Item-01
Introduction of
Pharmacology &
Nomenclature of drug
Book list of Pharmacology & Therapeutics:
1. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological
Basis of THERAPEUTICS
2. BASIC & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY By
Bertram G. Katzung
3. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY by BENNETT & BROWN
4. RANG AND DALE’S Pharmacology
5. Essentials of MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY by KD Tripathi
6. Lippincott pharmacology
7. A text book of Pharmacology by Vilmesh Seth
8. Brenner and Stevens’ PHARMACOLOGY
• Pharmacology is the branch of medical science
that deals with history, source, physicochemical
properties, dosage forms, methods of
administration, absorption, distribution,
mechanism of action, Pharmacological effects,
biotransformation, excretion, clinical uses and
adverse effects of drugs.
Scope/Branches of pharmacology:
OLDER/TRADITIONAL NEWER/Modern
1. Pharmacokinetics 1. Molecular
pharmacology
2. Pharmacodynamics
2. Immunopharmacology
3. Therapeutics
3. Biochemical
4. Pharmacotherapeutics
pharmacology
5. Clinical pharmacology
4. Pharmacogenomics
6. Pharmacy
5. Pharmacoepidemiology
7. Toxicology
6. Pharmaco-economics
8. Pharmacognosy
7. Behavioral
9. Pharmacogenetics pharmacology
8. Ethnopharmacology
Pharmacology: Study/Knowledge about drug
Therapeutics: It is the branch of pharmacology that
deals with the practical application of knowledge of
pharmacology for the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of disease in both human and animal.
(practical application of drugs)
Therapeutics deals with selection of appropriate
drug(s)/P drug, dosages form, appropriate routes,
dose and duration of treatment.
Clinical Pharmacology:
Scientific basis of Safe, Effective and Rationale use of
drug in human being.
Aims: Practice of EBM
Scope of work in clinical pharmacology?
Ans: 1. Bioequivalence study
2. Comparative study between two drugs (compare with
standard drug/ old Vs new)
3. Evaluation of quality, efficacy and safety of drug
(Safety profile)
Tools of bioequivalence study:
1) Bioavailability
2) Half life
3) Tmax
4) Cmax
5) AUC
6) Dissolution time etc.
Pharmacokinetics: It is the branch of
pharmacology that deals with absorption,
distribution, biotransformation/metabolism
& excretion/elimination of drugs.
Pharmacodynamics: It is the branch of
pharmacology that deals with
Pharmacological effects and mechanism of
action of drugs.
Effects of drugs:
1. (Desired effect) / Therapeutic
2. (Undesired effect) /Adverse effects/ADR
When drug is prepared in suitable dosage
formulation by adding excipient is known as
Medicine.
DRUG MEDICINE
1. Definition 1. Definition
2. Active ingredient of
2. Combination of active
medicine
Pharmaceutical
3. It has generic name ingredient & excipient
4. May not have suitable 3. It has brand name
form & dose
4. Must have suitable
5. All drugs are not
form & dose
medicine
5. All medicine are drug
Drug:
According to WHO, ‘A drug is any
substance or product that is used or
intended to be used to modify or explore
the physiological systems or pathological
states for the benefit of the recipient.’
Benefit/uses/purpose of
drug:
Diagnosis,
Prevention,
Control & Cure of disease
Diagnosis:
BaSO4 solution for diagnosis of GIT
ulceration or tumor
Radioactive Iodine for diagnosis of
thyroid disorder
Prevention:
Benzathine penicillin in RF for the
prevention of AGN & Valvular HD
Vaccination eg. BCG for TB
OPV for poliomyelitis
OCP for contraception
Control:
Insulin for the control of DM
Amlodipine for the control of
Hypertension
Cure:
Ciprofloxacin for UTI
Metronidazole for Amoebiasis
INH for TB
Classification of drug:
A). On the basis of body system:
1. Respiratory system: Salbutamol
2. GIT drugs: Lxatives, Antacids
3. CNS dugs: Sedatives & hypnotics
4. CVS drugs: Digoxin, Amlodipine
5. Renal system : Diuretics
B). On the basis of molecular
structure:
1. Alkaloids eg. Atropine, Morphine
2. Glycosides eg. Digoxin
3. Steroids eg. Prednisolone
C). On the basis of site of action:
eg Diuretics, Vasodilators
D). On the basis of therapeutic use:
1. Antidiabetic
2. Antihypertensive
3. Antimalarial
4. Anti TB
5. Antibiotics
Category of drugs:(On the basis of use)
1. Official drugs
2. Biological drugs
3. OTC (Over the counter) drugs
4. POM (Prescription only
medicine)/Prescription drugs
5. Control drugs
6. Experimental drugs
7. Orphan drugs
OTC (Over the counter) drugs:
No need of physicians’ prescription to obtain
the drugs. Eg. Antacids, PPI, Vitamin,
Paracetamol, ORS
Controlled drugs: drugs which has
addiction liabilities. Eg. Morphine,
Pethidine, Diazepam, Amphetamine etc.
Orphan Drug:
Drugs for rare disease.
Orphan drug Orphan Health Orphan
disease (Sufferer)
Liposomal Kala-azar
Amphotericin B /
Miltefosine
Tobramycin sulphate Cystic fibrosis
Huntington’s disease
Posology: Study of dose.
Dose: Amount of drug that is
administered to the recipient at a time,
which produce effect in statistically
significant number of recipient.
• Dosage:
• Dosage form of drug is the
product designed for
administration into the body.
Dose: Amount of drug
Doses: Multiple dose
Dosage: predetermined amount and rate of
administration of a drug for a patient
Dosage formulation: product designed for
administration into the body
Types of Dose:
1. Subtherapeutic dose
2. Minimum dose
3. Therapeutic dose
4. Maximum dose
5. Toxic dose
6. Lethal dose
7. Fatal dose
8. Prophylactic dose
9. Loading dose
10. Maintenance dose
11. Booster dose
12. Median effective dose (ED50)
13. Median Lethal dose (LD50)
14. Median toxic dose (TD50)
15. Children dose
16. Ceiling dose
Median toxic dose (TD50): It is the dose
which will produce toxic effect in 50% of
experimental animal/subjects.
Median Lethal dose (LD50): It is the dose
which will cause death of 50% experimental
animal.
Median effective dose (ED50): Dose which
produces the desired therapeutic effect in
50% of individual.
Booster dose:The amount of drug given
after sometimes (months/years) of
initial dose to enhance/complete the
therapy is called BD.
Prophylactic dose:The amount of drug
is given to prevent or protect against
diseases.
Loading dose:
• LD is a large initial dose for a therapy to achieve
rapid steady state (i.e effective desired plasma
concentration.)
• It is usually double of the normal dose.
Eg. Chloroquine
Digoxin
Lidocaine
LD is given having usually long half life & large
volume of distribution.
Advantage:
To achieve the target
concentration rapidly.
Disadvantage:
Produce toxic effect in sensitive
individual
Nomenclature of drug:
1. Code name e.g. NO2BE01
2. Chemical name eg. Acetaminophen/
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
3. Non-proprietary/Generic/Official name eg.
Paracetamol
4. Proprietary/Trade name/Brand name
Eg. Napa/ACE/Renova etc.
Non-proprietary:
Advantages:
1. Inform about the class of drug
2. Convenience to the patient
3. Free of conflict with others drug name
4. Same throughout the world
Disadvantage:
Total loss of bioavailability
Trade name:
Advantage:
Preserve the bioavailability
Disadvantages:
1. May arise confusion of naming
2. Inconvenience to patients and
physicians
3. Differ from country to country
Drug compendia: Compilation of drug
information.
1. Pharmacopoeia:
eg. British pharmacopoeia (BP)
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
The International Pharmacopoeia (Ph.
Int.) by WHO
JP, IP, EP
2. Formulary:
eg. Bangladesh National Formulary (BDNF)
British National Formulary (BNF)
3. Others:
Text book
Journal
Internet
Pharmaceutical companies
Physicians’ desk reference (PDR)
Drug bulletin
Prescriber guide
Essential Drug list (EDL)
Brochure
Standard treatment guideline
Merk Index
QIMP
Pharmacopoeia Formulary
1. Book published by authorized body 1. Booklet published by drug
constituted by law administration authority
2. Contains description of all drugs2. Contains description of the
individually including structure,
chemistry etc. marketed medicine
3. Published less frequently (≥Five 3. Published frequently- 6
months to 2 yearly
yearly)
4.Needed for prescription
4. Needed for quality control.
5. useful for drug manufacturers and writing.
regulatory authorities. (pharmacist 5. useful for doctors/registered
and Pharmaceutical company) physician
6. Can be used by all country
6. Usually used by doctors of
same country
BAN USAN
Adrenaline Epinephrine
Salbutamol Albuterol
BAN means ‘British Approved Name’
USAN means ‘United States Approved Name’
Pethidine Meperidine
rINN means ‘Recommended International Nonproprietary Name’ (given by WHO)
Lignocaine Lidocaine
Paracetamol Acetaminophen
Rifampicin Rifampin
Clinical Pharmacology Vs Therapeutics
Bioequivalence
Pharmacovigilance
Bioassay
Abbreviation Latin explanation English explanation
ac Acte cibum Before meal
pc Post cibum After meal
bd or bid Bis in die Twice daily
tds or tid Ter die sumendus Three times daily
qds or qid Quarter die sumendus Four times daily
qd Quaque die Once daily
Cap
Tab
IM
IV
I/L
S/C S/L
stat statim Immediately/urgent
sos Si opus sit If necessary/needed
hs Hora somni At bed time
Abbreviation Latin explanation English explanation
po Per os Per oral
npo
Rx Recipe You take
Syr.
PR
tsp teaspoonful
cm Coming morning
od Omni die Every day
om Omni mane Every morning
on Omni nocte Every night
Drop/Dose calculation
1 tsp (teaspoonful) = 05 ml
1 tbsp (tablespoonful) = 15 ml
1 ml = 15.42 drops
1 drop = 04 µdrops
1 oz/ounce = 29.574 ml
