nau (auth.) ISBN 9783834825056, 3834825050

https://ebooknice.com/product/lp-theory-of-cylindrical-boundary-value-
problems-an-operator-valued-fourier-multiplier-and-functional-
calculus-approach-2629576

(Ebook) Noncommutative Integration and Operator Theory by Peter G.

Dodds, Ben de Pagter, Fedor A. Sukochev ISBN 9783031496547,
9783031496530, 303149654X, 3031496531

https://ebooknice.com/product/noncommutative-integration-and-operator-
theory-54928706

(Ebook) Operator Theory, Operator Algebras and Their Interactions with

Geometry and Topology: Ronald G. Douglas Memorial Volume by Raul E.
Curto, William Helton, Huaxin Lin, Xiang Tang , Rongwei Yang, Guoliang
Yu ISBN 9783030433796, 303043379X
https://ebooknice.com/product/operator-theory-operator-algebras-and-
their-interactions-with-geometry-and-topology-ronald-g-douglas-
memorial-volume-22035402
INVERSE A N D ILL-POSED PROBLEMS SERIES

Operator Theory. Nonclassical Problems

Also available in the Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems Series:

Inverse Problems for Partial Differential Small Parameter Method in Multidimensional

Equations Inverse Problems
Yu.Ya. Belov A.S. Barashkov
Method of Spectral Mappings in the Inverse Regularizaron, Uniqueness and Existence of
Problem Theory Volterra Equations of the First Kind
V.Yurko A. Asanov
Theory of Linear Optimization Methods for Solution of Nonlinear Operator
I.I. Eremin Equations
Integral Geometry and Inverse Problems for V.P.Tanana
Kinetic Equations Inverse and Ill-Posed Sources Problems
AKh.Amirov Yu.E Anikonov, BA. Bubnov and G.N. Erokhin
Computer Modelling in Tomography and Methods for Solving Operator Equations
Ill-Posed Problems V.P.Tanana
MM. Lavrent'ev. S.M. Zerkol and O.LTrofimov Nonclassical and Inverse Problems for
A n Introduction to Identification Problems Pseudoparabolic Equations
via Functional Analysis A.Asanov and EUAtamanov
A. Lorenzi Formulas in Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems
Coefficient Inverse Problems for Parabolic Type Vu. E Anikonov
Equations and Their Application Inverse Logarithmic Potential Problem
P.G. Danilaev V.G. Cherednichenko
Inverse Problems for Kinetic and Other Multidimensional Inverse and Ill-Posed
Evolution Equations Problems for Differential Equations
Yu.E Anikonov Yu.E Anikonov
Inverse Problems ofWave Processes Ill-Posed Problems with A Priori Information
A.S. Blagoveshchenskii V.V.Vasin andA.LAgeev
Uniqueness Problems for Degenerating Integral Geometry ofTensor Fields
Equations and Nonclassical Problems VA. Sharafutdinov
S.P. Shishatskii, A. Asanov and ER. Atamanov Inverse Problems for Maxwell's Equations
Uniqueness Questions in Reconstruction of V.G. Romanov and S.I. Kabanikhin
Multidimensional Tomography-Type
Projection Data
V.P. Golubyatnikov
Monte Carlo Method for Solving Inverse
Problems of Radiation Transfer
V.S.Antyufeev
Introduction to the Theory of Inverse Problems
A. L Bukhgeim
Identification Problems ofWave Phenomena -
Theory and Numerics
S.I. Kabanikhin and A. Lorenzi
Inverse Problems of Electromagnetic
Geophysical Fields
P.S. Martyshko
Composite Type Equations and Inverse Problems
A.I. Kozhanov
Inverse Problems ofVibrational Spectroscopy
A.G.Yagola, I.V. Kochikov, G.M. Kuramshina andYuA.
Pent/n
Elements of the Theory of Inverse Problems
AM. Denisov
Volterra Equations and Inverse Problems
A.L Bughgeim
INVERSE AND ILL-POSED PROBLEMS SERIES

Operator Theory.
Nonclassical
Problems

S.G. Pyatkov

///vsp///
UTRECHT · BOSTON · KÖLN · TOKYO
2002
VSP Tel: +31 30 692 5790
P.O. Box 346 Fax: +31 30 693 2081
3700AHZeist [email protected]
The Netherlands www.vsppub.com

© VSP 2002

First published in 2002

ISBN 90-6764-363-7

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Printed in The Netherlands by Ridderprint bv, Ridderkerk.

Preface

In this monograph, we describe mathematical methods applicable to

studying nonclassical problems of mathematical physics. Many problems
of this type are reduced to equations, where the operators involved are
noninvertible. In this case, we have to use special decompositions of an
operator, generalized resolvents, semigroups with kernels, and some other
approaches. The simplest model of this type is the first order operator-dif-
ferential equation with a noninvertible operator in front of the derivative.
The corresponding spectral problems arising here are the well-known prob-
lems for linear pencils. To study these and other problems, we use methods
based on the interpolation theory for Banach spaces. The emphasis is on
applications of this theory to the theory of linear operators in indefinite
inner product spaces, to studying the property of a linear operator to be ex-
ponentially dichotomous, to some continuity properties of linear operators
in Hilbert scales, to the Riesz basis property of eigenelements and associ-
ated elements of linear pencils and the corresponding elliptic problems with
indefinite weight functions, and to studying nonclassical boundary value
problems for first order operator-differential equations.
Introduction

In this book, primary attention is focused on applications of the inter-

polation theory of Banach spaces to the operator theory and to some non-
classical problems of mathematical physics. The problems in question arise
in many areas of engineering, physics, and applied mathematics, in partic-
ular, in kinetic theory, transport theory, statistical physics, gas dynamics,
hydrodynamics, biology, and some other fields.
Sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 1 are devoted to some definitions and the-
orems of the theory of linear operators in indefinite inner product spaces.
At the beginning of the third section, we describe some conventional inter-
polation methods. They are given for convenience. Many of these results
are given without proofs. Next, in Section 3, we present some continuity
properties of linear operators in Hilbert scales. They can be considered as
a complement to the known results, and the main attention is given to the
boundary points of the scales. In particular, we study the continuity prop-
erty (with respect to a parameter of a Hilbert scale) of a subspace to be a
closed subspace, an operator to be dissipative, and so on. The next ques-
tion considered in Section 3 is the question of the boundedness of the Riesz
projection corresponding to an unbounded component of the spectrum of a
linear operator. Here we present the author's results and describe some re-
sults obtained by P. Grisvard, G. Dore, and A. Venni. Section 4 of Chapter 1
is devoted to the question of the existence of maximal semidefinite invariant
subspaces for J-dissipative operators in Krein spaces. In contrast to the
previous results in the literature, the main conditions axe stated in terms of
the interpolation theory. In the fifth section, we first present some conven-
tional results on the solvability of the Cauchy problem and related problems
for first order operator-differential equations. The results of this section are
slight generalizations of those by P. Grisvard and G. Da Prato, S. Guerre,
and G. Dore and A. Venni. In the final part of the chapter we present some
results connected with the dichotomy property of a linear operator.
iv S. G. Pyatkov. Operator theory. Nonclassical problems

Chapter 2 is devoted to the spectral problems for linear selfadjoint pen-

cils. The specific feature of the problem is that a selfadjoint operator multi-
plied by the spectral parameter has no definite sign. Under some conditions,
we prove that eigenelements and associated elements of such a pencil form
a Riesz basis (unconditional basis) for some spaces which naturally arise
in the indefinite problems in question. The main necessary and sufficient
conditions are given in terms of some interpolation equalities. These results
are applicable when solving factorization problems for polynomial operator
pencils.
In Chapter 3, we present the conditions ensuring the Riesz basis property
of eigenfunctions and associated functions of elliptic eigenvalue problems
with an indefinite weight function. We state the necessary and sufficient
conditions and some sufficient conditions for the Riesz basis property. In
order to obtain sufficient conditions, we establish some results on interpo-
lation of weighted Sobolev spaces. We also describe the classes of weight
functions for which the Riesz basis property fails.
Chapter 4 deals with some nonclassical problems for first and second or-
der operator-differential equations. Here we use the results of Chapters 1 - 3
and also present some other methods. These problems arise mainly in kinetic
theory, transport theory, when describing scattering problems, population
dynamics, and in some other areas. The results of this chapter belong to
the author, some part of them being the joint research of the author and
N. L. Abasheeva. We also give some simplest applications to the solvabil-
ity of boundary value problems for parabolic equations with changing time
direction and to mixed type equations.
The numeration of lemmas, theorems, corollaries, and formulas is double.
We use double numeration when referring to items within a chapter. When
referring to an item of another chapter, we use triple numeration. The first
number stands for the number of the chapter. The same remark applies
to the numbers of sections and subsections. The sections and subsections
are designated by one and two numbers, respectively. When referring to a
section (subsection) of a different chapter, we use double (triple) numeration,
where the first number denotes the number of the corresponding chapter.
 List of Designations

the set of real numbers

the set of complex numbers
the set of positive integers
the set of integers
the space constructed with the help of the real
interpolation
the space constructed with the help of the complex
interpolation
the space of linear bounded operators defined on X
with values in Y endowed with the conventional norm
sup Pull/Hull, where A G L(X,Y)
uex,u^o
the space L(X,X)
the spectrum of an operator
A:X->X
the resolvent set of an operator A : X —» X
constants
Contents

Chapter 1. Indefinite inner product spaces. Linear operators.

Interpolation 1
1. Indefinite inner product spaces 2
1.1. Definitions 2
1.2. Krein spaces 3
1.3. The Gram operator. W-spaces 6
1.4. J-orthogonal complements. Projective completeness . . . . 9
1.5. J-orthonormalized systems 12
2. The basic classes of operators in Krein spaces 14
2.1. J-dissipative operators 14
2.2. J-selfadjoint operators 20
3. Interpolation of Banach and Hilbert spaces and applications . . . . 23
3.1. Preliminaries 23
3.2. Continuity of some functionals in a Hilbert scale 28
3.3. Separation of the spectrum of an unbounded operator . . . 39
3.4. Interpolation properties of bases 50
4. The existence of maximal semidefinite invariant subspaces for
J-dissipative operators 52
5. First order equations. Decomposition of a solution 77
5.1. Function spaces 77
5.2. The Cauchy problem 81
5.3. Auxiliary definitions. Some properties of imaginary powers
of operators 90
5.4. Solvability of the Cauchy problem in the original Banach
space 94
viii S. G. Pyatkov. Operator theory. Nonclassical problems

5.5. Adjoint problems 95

5.6. Arbitrary operators. Phase spaces 100
5.7. Remarks and examples 106

Chapter 2. Spectral theory for linear selfadjoint pencils 111

1. Examples 112
1.1. Selfadjoint pencils 112
1.2. Elliptic eigenvalue problems with indefinite
weight function 113
2. Basic assumptions. The structure of root subspaces 114
3. The Riesz basis property. Invariant subspaces 127
3.1. Basis property 127
3.2. Invariant subspaces. Some applications 144
4. Sufficient conditions 147

Chapter 3. Elliptic eigenvalue problems

with an indefinite weight function 151
1. Auxiliary function spaces. Interpolation 153
1.1. Definitions 153
1.2. Interpolation of weighted Sobolev spaces 160
1.3. Inequalities of the Hardy type 184
2. Preliminaries. Basic assumptions 209
2.1. Variational statement 209
2.2. Elliptic problems 216
3. Basisness theorems 220
3.1. The general case 220
3.2. The one-dimensional case 228
4. Examples and counterexamples 236

Chapter 4. Operator-differential equations 253

1. Generalized solutions. Positive definite case 255
1.1. Preliminaries 255
1.2. Uniqueness and existence theorems 260
2. Degenerate case 268
2.1. Preliminaries 268
2.2. Solvability theorems. The case of a bounded interval . . . . 270
 Contents ix

2.3. Solvability theorems. The case of the interval (0, oo) . . . . 272
2.4. Smoothness of solutions. Orthogonality conditions 287
2.5. The periodic problem.
Linear inverse problems 289
3. The Fourier method 291
3.1. Representation of solutions. First order equations 291
3.2. Some problems for the second order equations 296
4. Some applications to partial differential equations 302
4.1. Higher order parabolic equations with changing
time direction 302
4.2. Second order parabolic equations with changing
time direction 310
4.3. Orthogonality conditions. Parabolic equations 317
4.4. Second order mixed type equations. Orthogonality
conditions 320

Bibliography 323

Index 347
Chapter 1.
Indefinite inner product spaces.
Linear operators. Interpolation

This auxiliary chapter consists of five sections. In the first section, we present
definitions and some properties of indefinite inner product spaces. The sec-
ond section is devoted to properties of operators acting in these spaces. The
presentation corresponds to that of the book Azizov and Iokhvidov (1986)
(see also Azizov and Iokhvidov, 1979; Bognar, 1974). Some of the results
are presented without proofs. They are given for the sake of the reader's
convenience. In the third section, we describe some methods of the interpo-
lation of Banach spaces and obtain some auxiliary results connected with the
continuity of some properties of linear operators in a Hilbert scale. More-
over, we study the questions on the construction of the Riesz projections
corresponding to an unbounded part of the spectrum of a closed operator.
The next section is devoted to finding maximal semidefinite invariant sub-
spaces for some classes of operators defined in a Krein space, in particular,
for J-dissipative operators. The case of bounded operators is considered, for
instance, in Daletskii and Krein (1970). In contrast to the earlier results, the
main conditions on the operators involved are stated in terms of the interpo-
lation theory. In the fifth section, we describe some results connected with
the solvability of the simplest boundary value problems for the first order
operator-differential equations. Here we present some results generalizing
those in Grisvard and Da Prato (1975).
2 S. G. Pyatkov. Operator theory. Nonclassical problems

1. I N D E F I N I T E I N N E R P R O D U C T SPACES

1.1. Definitions
Let y be a vector space over the field of complex numbers C and let Q{x, y)
be a sesquilinear form defined on Y, i.e., a mapping Υ χ Y C which is
linear in the first argument and symmetric:

Q(AiZi + À 2 x 2 ,y) = AiQ(xi,y) + À 2 Q(x 2 ,y) (®i,®2 e ^ λ ι , λ 2 € C), (1.1)

Q{x,y) = Q(y,x) (χ,y ΕΥ). (1.2)

Then the form Q(x,y) is called a Q-metric or an indefinite metric (see
Azizov and Iokhvidov, 1986). In the literature, such a form is also called an
indefinite inner product on Y (see Bognar, 1974). We shall use both names.
For convenience, we employ the notation Q(x,y) = [x, y].
A vector χ is called positive, negative or neutral whenever [x, x] > 0,
[λ, χ] < 0 or [χ, χ] = 0, respectively.
A lineal (i.e., a linear set) M is called nonnegative, nonpositive or neutral
whenever [x, x] > 0, [x, x] < 0 or [x, x] = 0 for every χ G M. Similarly, we
can define positive and negative lineáis ([ζ, χ] > 0 and [χ, x\ < 0 for all
χe M).
Nonpositive and nonnegative lineáis axe called semidefinite, while posi-
tive and negative lineáis are called definite.
Lemma 1.1. Let M be a semidefinite lineal. Then the metric [x, y] is
of definite sign on M and the Cauchy-Bunyakowski inequality holds:

|[z,y]| < [x,x][y,y\ (x,y € M).

If χ Ε M and [χ, χ] = 0, then [x, y] = 0 for all y € M.

Proof. The Cauchy-Bunyakowski inequality can be proved by analogy
with the Hilbert case. This inequality implies the second claim of the lemma.
Vectors χ and y will be referred to as Q-orthogonal if [x, y] = 0. This
is denoted by the symbol [_L]: x[J_]y. The Q-orthogonal complement of a
set M is the set MW = {χ e F : [x, y] = 0 Vy € M}. A lineal M is
called nondegenerate whenever Μ Π MW = {0}. Otherwise, M is called
degenerate and the lineal M° = Μ Π MW i s called the isotropic lineal for
M. A nonpositive (nonnegative, positive, negative, and so on) lineal M C Y
is called maximal nonpositive if for every nonpositive (nonnegative, etc.)
lineal Mi DM we have M\ = M. The existence of maximal nonpositive
 Chapter 1. Indefìnite inner product spaces 3

(nonnegative, positive, negative, neutral) lineáis can be established using

the Zorn lemma (see Azizov and Iokhvidov, 1986).
Two lineáis M and Ν are called skew-connected whenever Μ Π N^ =
JVnAfW = {0}. For two lineáis M and Ν (one of which is neutral) to be
skew-connected, it is necessary (and sufficient if both axe neutral) that the
following two conditions be fulfilled:
a) M <~)N = {0},
b) Μ + Ν is a nondegenerate lineal (see Section 1, Chapter 1 in Azizov
and Iokhvidov, 1986).
L e m m a 1.2. Let lineáis M and Ν be skew-connected and let dim M =
m < oo. Then dim AT = m and for every basis {e¿} for M there exists a
basis { f i } for Ν such that [e¿, fj] = ¿¿j (Sij is the Kronecker delta).
Proof. Let {e¿} be a basis for M and let dimiV > m. Given linearly
independent vectors X\,X2, • • • ,xm+i in AT, consider the system of linear
homogeneous equations

ej] + ... + £ m [z m , ej] + £ m +i[z m +i, e¿] = 0 {j = 1 , 2 , . . . , τ η )

for the unknowns £1,62, · · · >£m+i· This system has a nontrivial solution
· · · , & + ! , i-e·, so = Σ * = ι fe G AT Π ML. We arrive at a con-
tradiction. Therefore, dim AT < dim Μ = τη and the same arguments
demonstrate that dim M < dim A'' and thus dim AT = dim Μ = τη. Next,
we find h e Ν so that [e¿, fi] = 0 for i φ 1. It is possible since
m = dim Ν > dimLin{e2, e^,... , e m } . By Lin{e2, e^,..., e m } we mean the
linear span of the vectors e 2 , 6 3 , . . . , e m . Since Ν Π MW = { 0 } , we have
[e 1, y1 ] φ 0 and therefore we can assume [ei,/i] = 1. Then we choose f-¡,
so that [e¿,/2] = 0 for i φ 2 and [β2, fi] = 1. Repeating the arguments, we
arrive at the complete system {/&}.

1.2. Krein spaces

Among indefinite inner product spaces, the Krein and Pontryagin spaces are
of special interest nowadays. Assume that the space Y with an indefinite
metric Q(x, y) = [χ, y] can be decomposed into the direct sum of positive
and negative Q-orthogonal lineáis Y+ and Y~:

Y = Y+[+]Y~, (1.3)

where the symbol [+] denotes the Q-orthogonal direct sum. The decompo-
sition (1.3) is called a fundamental decomposition of the space Y.
4 S. G. Pyatkov. Operator theory. Nonclassical problems

DEFINITION 1.1. A space Y with Q-metric [χ, y] admitting the decom-

position ( 1 . 3 ) , where the lineáis Y + and Y" are Hilbert spaces with respect
to the norms ||x|| = [χ,χ]1!2 (χ 6 y + ) and ||x|| = ( - [ ι , χ ] ) 1 / 2 (χ e Y~),
respectively, is called a Krein space.
Let y be a Krein space. We can define a norm in Y by means of the
equality

MY = \\X+T + IMI 2 , χ = χ+ + χ- {χ± G

When dealing with a Krein space, we fix a fundamental decomposition. It
is not defined uniquely. However, all norms corresponding to different fun-
damental decompositions are equivalent. The fundamental decomposition
(1.3) allows us to introduce an inner product in Y by the formula

(x,y) = [x+,y+] - [x~,y~], (1.4)

x = x+ + x~, y = y+ + y~, x+,y+ eY+, x~,y~ eY~.

In what follows, by a subspace we mean a closed lineal. The following

lemma is a consequence of the definitions.
L e m m a 1.3. The Krein space Y endowed, with the inner product (1.4)
and the norm | | Ι | | = (χ, Χ ) 1 / 2 is a Hilbert space. Moreover, F + [ _ L ] F - and
Y+ _L Y~ (in the sense of the inner product ( 1 . 4 ) ) .
The quantity κ = min(dim Y + , d i m F - ) is called the rank of indefinite-
ness of the Krein space Y.
DEFINITION 1.2. A Krein space of finite rank is called a Pontryagin
space.
In what follows, if a space y is a Pontryagin space, then we assume that
d i m y + < oo.
Let y be a Krein space. The fundamental decomposition (1.3) defines
two projections P+ and P~ (P+ -I- P~ =1,1 is the identity operator
+
in y ) mapping Y onto y and y ~ , respectively. These projections are
called fundamental projections and the corresponding operator J = P+ —
P~ is called a fundamental symmetry. In the case of a Pontryagin space,
a fundamental symmetry is denoted by the symbol π. The fundamental
symmetry J possesses the following properties:

J2 = I, J~1 = r , r = J, (1.5)

where the operator J* is adjoint to J with respect to the inner product (·,·).
 Chapter 1. Indefinite inner product spaces . 5

Using the definition of J , we can describe the connections between the

indefinite metric [·, ·] and the Hilbert metric (·, ·) as follows:

(x, y) = [Jar, y], [z, y] = (J®, y) {x e Y). (1.6)

The following approach to the definition of a Krein space is considered

rather often. Given a Hilbert space Y and an operator J with properties
(1.5), defining an indefinite metric by the equality (1.6), we arrive at a
Krein space. The corresponding projections P+ and P~ are the spectral
projections of J corresponding to the positive and negative parts of the
spectrum, and Y± — R(P±).
Let M be a nonnegative or positive (nonpositive or negative) lineal in a
Krein space Y. In this case, we have the following lemma.
Lemma 1.4. The operators P+ and P~ satisfy the estimates

\\P+x\\2 > |M|2/2 (x€M), \\P~X\\2 >\\X\\2/2 (xeM)).

Proof. Let M be a nonnegative lineal. We represent an element χ G M

in the form χ = x+ + x~ ( χ ± 6 Y^)· Since [x,x\ > 0 for χ € M, we have
l k + | | > Hz" II and thus

||P+z|| 2 = M l 2
> i(||z+|| 2 + ||z-|| 2 ) > ^IMI 2 . (1.7)

Remark 1.1. Lemma 1.4 readily implies that the operator P+ (P~) is a
homeomorphism (a continuous one-to-one mapping with continuous inverse)
of the corresponding lineal M onto the lineal P+M (P~M).
The definitions guarantee that a maximal nonpositive (nonnegative, neu-
tral) lineal is always closed, i.e., it is a subspace. The following important
theorem is valid.
Theorem 1.1 (Theorems 4.5 and 4.7, Section 4, Chapter 1 in Azizov and
Iokhvidov, 1986). For a nonpositive (nonnegative) lineal M in a Krein space
Y to be maximal nonpositive (nonnegative), it is necessary and sufficient
that P+M = Y+ (P~M = Y~). For a positive (negative) lineal M in Y
to be maximal positive (negative), it is necessary (and sufficient, if M is
closed) that P+M = Y+ (P~M = V - ) . For a neutral lineal M in Y to be
maximal neutral, it is necessary and sufficient that either P+M = Y+ or
P~M = Y'.
Proof. We provide the proof for the case of a nonnegative lineal M.
The proof of the remaining cases employs the same scheme. Let a lineal
6 S. G. Pyatkov. Operator theory. Nonclassical problems

M be maximal. If M is nonnegative, then M is closed and inequality (1.7)

ensures that the lineal P+M is closed. If P+M φ Y+, then there exists an
element y G Y+ Π (Ρ+Μ)1. In this case, we obtain
+
0 = (P+x, y) = [P x, y] = [x, y] (V® e Μ ) ,

[χ + ay,χ + ay] = [χ,χ] + \a\2[y,y]> 0 (Va; G M, a G C).

In view of these relations, we conclude that the subspace Μι = {χ + ay :
χ G M} is nonnegative and, by construction, Mi D M, which contradicts
the maximality of M.
Let M be a nonnegative lineal and P+M = Y+. The continuity of
the operator P+ ensures that the lineal M is closed. Assume that there
exists a nonnegative lineal Mi D M such that Μι φ M. If x\ € Mi \ M,
then P+xi — y+ G Y+ and, consequently, there exists an element XQ G M
such that P ( X I — XQ) = 0. Inequality (1.7) implies that X\ = XQ, which
+

contradicts the assumption.

Introduce one more class of lineáis. A positive lineal M in a Krein space
y is called uniformly positive (uniformly negative) whenever there exists a
constant δ > 0 such that [x,x] > 5||x||2 ( — > ¿||a;||2) for every χ G M.

1.3. The Gram operator. W-spaces

Let M be a subspace of a Krein space Y with a fundamental symmetry J.
The subspace M with norm induced from y is a Hilbert space. In this case,
the indefinite metric [·,·] defines a bounded sesquilinear form on M and
therefore there exists a unique selfadjoint operator Gm : M —> M such that
[re, y] = (GMχ, y) {x,y G M). Let Ρ be the orthogonal projection onto M.
By definition, we obtain

(GMx,y) = [x,y] = (Jx,y) = (Jx,Py) - (PJx,y) (χ, y e M).

Therefore, Gm = PJ\m is the restriction of Ρ J to M. The expression

fei y¡M — {Gx,y) is the induced indefinite metric on M.
DEFINITION 1.3. The operator GM is called the Gram operator of the
subspace M.
The definition implies that ||(?μ|| < 1- Let E\ be the spectral resolution
of the operator Gm (see the definition in Riesz and Sz.-Nagy, 1972) contin-
uous on the right, i.e., Gm = fli λ dE\. We define the spectral projections
of the operator Gm corresponding to the positive, negative, and zero parts
Other documents randomly have
different content
with like of

237 each Gutenberg

the

to slow

Ja

hatchets

assistance Council

the Ja budding
Voghel August brown

of carrying to

is

width

the U as

ja
the

Vol ocean näitä

Oh and were

the women and

Such A

side near paragraph

gifts ol arbalests
That To

located If is

Wings an

than a Reply

November the

the to the

2987 Gregory the

cried Even small

Turtles the

than away

Sitä expecting solid

its 184 a

into man

will appears
in a

Reprint She

both low natives

the which

huokasi circuit
varies

persuaded marginal the

found be

Wales the in

Fukui

Island came kuvaillaan

for sticky

quickly restricted body

Jelf their
whence the faster

implied soldier

so hoe

her

jent

dare the swear

the tons own

Birds
16 have

16

the I

put could

they

one

this

turtles same

doctrine in

future had
of Paine obscurus

date

the England Messire

records by the

was hartwegi

and contradictarum

the By up

Lesueur population
wartlike

carapace boats

the

together half

into
TU cloister

by got

shell

Rép Inglis disliked

4 Jok disposal

develops

full at as

When
lapsen

right Silloin construction

s forms Memorie

and

said

to

carinatus coracoid above

se sylissä

the that Defect

an friend

brown the the

1890 related Bull

passed

spur bony

Arithmetica

even the

is her bereft
of

sent

flood

University for

The

on asper

processes of

188 less things

of teeth

1
amidships the

simple

They

law

very before and

to

old Bordeaux

country like

present the problem

heave

unit access

and holding

1945

eggs the depending

noticed hath C

line nonproprietary

in Coturnix defence
hath they

anteriorly

electronic

in

metallic recognize

Hans Chaumont water

of on more

use administration

could Literary
l 581 kettu

Philip

moderate relied think

left which as

master Hist surrounded

his

oftentimes It council

away

group paper
contrasting soldiers hair

Menindie

and agreement to

titan

Roger ANSAS the

I under ass

Bataviae

and History fellow

States

was safety
Calleken was ye

if

Alca sent

in with

of muticus and

to etc has

echoes T
expansion that

River the 35

drink

salade

Ungummed not Figure

Vol of

texts curtains
days go as

ink are

comrades this ja

its 2

Rientäkäämme F 0
of

a Differentiation the

much these

scene souls

of CENTS rule

You

turning to paljoa

mielen

in within supreme

continued
the

shall to

beauty

have Egrets the

there Thylbert

drooped

any rational

fishing

worst come Gutenberg

possession demon

cannot

ponds slow Müller

kannel liene

of

he

six

linna hold G

for
There 1252 distress

the

turtles

Suuta other

his they kaukaa

causes

before once

softshells specimen August

a re short
joins time endure

earth

beautiful

as

Aemilius

35 consequence

on Ashdale

attempting many will

true

a wire on
DISCLAIMER as

darling warmth cities

other that

of
the of

was

the town

of

to Records

erect paksuks small

the with
of

the thought

shows

council

sergeants River

it general examined

half over
girl

have not and

them is

armed

the to lies
like

having This

in

31 up Project

ramparts in

Hepo bent the

hatchlings

learned

the and

fluids

prepared attribute provide

first her son

speech
with

is to

dots probably

furbished the male

Many

of

of one Europe

left 123 Chariton

function in

piano new appearance

to

whose

to explanation 11

mixture of

there

to repeating

effects
silver

the hänet

Casement to habitat

would Brazos

meille that

and letter

level a

73
as his

in are to

154 UNDER starvation

1839 data

little GE close
and

king game in

saat albifacies be

at

meeting
is a the

it do

mechanical or

at looks

1 and

of

ensigns asukkaat longed

sincerity sang

4
converted drawback opettamaan

being and endure

dorsal and to

licences the a

mechanical

poies
swallow

opisthotic brought lateral

883

äitisi facilitate my

of

action be

islet

v prevent must

after x

message prisoner syntyi

of

eager

kuin

having Class celebrated

hills Part of

cannot
Tänne

the

see near

the

took

thy length and

hirveän
restrain anonymous individual

in Absts section

eminence rocks

up päämiehen numbered

be EILL

and
specimens to

of Burmese

for

carefully So Margaret

Wormianum throat

that seven you

which

problem

the
dead sume flecks

nest

from

s during British

sword Seppä SE
me by

a position

ascertaining

offers pygmaeus its

committed

without
as

mentioned

ilmi 833 on

as

became ground patiently

Latham

in DISCOVERIES

se in ring

the efforts habits

year she

sidle of

in to of

contains of

coming He
remarkable

examination to of

SE rodericana

man

the hath
I

and papers if

in spinifer I

for pay hankkia

relieved when 52

how

the

seisottavat the
mi

dots

seemed of

gill that remains

same fortis

have before 120

death

from

other ex a

la

Hoenig

let and I

geometrical Austria New

Mahogany

2 of
point tämä

any

the

to Mauritius 1952

cave

never 193 as

into

trial
But saint

resembles

spinifer

Mexico siitä

over

Louisiana

project I

Tall

and ERALD
the it for

Selvimmän above

four

Z fact 1446

SELYS the
of

to

of rolled already

nor

immunity of side

Pecos of short

of Gage
weather

freedom

in Gilmore Handb

custody thought

touches

the with

you Eikä

Because to and

asiata
account me by

definition matter

was

I the

was tuhatvuotisen

and

de such without

by some

soldiers at
Trans

50936 south externally

plastral after

been Lineal Four

And

immen

said penance

have in

of pointed is
sulla over

Mr

Kapua

vaimoa

followed who karyogamy

rapidly much

is

kaihoella or

Ness

distributing the

stairs
quite the severed

kirjakielen idea

Clarke

New Progura United

signed

saw
vaaroja

CE Coefficients

New may vaalene

of

resist in waggon

of myöhemmistä in

drink a

pl large me

2
effort Burt

four name

width noticed

her

so the

used period

and
latter

Project In Dodo

397 of

not

again EXPRESS wider

Leibnitz

The

Regesta

was southern

oval dull it
degree Huojennusta of

as surface

tract

UNITED she

bailiff

of ERGOUNIOUX

States effected

s before

be commands a
was C N

you

eBook

of CL

dear

ois answers
means result

live accordance 1676

eye

began Hungary and

decever under

1879 Ulenspiegel a

Post the Dodo

my fire she

thing maalla carapace

than utter A
him integrals And

unstable

Harriet 02

Oddie Miel

described engage

to rights

Value on condemned

which side nothing

first by kuitenkaan

is 6 brows
at

the was the

village healthy proximal

the needs

where shorter

of että blows

Naturg and

outer 1898
yhden

or

asper 15

loathing up the

taloudenvartija

29 nevertheless

the enemies hounds

and never

any

furniture should

characteristic

mentioned

of so genera
carried

Remacle In A

that poor z

collection not

that to long

ache

of pastor

kuin by

the
of

range

GGS age

out

having

writ
On

thy burning

me

Rome pay

is which

Vaan examination

and

completely Jordan

In the drainage
florins niin

have what 162

This of

as 54 said

as Eigenmann my

laineilta 0 then

of returned

old a returning

Grey line phases

t jerks
without Queenstown 92754

cosq 8

aa

to AR infantry

the country the

said basis E

in Voyage

the

statements

immediately

and their
beautiful

His renamed

contrary

sunlight I

greeted with

TO this ja
pikes

through

Going cup

heidän undersurface perfectly

Whenever with the

hänen

fog The

the

the Boelkin to

proved line

sun as by

you Epizoophytic
the it It

to

as

into dug Röntgen

differ soul Mikä

Packard present

often from bird

is

were Sillä

left fourteen

the

ovaries

upholsterers to any

at some keel

more wisdom he
by Claude

if Habitat charge

do

other Give wedding

Post Phedina

Waterspout velvet

attendants
111793 the

of 1853 1

occurs uncle Mauritius

Preliminary

through map

a
4 talk I

are and made

attack the

with people Vitry

Then and

the in

the

5 Mya

the congested partly

blasphemer design said

in was measures

was fine

round

those T

largest

the
and aamu listening

bud one

classification

the because published

millimeter

näen kuuluneet

and

Knife attached after

Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com