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marketing
EIGHTH EDITION

grewal levy •
 mar . ket . ing
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes
for creating, capturing, communicating, delivering, and
exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients,
partners, and society at large.

The definition of marketing, established by the American Marketing Association,

October 2007. Word in italics was added by authors.
ii
Marketing
Eighth Edition

Dhruv Grewal, PhD

Babson College

Michael Levy, PhD

Babson College
MARKETING
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2022 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21
ISBN 978-1-26059759-2
MHID 1-26059759-8
Cover Images: (background scenery): Getty Images; (water bottle): Shutterstock

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
 To our families for their never-ending support.
To my wife, Diana, my daughter, Lauren, my son-in-law, Chet, and my son, Alex.

—Dhruv Grewal

To my new grandson, Ari Gabe Englander, with lots of love.

—Michael Levy
 about the authors
Dhruv Grewal in Pricing (American Marketing Association Retailing & Pricing
SIG); the 2010 Lifetime Achievement Award in Retailing (American
Dhruv Grewal (PhD, Virginia Tech) is Marketing Association Retailing SIG); the 2005 Lifetime Achieve-
the Toyota Chair in Commerce and ment in Behavioral Pricing Award (Fordham University, November
Electronic Business and a Professor 2005); and the Academy of Marketing Science Cutco/Vector
of Marketing at Babson College. His Distinguished Educator Award in May 2010. He is a Distin-
research and teaching interests guished Fellow of the Academy of Marketing Science. He has
­focus on direct marketing and e- served as VP Research and Conferences, American Marketing
commerce, marketing research, the Association Academic Council (1999–2001) and as VP Develop-
©Morse Photography broad areas of value-based market- ment for the Academy of Marketing Science (2000–2002). He
ing strategies, services and retailing, was coeditor of Journal of Retailing (2001–2007). He has won
and pricing. He is listed in The World’s Most Influential Scientific a number of awards for his research: 2019 Louis W. Stern
Minds, Thomson Reuters, 2014 (only 8 from the marketing field Award (American Marketing Association Interorganizational Sig);
and 95 from economics and business are listed). He is a GSBE 2019 William R. Davidson Journal of Retailing Best Paper Award
Extramural Fellow, Maasterict University and has been an (for paper published in 2017); 2018 JSR Best Paper Award (for
­Honorary Distinguished Visiting Professor of Retailing and paper published in 2017); 2018 William R. ­Davidson Journal of
­Marketing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, a Global Chair in Market- Retailing Best Paper Award (for paper published in 2016); 2017
ing at the University of Bath, an Honorary Distinguished Visiting Journal of Interactive Marketing Best Paper Award (for paper
­Professor of Retailing and Marketing, Center for Retailing, published in 2016); 2016 Journal of Marketing Sheth Award;
­Stockholm School of Economics, and a Visiting Scholar at 2016 William R. Davidson Journal of Retailing Best Paper
­Dartmouth. He has also served as a faculty member at the Award (for paper published in 2014); 2015 Louis W. Stern Award
­University of ­Miami, where he also was a department chair. (American Marketing Association Interorganizational SIG);
Professor Grewal was ranked first in the marketing field in ­Babson College Faculty Scholarship Award (2015); William R.
terms of publications in the top six marketing journals during the Davidson Journal of Retailing Best Paper Award 2012 (for paper
1991–1998 period and again for the 2000–2007 period and published in 2010); 2011 Best Paper Award (La Londe Confer-
ranked third in terms of publications in the Journal of Marketing ence for Marketing Communications and Consumer Behavior);
and the Journal of Marketing Research during the 2010–2019 2011 Louis W. Stern Award (American Marketing Association
period. He was also ranked first in terms of publications and third Interorganizational SIG); William R. D ­ avidson Journal of Retail-
in citations for pricing research for the time period 1980–2010 in ing Honorable Mention Award 2011 (for paper published in
20 marketing and business publications. He has published over 2009); Babson College Faculty Scholarship Award (2010);
170 journal articles in Journal of Marketing, Journal of Consumer ­William R. Davidson Journal of Retailing Best Paper Award 2010
Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Retailing, (for paper published in 2008); William R. Davidson Journal of
Journal of Consumer Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, Retailing Honorable Mention Award 2010 (for paper published
and Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science as well as in 2008); 2017 Best Paper Award, Connecting for Good Track,
many other journals. He has over 60,000 citations based on Winter AMA Conference; Stanley C. Hollander Best Retailing
Google Scholar. He currently serves on numerous editorial re- Paper, Academy of Marketing Science Conference 2002, 2008,
view boards, such as Journal of Marketing (area editor), Journal and 2016; M. Wayne DeLozier Best Conference Paper, Academy
of the Academy of Marketing Science (area editor), Journal of of Marketing Science 2002 and 2008; Best Paper, CB Track,
Marketing Research (associate editor), Journal of Interactive Winter AMA 2009; Best Paper, Technology & e-Business Track,
Marketing, Journal of Business Research, and Journal of Public AMA Summer 2007; Best Paper Award, Pricing Track, Best
Policy & Marketing, and the advisory board for Journal of Retail- ­Services Paper Award (2002), from the American Marketing
ing. He has also served on the boards of Journal of Consumer ­Association Services SIG presented at the Service Frontier Con-
Psychology, Academy of Marketing ­Science Review, and Journal ference, October 2003; Winter American Marketing Associa-
of World Business. He also received Best Reviewer Awards tion Conference 2001; Best Paper Award, Technology Track,
(Journal of Retailing 2008, Journal of Marketing 2014), Outstand- Summer American Marketing Association Educators’ Conference
ing Area Editor (Journal of Marketing 2017, Journal of the Acad- 2000; and University of Miami School of Business ­Research
emy of Marketing Science 2016), and a Distinguished Service Excellence Award for 1991, 1995, 1996, and 1998. He has also
Award (Journal of Retailing 2009). been a finalist for the 2018 Journal of Marketing R
­ esearch Paul
Professor Grewal was awarded the 2017 Robert B. Clarke Green Award; 2018 Journal of Marketing, the Marketing Science
Outstanding Educator Award (Marketing Edge, formerly DMEF); Institute/H. Paul Root Award; 2014 Journal of Marketing Harold
2013 university-wide Distinguished Graduate Alumnus from his H. Maynard Award; 2012 Paul D. Converse Award; and 2005
alma mater Virginia Tech; the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award Best Services Paper Award from the Services SIG.

vii
viii about the authors

Professor Grewal has coedited a number of special issues Michael Levy

including Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, “Pricing & Public
Policy” (Spring 1999); Journal of the Academy of Marketing Michael Levy, PhD (Ohio State Univer-
­Science, “Serving Customers and Consumers Effectively in the sity), is the Charles Clarke Reynolds
21st Century: Emerging Issues and Solutions” (Winter 2000); Professor of Marketing Emeritus at
Journal of Retailing, “Creating and Delivering Value through Babson College and CEO of RetailProf
Supply-Chain Management” (2000); Journal of Retailing, “Brand- LLC. He received his PhD in business
ing and Customer Loyalty” (2004); Journal of Retailing, “Service administration from The Ohio State
Excellence” (2007); Journal of Retailing, “Customer Experience University and his undergraduate and
Management” (2009); Journal of Retailing, “Pricing in a Global Zackary Jormon MS degrees in business administration
Arena” (2012); Journal of Retailing, “Future of Retailing,” (2017); from the University of Colorado at
and Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, “The Future Boulder. He taught at Southern Methodist University before join-
of Technology in Marketing” (2020). ing the faculty as professor and chair of the marketing depart-
He cochaired the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science ment at the University of Miami.
Conference; the 1998 Winter American Marketing Association Professor Levy received the inaugural ACRA Academic Life-
Conference “Reflections & Future Directions for Marketing”; the time Achievement Award presented at the 2015 AMA/ACRA
Marketing Science Institute Conference (December 1998) “Serv- (American Marketing Association/American Collegiate Retailing
ing Customers and Consumers Effectively in the 21st Century: Association) Triennial Conference and was recognized for
Emerging Issues and Solutions”; the 2001 AMA doctoral consor- 25 years of dedicated service to the editorial review board of
tium; the American Marketing Association 2006 Summer Educa- the Journal of Retailing in 2011. He won the McGraw-Hill Corpo-
tor’s Conference; the 2008 Customer Experience Management rate Achievement Award for Grewal–Levy Marketing 2e with
Conference; the 2010 Pricing Conference; the 2011 DMEF re- Connect in the category of excellence in content and analytics
search summit; the 2012 AMA/ACRA First Triennial Retailing (2010); Revision of the Year for Marketing 2e (Grewal–Levy)
Conference; the 2013 Pricing & Retailing Conferences; the 2014 from McGraw-Hill/Irwin (2010); the 2009 Lifetime Achievement
Shopper Marketing conference at SSE; and the 2015 AMA/ Award, American Marketing Association, Retailing Special
ACRA Second Triennial Retailing Conference. ­Interest Group (SIG); the Babson Faculty Scholarship Award
Professor Grewal has also coauthored Marketing (pub- (2009); and the Distinguished Service Award, Journal of Retail-
lisher McGraw-Hill, 1e 2008; 2e 2010—Awarded Revision of the ing (2009) (at winter AMA).
Year, McGraw-Hill Corporate Achievement Award with Connect- He was rated as one of the best researchers in marketing
Marketing in the category of Content and Analytical Excellence; in a survey published in Marketing Educator (Summer 1997).
3e 2012; 4e 2014; 5e 2016; 6e 2018, 7e 2020); M Series: Mar- He has developed a strong stream of research in retailing,
keting (publisher McGraw-Hill, 1e 2009, 2e 2011, 3e 2013, 4e business logistics, financial retailing strategy, pricing, and sales
2015, 5e 2017, 6e 2019, 7e 2021); Retailing Management (pub- management. He has published over 50 articles in leading
lisher McGraw-Hill, 9e 2014, 10e 2018—is the leading textbook marketing and logistics journals, including the Journal of Re-
in the field); and Marketing Research (publisher Houghton tailing, Journal of Marketing, Journal of the Academy of Mar-
­Mifflin Co., 1e 2004, 2e 2007). He was ranked #86 for Books in keting Science, and Journal of Marketing Research. He has
Business and Investing by Amazon in 2013. served on the editorial review boards of the Journal of Retail-
Professor Grewal has won many awards for his teaching: ing, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Interna-
2005 Sherwin-Williams Distinguished Teaching Award, Society tional Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials
for Marketing Advances; 2003 American Marketing Associa- Management, International Journal of Business Logistics, ECR
tion, Award for Innovative Excellence in Marketing Education; Journal, and European Business Review and has been on the
1999 Academy of Marketing Science Great Teachers in Market- editorial advisory boards of ­European Retail Research and
ing Award; Executive MBA Teaching Excellence Award (1998); the European Business Review. He is coauthor of Retailing
School of Business Teaching Excellence Awards (1993, 1999); Management, 10e (2019), the best-selling college-level retailing
and Virginia Tech Certificate of Recognition for Outstanding text in the world. Professor Levy was coeditor of the Journal
Teaching (1989). of Retailing from 2001 to 2007. He cochaired the 1993 Acad-
He has taught executive seminars/courses and/or worked emy of Marketing Science conference and the 2006 summer
on research projects with numerous firms such as Dell, Exxon- AMA conference.
Mobil, IRI, RadioShack, Telcordia, Khimetrics Profit-Logic, McKinsey, Professor Levy has worked in retailing and related disci-
Ericsson, Motorola, Nextel, FP&L, Lucent, Sabre, Goodyear Tire plines throughout his professional life. Prior to his academic ca-
& Rubber Company, Sherwin-Williams, and Asahi. He has deliv- reer, he worked for several retailers and a housewares
ered seminars in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and distributor in C­ olorado. He has performed research projects
Asia and has served as an expert witness or worked as a con- with many retailers and retail technology firms, including Accen-
sultant on numerous legal cases. Professor Grewal has also ture, Federated Department Stores, Khimetrics (SAP), Mervyn’s,
served on the Board of Directors of Babson Global and on the Neiman Marcus, ProfitLogic (Oracle), Zale Corporation, and nu-
Board of Trustees of Marketing Edge. merous law firms.
 New to the Eighth Edition
Some exciting new additions
to the Eighth Edition!
The eighth edition of Marketing sees significant changes. As always, every example, fact, and
key term has been checked, updated, and/or replaced. What follows are major changes in the
text, chapter by chapter.
Chapter 1: Overview of Marketing starts with a discussion of the rising popularity of reus-
able water bottles and how brands such as Hydroflask are marketing their products, with
an eye toward how these brands have evolved and how the marketing of them adds value.
Examples using these reusable water bottles are placed throughout the chapter. There is
a new Adding Value box on the launch of a lipstick by Hermès, a famous maker of luxury
bags. Also new is a Marketing Analytics box describing how Hertz is using biometrics to
facilitate its car rental service, a new Social & Mobile Marketing box about how individ-
ual people are marketing themselves on TikTok, and a new Ethical & Societal Dilemma
box highlighting concerns with Starbucks’s single-use plastic cups. We conclude the
chapter with a case study discussing the marketing strategies used in the reusable water
bottle industry.
Chapter 2: Developing Marketing Strategies and a Marketing Plan includes several revisions,
including updates to the PepsiCo opener and the PepsiCo examples mentioned throughout
the chapter. There are two new Adding Value boxes highlighting how Apple has leveraged
opportunities in the external environment with Apple iPhone SE and how Old Spice is re­
positioning itself to appeal to a wider audience. A Social & Mobile Marketing box highlights
how Wayfair is leveraging high-tech tools to connect with consumers. A new Ethical & Soci-
etal Dilemma box examines how Pepsi’s marketing strategy is responding to the changing
water consumption habits discussed in Chapter 1. A new Marketing Analytics box details
how eye-tracking technology can help brands optimize their mobile marketing strategies. We
have also updated the coffee wars case at the end of the chapter.
Chapter 3: Digital Marketing: Online, Social, and Mobile has seen a line-by-line revision to
reflect the rapid changes in digital marketing. We have added a new section on influencer
marketing that examines the central factors used in picking an influencer partner. This sec-
tion introduces the 4R framework for influencer marketing: relevance, reach, responses, and
return. The chapter starts by highlighting how Hilton Hotels successfully uses social listen-
ing to inform its social media campaigns. There is a new Marketing Analytics box discussing
how some algorithms used by Facebook to place ads have produced unintended conse-
quences. Finally, a new Adding Value box details Facebook’s introduction of the Portal, a
Facebook-branded device to support video chat.
Chapter 4: Conscious Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Ethics begins with a
discussion of how companies in the clothing resale business, such as thredUP, highlight the
sustainability of buying secondhand clothing in their marketing. There is a new Adding
Value box about Aerie’s marketing campaign featuring real women, including those with
disabilities or living with challenging medical conditions. A new Social & Mobile Marketing
box describes how Facebook collects and uses people’s personal information and how
many people are not aware of how much data Facebook has gathered from them. A new
Ethical & Societal Dilemma box describes how Google is grappling with the privacy and
safety of its young users on YouTube and YouTube Kids. A new Marketing Analytics box

ix
 analyzes China’s proposed Social Credit System to track citizens’ behaviors, habits, connec-
tions, and comments.
Chapter 5: Analyzing the Marketing Environment opens with an account of how iRobot an-
ticipates consumer preferences in order to develop products that will satisfy customers’ de-
mands. A new Adding Value box highlights CVS’s efforts to showcase realistic beauty in its
stores and advertisements. A new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box describes the emerging
market for sustainable swimwear as consumers become more conscious of water pollution.
There is also a new Marketing Analytics box about how Coca-Cola uses its high-tech vending
machines to allow consumers to mix their own custom beverages.
Chapter 6: Consumer Behavior has a new opener about Sunbasket, a meal delivery kit, and
how it designs its products to appeal to different aspects of consumer behavior. A new Mar-
keting Analytics box explains how Amazon uses customer data and consumer behavior
­concepts to promote individualized ads. There are two new Ethical & Societal Dilemma
boxes: One box discusses how fashion lines have created clothing and accessories that ap-
peal to people’s political persuasions. The other box considers the ethics of free games that
offer in-game purchases.
Chapter 7: Business-to-Business Marketing starts with a discussion of Mastercard Track, its
new B2B payment system. A new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box discusses the many
outsourcing firms that provide workers to companies around the world. A new Social &
Mobile Marketing box examines the advertising needs of direct-to-consumer companies.
There is also a new Adding Value box that describes how Wistia has developed a video
hosting platform that fits the needs of businesses who wish to promote their content in a
business-friendly environment. Finally, a new case details how Alibaba is expanding its
­successful B2B platform.
Chapter 8: Global Marketing has a new opener highlighting how Airbnb views global mar-
keting from a local lens to make travelers feel at home wherever they are. There are four
new Adding Value boxes: One describes the targeted products that McDonald’s offers in
different markets around the world. The second considers the increase of luxury sales in
airports across the globe. The third is about how companies use International Women’s
Day as inspiration for their marketing campaigns. Finally, the fourth Adding Value box
details Domino’s digital and physical expansion. The chapter also includes two new Ethical
& Societal Dilemma boxes, one about pollution associated with the increased use of dispos-
able sanitary products in India and one about the backlash Dolce & Gabbana faced after
releasing potentially offensive ads in China. The chapter concludes with a case study on
how KFC has grown its brand internationally to become “the world’s most popular chicken
restaurant chain.”
Chapter 9: Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning opens with how restaurants have posi-
tioned their new plant-based meat offerings to appeal to a wide range of customers. A new
Ethical & Societal Dilemma box considers the fate of African American–owned businesses
that target African American customers once they are sold to large conglomerates. There is
a new Social & Mobile Marketing box about the lifestyle magazine published by Outdoor
Voices in order to reach customers to whom its branding appeals. A new Marketing Anal­
ytics box describes how data collected by an app-linked thermometer could be used by
brands to geographically target ads for products like cold medicine and disinfectant wipes.
A new Adding Value box examines how Patagonia, in order to protect its brand’s image and
strengthen its appeal to its target market, refuses to personalize merchandise sold to certain
companies. Another new Adding Value box highlights how JCPenney is reorganizing stores
to promote exclusive fashion brands for older consumers and eliminate or scale back pur-
chases of Millennial-centric brands. Finally, a new case dissects the marketing segments
P&G considers when marketing its extensive product lines.
Chapter 10: Marketing Research and Analytics has undergone major revisions and has a new
title reflecting the additions. The chapter includes an extensive new section on big data that
includes a discussion of the 5 Vs of big data (volume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value).

x
The second new section on marketing analytics includes a discussion of the different tools
that can be used in the execution of marketing research. The chapter opens with a discussion
of how Netflix uses data collected from customers to provide personalized recommenda-
tions and develop its own content. There is a new Marketing Analytics box that discusses
Amazon’s Prime Day promotion that essentially allows customers to trade access to their
personal information for a discount. There is a new Adding Value about how Booking.com
leveraged marketing research data to determine that its customers are interested in unique
accommodations across the United States. Finally, the chapter ends with an updated case
describing how the YMCA has used data gleaned from extensive market research to expand
its offerings and attract more members.
Chapter 11: Product, Branding, and Packaging Decisions begins with a new opener on
Dunkin Donuts’ branding transition to Dunkin’. There are two new Adding Value boxes:
The first highlights Weight Watchers’ rebrand, and the second considers the expensive—yet
whimsical—luxury watches produced by the JS Watch Company. There is also a new Social
& Mobile Marketing box about how jingles can confer authenticity on a brand. A new case
on Chobani’s recent rebranding campaign concludes the chapter.
Chapter 12: Developing New Products begins with the story of the development of Panera’s
new grain bowls and other healthy (or healthy-seeming) options. There are three new Add-
ing Value boxes: One describes how Bose introduced its sunglass speakers at the Coachella
Music Festival. The second examines how streaming services are entering into the podcast
market. The third considers how companies are developing ways to enhance the capabilities
of wearables, from determining the customer’s heart rhythm to analyzing their sweat. A new
Social & Mobile Marketing box discusses the head-to-head battle between Fortnite and Call
of Duty. Finally, a new case details how Dyson develops its innovative vacuums and vacuum-
adjacent products.
Chapter 13: Services: The Intangible Product includes an opening vignette that describes
how Apple uses its Apple Pay service to enhance the experience of using Apple products. A
new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box ponders the ethics of a service that provides customers
with an assessment of potential babysitters based on a proprietary analysis of their social
media posts. A new Adding Value box outlines how the mattress brand Casper created a new
service it calls The Dreamery to expose potential consumers to its products. There is a new
Marketing Analytics box highlighting how Aldi addresses customers’ needs by maintaining
low prices while expanding convenience with its home delivery and curbside pickup ­services.
A new Social & Mobile Marketing box explores how doctors seek novel ways to shrink the
delivery gap, by turning to telemedicine. A new case at the end of the chapter describes how
GrubHub has worked to expand and refine its food delivery service.
Chapter 14: Pricing Concepts for Capturing Value starts with a new opener that describes the
pricing strategies of The New York Times in the age of declining print newspaper sales. A new
Adding Value box discusses Nissan’s fleet sales strategy. Another new Adding Value box
examines the pricing strategy of Air France. A new case highlights the success of T-Mobile’s
“Un-Carrier” marketing campaign.
Chapter 15: Strategic Pricing Methods and Tactics begins with a breakdown of how Disney’s
pricing methods help optimize both profits and park attendance. There are two new Ethical &
Societal Dilemma boxes: one about Target’s dynamic in-app pricing based on location and
one about how prescription drug ads are beginning to include price in them. The case study
at the end of the chapter about the pricing strategies of various pizza chain restaurants has
undergone extensive revisions.
Chapter 16: Supply Chain and Channel Management opens with a new vignette highlight-
ing Nestlé’s supply chain. There are three new Adding Value boxes: The first discusses
how Fanatics adopted a rapid production model to get sports apparel to customers
quickly, while the second examines supply chain disruptions in the global economy and
macroenvironment from the COVID-19 pandemic. The third explores where robots are
succeeding and failing in warehouses. A new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box describes

xi
 the methods Amazon uses to monitor its delivery employees. A new case study dis-
cusses the burgeoning market of grocery delivery services.
Chapter 17: Retailing and Omnichannel Marketing begins with a discussion of the group
purchasing organization recently formed by Walgreens and Kroger. A new Adding Value
box describes how grocery stores are enhancing their stores by including features such
as event spaces and added services. A new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box considers the
ethics of tracking customers’ movements through their phones. Another new Ethical &
Societal Dilemma box discusses the rise in automated stores including Amazon Go, Bingo
Box, and Hema. A new Social & Mobile Marketing box explores the rising prominence of
mobile and contactless grocery channels.
Chapter 18: Integrated Marketing Communications opens with a description of how BMW
designed an integrated marketing campaign based around the concept of a road trip. A new
Social & Mobile Marketing box highlights how Snapchat is allowing firms to purchase tar-
geted advertisements. There are three new Adding Value boxes: One discusses how Aflac
uses a country music campaign to increase awareness of its services. The second highlights
how podcasts are becoming more interactive through in-home voice assistants. The third
describes DoorDash’s marketing campaign.
Chapter 19: Advertising, Public Relations, and Sales Promotions begins with a new opener
on Smucker’s new advertising strategy. A new Adding Value box features Arby’s record-
breaking advertisement. There are three new Ethical & Societal Dilemma boxes: one that
discusses the controversy surrounding South Dakota’s Meth Awareness ad campaign; the
second one examines how some old advertising campaigns would shock today’s viewers, like
the one that attempts to get mothers to give chewing gum to their toddlers; and the third one
considers whether the claims Chevy makes in its commercials are false or just puffery. The
chapter concludes with a new case highlighting the remarkably lucrative partnership be-
tween Lexus and Marvel’s Black Panther.
Chapter 20: Personal Selling and Sales Management includes several new features and up-
dates. The section on the personal selling process has been revised and enhanced to include
the technology available to support the personal selling process at each step. The chapter
opens with a new vignette about how State Farm uses technology to support its personal
selling strategies. A new Adding Value box highlights the lessons that can be learned from
the television show Shark Tank. Another new Adding Value box highlights LinkedIn’s cam-
paign to become a tool that sellers can use to market themselves and their businesses. A new
Social & Mobile Marketing box discusses how WhatsApp is altering sales practices in India.
There is also a new Ethical & Societal Dilemma box that considers the ethics of multilevel
marketing sales.

xii
 a letter from the authors
We are pleased to welcome you to the eighth edition of Marketing! Since the
first edition, we have been committed to emphasizing a basic yet essential
theme: Marketing adds value. This theme comes through not only in our
instructional features but also in our covers. With each edition’s cover,
we have featured a product that, because of marketing, has become more
valuable in the eyes of consumers than it might have otherwise become.
Last edition we featured energy bars; in previous editions we featured
chocolate, coffee, water, and jeans. For this eighth edition, we feature
fashionable yet environmentally friendly water bottles. These are all familiar
products that started out as commodities but became high-value branded
products because of marketing.
This is an exciting time to study marketing! Marketing continues to
change and evolve, featuring new innovative products and services as well
as employing new methods and channels by which we understand and reach
customers. Marketing, 8e reflects this evolution with substantive revisions,
new sections, and new models throughout. Here are just a few of our
favorite updates: In Chapter 3, Digital Marketing: Online, Social and Mobile,
we have added a new section titled “Influencer Marketing” that tackles
the factors used in picking an influencer partner. Chapter 10, now titled
“Marketing Research and Analytics,” contains a new section on big data that
is organized around 5 Vs (volume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value). The
other new section examines the tools that are used in marketing analytics.
Chapter 20, “Personal Selling and Sales Management,” has a significantly
revised section, “The Personal Selling Process,” that includes the technology
that supports the selling process at each step. In addition, 90 percent of the
chapter openers are new, 70 percent of the informational boxes are new,
50 percent of the end-of-chapter cases are new, and the rest of the cases
have been updated.

How We Show That Marketing

Adds Value
As with previous editions of Marketing, we continue to emphasize how marketing has
evolved into its present-day, integral business function of creating value. We also focus on
how firms maintain value and rely on value for establishing lasting relationships with their
customers.
To keep students engaged with this theme, we offer the following features:

• 
Adding Value—illustrate how companies add value not only in providing products
and services but also in making contributions to society.

xiii
 • 
Ethical & Societal Dilemmas—emphasize the role of marketing in society.
• 
Marketing Analytics—feature companies that rely on sophisticated data
­analytics to define and refine their approaches to their customers and their markets.

• 
Marketing Digitally—illustrate how marketers successfully use digital media in
their marketing campaigns and efforts.

• 
Social & Mobile Marketing—discuss how social media are used in ­marketing
products.

How We Teach the Basics of Marketing

We understand that for students to appreciate discussions of how marketing adds value, they
must first develop a basic understanding of key marketing principles and core concepts. In this
effort, we believe students learn best when they see how a subject relates to them. Throughout
this edition and all those prior, we provide numerous examples of how students engage in mar-
keting activities every day of their lives—either as consumers or sellers of a product or service.
In addition to providing the traditional study and reinforcement tools of most principles of
marketing products, we also offer ways to help students think critically about and apply core
concepts:

Chapter-Opening Vignettes focus on some of the marketplace challenges

faced by such well-known companies as Hydro Flask, Hilton, Roomba, Kroger, PepsiCo, and
­others.

Marketing Applications encourage students to apply what they have learned to

marketing scenarios that are relevant to their lives.

End-of-Chapter Cases help students develop analytical, critical-thinking, and tech-

nology skills.

Progress Checks throughout each chapter give students the opportunity to stop and
consider whether their understanding of key concepts is progressing as it should.

Auto-Graded Exercises in Connect (such as video cases, case ­analyses,

and click and drags) challenge students to apply marketing concepts to real-life marketing
scenarios, which fosters their critical-thinking skills in lecture and ­beyond.

xiv
Why We Believe in the Value
of Marketing
Beyond teaching a principles of marketing course and developing a product to be taught, we
also want to impress upon our students why marketing in and of itself is valuable. Marketing
creates enduring and mutually valuable relationships between companies and their consumers.
Marketing identifies what customers value at the local level in order to make it possible for
firms to expand at the global level. Without marketing, it would be difficult for any of us to learn
about new products and services. In fact, an understanding of marketing can help students find
jobs after they finish school. If we can inspire this understanding of the value of marketing in
our students, then we will have succeeded in demonstrating how marketing adds value . . . to
their education, their careers, and their lives.

Dhruv Grewal,
Babson College

Michael Levy,
Babson College

xv
Instructors: Student Success Starts with You
Tools to enhance your unique voice
Want to build your own course? No problem. Prefer to use our turnkey,
prebuilt course? Easy. Want to make changes throughout the semester?
65%
Less Time
Sure. And you’ll save time with Connect’s auto-grading too.
Grading

Study made personal

Incorporate adaptive study resources like
SmartBook® 2.0 into your course and help your
students be better prepared in less time. Learn
more about the powerful personalized learning
experience available in SmartBook 2.0 at
www.mheducation.com/highered/connect/smartbook

Laptop: McGraw Hill; Woman/dog: George Doyle/Getty Images

Affordable solutions, Solutions for

added value your challenges
Make technology work for you with A product isn’t a solution. Real
LMS integration for single sign-on access, solutions are affordable, reliable,
mobile access to the digital textbook, and come with training and
and reports to quickly show you how ongoing support when you need
each of your students is doing. And with it and how you want it. Visit www.
our Inclusive Access program you can supportateverystep.com for videos
provide all these tools at a discount to and resources both you and your
your students. Ask your McGraw Hill students can use throughout the
representative for more information. semester.

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Students: Get Learning that Fits You
Effective tools for efficient studying
Connect is designed to make you more productive with simple, flexible, intuitive tools that maximize
your study time and meet your individual learning needs. Get learning that works for you with Connect.

Study anytime, anywhere “I really liked this

Download the free ReadAnywhere app and access your app—it made it easy
online eBook or SmartBook 2.0 assignments when it’s to study when you
convenient, even if you’re offline. And since the app don't have your text-
automatically syncs with your eBook and SmartBook 2.0
assignments in Connect, all of your work is available book in front of you.”
every time you open it. Find out more at
www.mheducation.com/readanywhere - Jordan Cunningham,
Eastern Washington University

Everything you need in one place

Your Connect course has everything you need—whether reading on
your digital eBook or completing assignments for class, Connect makes
it easy to get your work done.

Calendar: owattaphotos/Getty Images

Learning for everyone

McGraw Hill works directly with Accessibility Services
Departments and faculty to meet the learning needs
of all students. Please contact your Accessibility
Services Office and ask them to email
[email protected], or visit
www.mheducation.com/about/accessibility
for more information.

Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images
Asset Alignment with
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Principles of Marketing

We Take Students Higher

As a learning science company, we create content that supports higher order thinking skills.
Within McGraw Hill Connect®, we tag content accordingly so you can filter your search, assign it, and receive
reporting on it. These content asset types can be associated with one or more levels of Bloom’s.

The chart below shows a few of the key assignable marketing assets with Connect aligned with Bloom’s
Taxonomy. Take your students higher by assigning a variety of applications, moving them from simple
memorization to concept application.
Video Cases/Case

Analytics Toolkits

Assignment Plus
Based Activities
SmartBook® 2.0

Marketing Plan
Prep Exercises
Click & Drags

Video Cases

Application-
Marketing
Analyses

Writing
iSeeit!

✓
Thinking Skills
Higher Order

CREATE

EVALUATE
✓ ✓
ANALYZE
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
APPLY
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
UNDERSTAND
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Thinking Skills
Lower Order

REMEMBER
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
SmartBook 2.0
Smartbook 2.0 personalizes learning to individual student needs; continually adapting to pinpoint knowledge
gaps and focus learning on concepts requiring additional study.

Click & Drags

These activities help make the connection between theory and application through matching, ranking, or
grouping activities.

iSeeit! Video Cases

Short, contemporary videos provide engaging, animated introductions to key course concepts. Available at the
topic level. Perfect for launching lectures and assigning as pre- or post-lecture.

Video Cases & Case Analyses

Video cases and case analyses, featuring real companies, are assignable with corresponding comprehension
questions that help students analyze and apply key marketing concepts.

Marketing Analytics Toolkits

These auto-graded, marketing analytics activities challenge students to make decisions using metrics commonly
seen across marketing professions. The goal of these activities is to give students practice analyzing and using
marketing data to make decisions.

Markeing Plan Prep Exercises

These exercises use guided activities and examples to help students understand and differentiate the various
elements of a marketing plan.

Application-Based Activities
Highly interactive, application-based activities immerse students in real-world business environments. Placed
in the role of a Marketing Manager or business professional, students are challenged to make data-informed
decisions and apply multiple concepts while seeing the impact of their decisions immediately.

Writing Assignment Plus

Writing Assignment Plus delivers a learning experience that helps students improve their written communication
skills and conceptual understanding. Faculty can assign, monitor, grade, and provide feedback on writing
projects efficiently. Built-in grammar and writing review helps students improve writing quality while an
originality check helps students correct potential plagiarism before submission. End result? Improved workplace
skills of writing and critical thinking.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 International Relations - Complete Guide
Summer 2024 - Division

Prepared by: Researcher Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Quiz 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 10: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 14: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 20: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 22: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 27: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 28: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 32: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 5: Literature review and discussion
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 42: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 43: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 49: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 54: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 57: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 7: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 60: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 63: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 66: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 8: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 71: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 76: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 77: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 78: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 9: Current trends and future directions
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 82: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
References 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 90: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 93: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 96: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 11: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 100: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 105: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 106: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 12: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 112: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 113: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 115: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 116: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 117: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 13: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 120: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 123: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 14: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 132: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 136: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 138: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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