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 LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY LECTURE NOTE SERIES
Managing Editor: Professor N.J. Hitchin, Mathematical Institute,
University of Oxford, 24–29 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom

The titles below are available from booksellers, or from Cambridge University Press at www.cambridge.org/mathematics.

182 Geometric group theory II, G.A. NIBLO & M.A. ROLLER (eds)
183 Shintani zeta functions, A. YUKIE
184 Arithmetical functions, W. SCHWARZ & J. SPILKER
185 Representations of solvable groups, O. MANZ & T.R. WOLF
186 Complexity: knots, colourings and counting, D.J.A. WELSH
187 Surveys in combinatorics, 1993, K. WALKER (ed)
188 Local analysis for the odd order theorem, H. BENDER & G. GLAUBERMAN
189 Locally presentable and accessible categories, J. ADAMEK & J. ROSICKY
190 Polynomial invariants of finite groups, D.J. BENSON
191 Finite geometry and combinatorics, F. DE CLERCK et al
192 Symplectic geometry, D. SALAMON (ed)
194 Independent random variables and rearrangement invariant spaces, M. BRAVERMAN
195 Arithmetic of blowup algebras, W. VASCONCELOS
196 Microlocal analysis for differential operators, A. GRIGIS & J. SJÖSTRAND
197 Two-dimensional homotopy and combinatorial group theory, C. HOG-ANGELONI et al
198 The algebraic characterization of geometric 4-manifolds, J.A. HILLMAN
199 Invariant potential theory in the unit ball of C n , M. STOLL
200 The Grothendieck theory of dessins d’enfant, L. SCHNEPS (ed)
201 Singularities, J.-P. BRASSELET (ed)
202 The technique of pseudodifferential operators, H.O. CORDES
203 Hochschild cohomology of von Neumann algebras, A. SINCLAIR & R. SMITH
204 Combinatorial and geometric group theory, A.J. DUNCAN, N.D. GILBERT & J. HOWIE (eds)
205 Ergodic theory and its connections with harmonic analysis, K. PETERSEN & I. SALAMA (eds)
207 Groups of Lie type and their geometries, W.M. KANTOR & L. DI MARTINO (eds)
208 Vector bundles in algebraic geometry, N.J. HITCHIN, P. NEWSTEAD & W.M. OXBURY (eds)
209 Arithmetic of diagonal hypersurfaces over infite fields, F.Q. GOUVÉA & N. YUI
210 Hilbert C∗ -modules, E.C. LANCE
211 Groups 93 Galway / St Andrews I, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
212 Groups 93 Galway / St Andrews II, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
214 Generalised Euler-Jacobi inversion formula and asymptotics beyond all orders, V. KOWALENKO et al
215 Number theory 1992–93, S. DAVID (ed)
216 Stochastic partial differential equations, A. ETHERIDGE (ed)
217 Quadratic forms with applications to algebraic geometry and topology, A. PFISTER
218 Surveys in combinatorics, 1995, P. ROWLINSON (ed)
220 Algebraic set theory, A. JOYAL & I. MOERDIJK
221 Harmonic approximation, S.J. GARDINER
222 Advances in linear logic, J.-Y. GIRARD, Y. LAFONT & L. REGNIER (eds)
223 Analytic semigroups and semilinear initial boundary value problems, KAZUAKI TAIRA
224 Computability, enumerability, unsolvability, S.B. COOPER, T.A. SLAMAN & S.S. WAINER (eds)
225 A mathematical introduction to string theory, S. ALBEVERIO et al
226 Novikov conjectures, index theorems and rigidity I, S. FERRY, A. RANICKI & J. ROSENBERG (eds)
227 Novikov conjectures, index theorems and rigidity II, S. FERRY, A. RANICKI & J. ROSENBERG (eds)
228 Ergodic theory of Z d actions, M. POLLICOTT & K. SCHMIDT (eds)
229 Ergodicity for infinite dimensional systems, G. DA PRATO & J. ZABCZYK
230 Prolegomena to a middlebrow arithmetic of curves of genus 2, J.W.S. CASSELS & E.V. FLYNN
231 Semigroup theory and its applications, K.H. HOFMANN & M.W. MISLOVE (eds)
232 The descriptive set theory of Polish group actions, H. BECKER & A.S. KECHRIS
233 Finite fields and applications, S.COHEN & H. NIEDERREITER (eds)
234 Introduction to subfactors, V. JONES & V.S. SUNDER
235 Number theory 1993–94, S. DAVID (ed)
236 The James forest, H. FETTER & B.G. DE BUEN
237 Sieve methods, exponential sums, and their applications in number theory, G.R.H. GREAVES et al
238 Representation theory and algebraic geometry, A. MARTSINKOVSKY & G. TODOROV (eds)
240 Stable groups, F.O. WAGNER
241 Surveys in combinatorics, 1997, R.A. BAILEY (ed)
242 Geometric Galois actions I, L. SCHNEPS & P. LOCHAK (eds)
243 Geometric Galois actions II, L. SCHNEPS & P. LOCHAK (eds)
244 Model theory of groups and automorphism groups, D. EVANS (ed)
245 Geometry, combinatorial designs and related structures, J.W.P. HIRSCHFELD et al
246 p-Automorphisms of finite p-groups, E.I. KHUKHRO
247 Analytic number theory, Y. MOTOHASHI (ed)
248 Tame topology and o-minimal structures, L. VAN DEN DRIES
249 The atlas of finite groups: ten years on, R. CURTIS & R. WILSON (eds)
250 Characters and blocks of finite groups, G. NAVARRO
251 Gröbner bases and applications, B. BUCHBERGER & F. WINKLER (eds)
252 Geometry and cohomology in group theory, P. KROPHOLLER, G. NIBLO, R. STÖHR (eds)
253 The q-Schur algebra, S. DONKIN
254 Galois representations in arithmetic algebraic geometry, A.J. SCHOLL & R.L. TAYLOR (eds)
255 Symmetries and integrability of difference equations, P.A. CLARKSON & F.W. NIJHOFF (eds)
256 Aspects of Galois theory, H. VÖLKLEIN et al
257 An introduction to noncommutative differential geometry and its physical applications 2ed, J. MADORE
258 Sets and proofs, S.B. COOPER & J. TRUSS (eds)
259 Models and computability, S.B. COOPER & J. TRUSS (eds)
260 Groups St Andrews 1997 in Bath, I, C.M. CAMPBELL et al
261 Groups St Andrews 1997 in Bath, II, C.M. CAMPBELL et al
262 Analysis and logic, C.W. HENSON, J. IOVINO, A.S. KECHRIS & E. ODELL
263 Singularity theory, B. BRUCE & D. MOND (eds)
264 New trends in algebraic geometry, K. HULEK, F. CATANESE, C. PETERS & M. REID (eds)
265 Elliptic curves in cryptography, I. BLAKE, G. SEROUSSI & N. SMART
267 Surveys in combinatorics, 1999, J.D. LAMB & D.A. PREECE (eds)
268 Spectral asymptotics in the semi-classical limit, M. DIMASSI & J. SJÖSTRAND
269 Ergodic theory and topological dynamics, M.B. BEKKA & M. MAYER
270 Analysis on Lie Groups, N.T. VAROPOULOS & S. MUSTAPHA
271 Singular perturbations of differential operators, S. ALBEVERIO & P. KURASOV
272 Character theory for the odd order function, T. PETERFALVI
273 Spectral theory and geometry, E.B. DAVIES & Y. SAFAROV (eds)
274 The Mandelbrot set, theme and variations, TAN LEI (ed)
275 Descriptive set theory and dynamical systems, M. FOREMAN et al
276 Singularities of plane curves, E. CASAS-ALVERO
277 Computational and geometric aspects of modern algebra, M.D. ATKINSON et al
278 Global attractors in abstract parabolic problems, J.W. CHOLEWA & T. DLOTKO
279 Topics in symbolic dynamics and applications, F. BLANCHARD, A. MAASS & A. NOGUEIRA (eds)
280 Characters and automorphism groups of compact Riemann surfaces, T. BREUER
281 Explicit birational geometry of 3-folds, A. CORTI & M. REID (eds)
282 Auslander-Buchweitz approximations of equivariant modules, M. HASHIMOTO
283 Nonlinear elasticity, Y. FU & R. OGDEN (eds)
284 Foundations of computational mathematics, R. DEVORE, A. ISERLES & E. SÜLI (eds)
285 Rational points on curves over finite fields, H. NIEDERREITER & C. XING
286 Clifford algebras and spinors 2ed, P. LOUNESTO
287 Topics on Riemann surfaces and Fuchsian groups, E. BUJALANCE et al
288 Surveys in combinatorics, 2001, J. HIRSCHFELD (ed)
289 Aspects of Sobolev-type inequalities, L. SALOFF-COSTE
290 Quantum groups and Lie theory, A. PRESSLEY (ed)
291 Tits buildings and the model theory of groups, K. TENT (ed)
292 A quantum groups primer, S. MAJID
293 Second order partial differential equations in Hilbert spaces, G. DA PRATO & J. ZABCZYK
294 Introduction to operator space theory, G. PISIER
295 Geometry and Integrability, L. MASON & YAVUZ NUTKU (eds)
296 Lectures on invariant theory, I. DOLGACHEV
297 The homotopy category of simply connected 4-manifolds, H.-J. BAUES
298 Higher operads, higher categories, T. LEINSTER
299 Kleinian Groups and Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds, Y. KOMORI, V. MARKOVIC & C. SERIES (eds)
300 Introduction to Möbius Differential Geometry, U. HERTRICH-JEROMIN
301 Stable Modules and the D(2)-Problem, F.E.A. JOHNSON
302 Discrete and Continuous Nonlinear Schrödinger Systems, M.J. ABLOWITZ, B. PRINARI & A.D. TRUBATCH
303 Number Theory and Algebraic Geometry, M. REID & A. SKOROBOOATOV (eds)
304 Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford Vol. 1, C.M. CAMPBELL, E.F. ROBERTSON & G.C. SMITH (eds)
305 Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford Vol. 2, C.M. CAMPBELL, E.F. ROBERTSON & G.C. SMITH (eds)
306 Peyresq lectures on geometric mechanics and symmetry, J. MONTALDI & T. RATIU (eds)
307 Surveys in Combinatorics 2003, C.D. WENSLEY (ed)
308 Topology, geometry and quantum field theory, U.L. TILLMANN (ed)
309 Corings and Comdules, T. BRZEZINSKI & R. WISBAUER
310 Topics in Dynamics and Ergodic Theory, S. BEZUGLYI & S. KOLYADA (eds)
311 Groups: topological, combinatorial and arithmetic aspects, T.W. MÜLLER (eds)
312 Foundations of Computational Mathematics, Minneapolis 2002, FELIPE CUCKER et al (eds)
313 Transcendantal aspects of algebraic cycles, S. MÜLLER-STACH & C. PETERS (eds)
314 Spectral generalizations of line graphs, D. CVETKOVIC, P. ROWLINSON & S. SIMIC
315 Structured ring spectra, A. BAKER & B. RICHTER (eds)
317 Advances in elliptic curve cryptography, I.F. BLAKE, G. SEROUSSI & N. SMART
318 Perturbation of the boundary in boundary-value problems of Partial Differential Equations, DAN HENRY
319 Double Affine Hecke Algebras, I. CHEREDNIK
320 L-Functions and Galois Representations, D. BURNS, K. BUZZARD & J. NEKOVÁŘ (eds)
321 Surveys in Modern Mathematics, V. PRASOLOV & Y. ILYASHENKO (eds)
322 Recent perspectives in random matrix theory and number theory, F. MEZZADRI, N.C. SNAITH (eds)
323 Poisson geometry, deformation quantisation and group representations, S. GUTT et al (eds)
324 Singularities and Computer Algebra, C. LOSSEN & G. PFISTER (eds)
325 Lectures on the Ricci Flow, P. TOPPING
326 Modular Representations of Finite Groups of Lie Type, J.E. HUMPHREYS
328 Fundamentals of Hyperbolic Manifolds, R.D. CANARY, A. MARDEN & D.B.A. EPSTEIN (eds)
329 Spaces of Kleinian Groups, Y. MINSKY, M. SAKUMA & C. SERIES (eds)
330 Noncommutative Localization in Algebra and Topology, A. RANICKI (ed)
331 Foundations of Computational Mathematics, Santander 2005, L. PARDO, A. PINKUS, E. SULI & M. TODD (eds)
332 Handbook of Tilting Theory, L. ANGELERI HÜGEL, D. HAPPEL & H. KRAUSE (eds)
333 Synthetic Differential Geometry 2ed, A. KOCK
334 The Navier-Stokes Equations, P.G. DRAZIN & N. RILEY
335 Lectures on the Combinatorics of Free Probability, A. NICA & R. SPEICHER
336 Integral Closure of Ideals, Rings, and Modules, I. SWANSON & C. HUNEKE
337 Methods in Banach Space Theory, J.M.F. CASTILLO & W.B. JOHNSON (eds)
338 Surveys in Geometry and Number Theory, N. YOUNG (ed)
339 Groups St Andrews 2005 Vol. 1, C.M. CAMPBELL, M.R. QUICK, E.F. ROBERTSON & G.C. SMITH (eds)
340 Groups St Andrews 2005 Vol. 2, C.M. CAMPBELL, M.R. QUICK, E.F. ROBERTSON & G.C. SMITH (eds)
341 Ranks of Elliptic Curves and Random Matrix Theory, J.B. CONREY, D.W. FARMER, F. MEZZADRI & N.C. SNAITH (eds)
342 Elliptic Cohomology, H.R. MILLER & D.C. RAVENEL (eds)
343 Algebraic Cycles and Motives Vol. 1, J. NAGEL & C. PETERS (eds)
344 Algebraic Cycles and Motives Vol. 2, J. NAGEL & C. PETERS (eds)
345 Algebraic and Analytic Geometry, A. NEEMAN
346 Surveys in Combinatorics, 2007, A. HILTON & J. TALBOT (eds)
347 Surveys in Contemporary Mathematics, N. YOUNG & Y. CHOI (eds)
London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series: 350

Model Theory with

Applications to Algebra
and Analysis
Volume 2

ZO É CHATZIDAKIS
CNRS – Université Paris 7
DUGALD MACPHERSON
University of Leeds

ANAND PILLAY
University of Leeds

ALEX WILKIE
University of Manchester
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521709088


C Cambridge University Press 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Table of contents for Volume 2

Preface ix
Contributors xiii
Conjugacy in groups of finite Morley rank 1
Olivier Frécon and Eric Jaligot
Permutation groups of finite Morley rank 59
Alexandre Borovik and Gregory Cherlin
A survey of asymptotic classes and measurable structures 125
Richard Elwes and Dugald Macpherson
Counting and dimensions 161
Ehud Hrushovski and Frank Wagner
A survey on groups definable in o-minimal structures 177
Margarita Otero
Decision problems in Algebra and analogues of Hilbert’s
tenth problem 207
Thanases Pheidas and Karim Zahidi
Hilbert’s Tenth Problem for function fields of characteristic zero 237
Kirsten Eisenträger
First-order characterization of function field invariants
over large fields 255
Bjorn Poonen and Florian Pop

v
vi
Nonnegative solvability of linear equations in ordered Abelian
groups 273
Philip Scowcroft
Model theory for metric structures 315
Itaı̈ Ben Yaacov, Alexander Berenstein, C. Ward Henson
and Alexander Usvyatsov
Table of contents for Volume 1

Preface ix

Contributors xiii

Model theory and stability theory, with applications in

differential algebra and algebraic geometry 1
Anand Pillay

Differential algebra and generalizations of Grothendieck’s conjecture

on the arithmetic of linear differential equations 25
Anand Pillay

Schanuel’s conjecture for non-isoconstant elliptic curves

over function fields 41
Daniel Bertrand

An afterthought on the generalized Mordell-Lang conjecture 63

Damian Rössler

On the definitions of difference Galois groups 73

Zoé Chatzidakis, Charlotte Hardouin and
Michael F. Singer

Differentially valued fields are not differentially closed 111

Thomas Scanlon

Complex analytic geometry in a nonstandard setting 117

Ya’acov Peterzil and Sergei Starchenko

Model theory and Kähler geometry 167

Rahim Moosa and Anand Pillay

vii
viii
Some local definability theory for holomorphic functions 197
A.J. Wilkie
Some observations about the real and imaginary parts of
complex Pfaffian functions 215
Angus Macintyre
Fusion of structures of finite Morley rank 225
Martin Ziegler
Establishing the o-minimality for expansions of the real field 249
Jean-Philippe Rolin
On the tomography theorem by P. Schapira 283
Sergei Starchenko
A class of quantum Zariski geometries 293
Boris Zilber
Model theory guidance in number theory? 327
Ivan Fesenko
Preface

These two volumes contain both expository and research papers in the
general area of model theory and its applications to algebra and analysis.
The volumes grew out of the semester on “Model Theory and Applica-
tions to Algebra and Analysis” which took place at the Isaac Newton
Institute (INI), Cambridge, from January to July 2005. We, the editors,
were also the organizers of the programme. The contributors have been
selected from among the participants and their papers reflect many of
the achievements and advances obtained during the programme. Also
some of the expository papers are based on tutorials given at the March-
April 2005 training workshop. We take this opportunity, both as editors
of these volumes and organizers of the MAA programme, to thank the
Isaac Newton Institute and its staff for supporting our programme and
providing a perfect environment for mathematical research and collabo-
ration.
The INI semester saw activity and progress in essentially all areas on
the “applied” side of model theory: o-minimality, motivic integration,
groups of finite Morley rank, and connections with number theory and
geometry. With the exception of motivic integration and valued fields,
these topics are well represented in the two volumes.
The collection of papers is more or less divided into (overlapping)
themes, together with a few singularities. Aspects of the interaction
between stability theory, differential and difference equations, and num-
ber theory, appear in the first six papers of volume I. The first paper,
based on Pillay’s workshop tutorial, can also serve as a fast introduction
to model theory for the general reader, although it quickly moves to
an account of Mordell-Lang for function fields in characteristic 0. The

ix
x
“arithmetic of differential equations” figures strongly in Pillay’s paper on
the Grothendieck-Katz conjecture and its nonlinear generalizations, as
well as in Bertrand’s paper which initiates the investigation of versions
of Ax-Schanuel for nonisoconstant semiabelian varieties over function
fields. The Galois theory of difference equations is rather a hot topic
and the Chatzidakis-Hardouin-Singer paper compares definitions and
concepts that have arisen in algebra, analysis, and model theory.
Interactions of complex analytic geometry with model theory and
logic (in the form of stability, o-minimality, as well as decidability is-
sues) appear in papers 7 to 10 of volume 1. The papers by Peterzil-
Starchenko and Moosa-Pillay (on nonstandard complex analysis and
compact Kähler manifolds respectively) are comprehensive accounts of
important projects, which contain new results and set the stage for fu-
ture research. In the first, o-minimality is the model-theoretic tool. In
the second it is stability. Wilkie’s paper characterizes the holomorphic
functions locally definable from a given family of holomorphic functions,
and Macintyre’s paper is related to his work on the decidability of Weier-
strass functions. They are both set in the o-minimal context.
The o-minimality theme is continued in papers 12 and 13 of volume
1 from a (real) geometric point of view. In particular Rolin’s paper
is a comprehensive account of the most modern techniques of finding
o-minimal expansions of the real field.
In recent years Zilber has been exploring connections between model
theory and noncommutative geometry, and in his paper in volume I he
succeeds in interpreting certain “quantum algebras” as Zariski struc-
tures. Fesenko’s short note contains a wealth of speculations and ques-
tions, including the use of nonstandard methods in noncommutative
geometry.
Definable groups of “finite dimension” in various senses (finite Mor-
ley rank, finite SU-rank, o-minimal) figure strongly in papers 1 to 5 of
volume II. Papers 1 and 2 contain new and striking general results on
groups of finite Morley rank, coming out of techniques and results devel-
oped in work on the Cherlin-Zilber conjecture. Paper 3 gives an overview
of a model-theoretic approach to asymptotics and measure stimulated
by the analogous results and concepts for finite and pseudofinite fields.
The article by Hrushovski and Wagner, on the size of the intersection
of a finite subgroup of an algebraic group with a subvariety, generalizes
a theorem of Pink and Larsen. Otero’s paper gives a comprehensive
 Preface xi
description of work since the 1980’s on groups definable in o-minimal
structures. This includes an account of the positive solution to “Pillay’s
conjecture” on definably compact groups which was proved during the
Newton semester.
Hilbert’s 10th problem and its generalizations, as well as first order
properties of function fields, appear in papers 6 to 8 of volume II. The
Pheidas-Zahidi and Eistenträger papers are based on tutorials given at
INI, and give a comprehensive account of work on Hilbert’s 10th problem
for the rational field and for various rings and fields of functions. Paper 8
proves among other things definability of the constant field in function
fields whose constant field is “large”. The three papers together give a
good picture of an exciting and very active subject at the intersection
of logic and number theory.
The volumes are rounded off by important papers on Hrushovski con-
structions, ordered abelian groups, and continuous logic. In particular
the paper 10 in volume II (based again on a tutorial) is an elementary
and self-contained presentation of “continuous logic” or the “model the-
ory of metric structures” which is fast becoming an autonomous area of
model theory with links to both stability and functional analysis.

Zoé Chatzidakis
Dugald Macpherson
Anand Pillay
Alex Wilkie
Contributors

Itaı̈ Ben Yaacov Gregory Cherlin

Institut Camille Jordan Department of Mathematics
Université Claude Bernard (Lyon-1) Rutgers University
43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 110 Frelinghuysen Rd
69622 Villeurbanne cédex Piscataway, NJ 08854
France USA

Alexander Berenstein Kirsten Eisenträger

Departamento de Matematicas Department of Mathematics
Universidad de los Andes The Pennsylvania State University
Carrera 1 Nro 18A-10 109 McAllister Building
Bogotá University Park, PA 16802
Colombia USA

Daniel Bertrand Richard Elwes

Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu School of Mathematics
Université Paris 6 University of Leeds
Boite 247 Leeds LS2 9JT
4 place Jussieu UK
75252 Paris cedex 05
France
Ivan Fesenko
Alexandre Borovik Department of Mathematics
School of Mathematics University of Nottingham
University of Manchester Nottingham NG7 2RD
Oxford Road UK
Manchester M13 9PL
UK Olivier Frécon
Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Ap-
Zoé Chatzidakis plications
UFR de Mathématiques Université de Poitiers
Université Paris 7 - Case 7012 Téléport 2 - BP 30179
2 place Jussieu Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie
75251 Paris cedex 05 86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil cedex
France. France

xiii
xiv
Charlotte Hardouin Thanases Pheidas
IWR Department of Mathematics
Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 University of Crete
69120 Heidelberg Knossos Avenue
Germany 71409 Iraklio, Crete
Greece
C. Ward Henson
Department of Mathematics Anand Pillay
University of Illinois School of Mathematics
1409 W. Green St. University of Leeds
Urbana, IL 61801 Leeds LS2 9JT
USA England
Ehud Hrushovski Bjorn Poonen
Einstein Institute of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem University of California
Jerusalem 91904 Berkeley, CA 94720-3840
Israel USA
Eric Jaligot Florian Pop
Institut Camille Jordan Department of Mathematics
Université Claude Bernard (Lyon-1) University of Pennsylvania, DRL
43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 209 S 33rd Street
69622 Villeurbanne cédex Philadelphia, PA 19104
France USA
Angus Macintyre Jean-Philippe Rolin
School of Mathematics Université de Bourgogne
Queen Mary, University of London I.M.B.
Mile End Road 9. Avenue Alain Savary
London E1 4NS BP 47870
UK 21078 Dijon Cedex
Dugald Macpherson France
School of Mathematics
Damian Rössler
University of Leeds
Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu
Leeds LS2 9JT
Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot
UK
Case Postale 7012
Rahim Moosa 2, place Jussieu
Department of Pure Mathematics F-75251 Paris Cedex 05
200 University Avenue West France
Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1
Canada Thomas Scanlon
University of California, Berkeley
Margarita Otero Department of Mathematics
Departamento de Matemáticas Evans Hall
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Berkeley, CA 94720-3840
28049 Madrid USA
Spain
Philip Scowcroft
Ya’acov Peterzil Department of Mathematics
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
University of Haifa Wesleyan University
Haifa Middletown, CT 06459
Israel USA
 Contributors xv
Michael F. Singer A.J. Wilkie
North Carolina State University School of Mathematics
Department of Mathematics Alan Turing Building
Box 8205 The University of Manchester
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8205 Manchester M13 9PL
USA UK
Karim Zahidi
Sergei Starchenko Dept of Mathematics, statistics and
Department of Mathematics actuarial science
University of Notre Dame University of Antwerp
Notre Dame, IN 46556 Prinsenstraat 13
USA B-2000 Antwerpen
Belgium
Alexander Usvyatsov
UCLA Mathematics Department Martin Ziegler
Box 951555 Mathematisches Institut
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1555 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
USA D79104 Freiburg
Germany
Frank Wagner B. Zilber
Institut Camille Jordan Mathematical Institute
Université Claude Bernard (Lyon-1) 24 - 29 St. Giles
43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 Oxford OX1 3LB
69622 Villeurbanne cédex UK
France
Conjugacy in groups of finite Morley rank
Olivier Frécon
Université de Poitiers

Eric Jaligot†
Université de Lyon, CNRS and Université Lyon 1

Summary
We survey conjugacy results in groups of finite Morley rank, mixing
unipotence, Carter, and Sylow theories in this context.

Introduction
When considering certain classes of groups one might expect conjugacy
theorems, and the class of groups of finite Morley rank is not an excep-
tion to this. The study of groups of finite Morley rank is mostly moti-
vated by the Algebricity Conjecture, formulated by G. Cherlin and B.
Zilber in the late seventies, which postulates that infinite simple groups
of this category are isomorphic to algebraic groups over algebraically
closed fields. The model-theoretic rank involved appeared in the sixties
when M. Morley proved his famous theorem on the categoricity in any
uncountable cardinal of first order theories categorical in one uncount-
able cardinal [Mor65]. He introduced for that purpose an ordinal valued
rank, later shown to be finite by J. Baldwin in the uncountably categor-
ical context [Bal73], and this rank can be seen as an abstract version of
the Zariski dimension in algebraic geometry over an algebraically closed
field.
In particular, the category of groups of finite Morley rank encapsulates
finite groups and algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields. One
of the most basic tools for analyzing finite groups is Sylow theory, and
in algebraic groups semisimplicity and unipotence theory play a similar
role. It is thus not surprising to see these two theories, together with all
† Parts of this work were done while the authors were visiting the Isaac Newton
Institute, Cambridge, during the model theory program in the spring 2005.

1
2 O. Frécon and E. Jaligot
conjugacy results they suggest, having enormous and close developments
in the more abstract category of groups of finite Morley rank. The
present paper is intended to give an exhaustive survey on these parallel
developments.
In a connected linear algebraic group, the centralizers of maximal tori
are conjugate and cover the group generically. In the category of groups
of finite Morley rank, these Cartan subgroups are best approximated by
Carter subgroups, which are defined merely by the outstanding proper-
ties of being definable, connected, nilpotent, and of finite index in their
normalizers. The main feature of Carter subgroups is their existence
in any group of finite Morley rank. They constitute, together with all
relevant approximations of semisimplicity and unipotence, the core of
our preoccupations in this paper.
Sylow theory, as the study of maximal p-subgroups, is well understood
for any p in solvable groups of finite Morley rank, and in any group of
finite Morley rank for the prime p = 2. The second point is the key for a
classification program of simple groups of finite Morley rank, suggested
by A. Borovik and based on the architecture of the Classification of the
Finite Simple Groups. In this process, some specific developments have
naturally been needed for groups of finite Morley rank. In this context
there is a priori no Jordan decomposition as in the linear algebraic con-
text, and hence no nice distinction between semisimple and unipotent
elements. The situation is furthermore enormously complicated by some
so-called bad fields, as we will see in §1.7. Nevertheless, the finiteness of
the Morley rank has allowed J. Burdges to develop a graduated notion of
unipotence in this general context. This graduated notion of unipotence
leads naturally to a new kind of Sylow theory, not related to torsion
elements directly, but rather to the unipotence degree of the subgroups
involved. In finite groups the study of Carter subgroups mostly boils
down to Sylow theory; in groups of finite Morley rank this is replaced
by this new kind of Sylow theory.
More precisely, we deal here with p̃-groups, where p̃ = (p, r) and
p should be understood as the usual prime, or ∞ when dealing with
elements of infinite order or merely divisible groups (which is more or
less the same up to saturation). In this theory the unipotence degree r
measures simultaneously how much a p̃-group can act on, and be acted
upon by, another such group. Our p̃-groups are connected and nilpotent
by definition and can really be thought of as the p-groups from finite
group theory, incorporating the important unipotence degree parameter
 Conjugacy in groups of finite Morley rank 3
in our context. They are of three types depending on the value of p̃,
listed below by increasing unipotence degree.
• (∞, 0)-groups, or (abelian) “decent tori”,
• (∞, r)-groups, with 0 < r < ∞, or “nilpotent Burdges’ Up̃ -
groups”,
• (p, ∞)-groups, with p prime, or (nilpotent) “p-unipotent groups”.
This will be explained in §2. In particular, we will see in §2.4 that
these p̃-groups cover in some sense all the “basic” connected groups
which can occur in our context.
Imposing maximality on these p̃-groups leads naturally to a notion
of Sylow theory, reminiscent of that of finite group theory. These new
Sylow p̃-subgroups allow one to show the existence of Carter subgroups
in any group of finite Morley rank, and hence to have a good approx-
imation of Cartan subgroups of an algebraic group in any case. The
natural question arising then is that of their conjugacy. This remains
an open problem in general, but we will see in §3 that conjugacy of
Carter subgroups is known in two important cases: under a generos-
ity assumption on the one hand, and in solvable groups on the other.
We say that a definable subgroup is generous if its conjugates cover the
ambient group generically. Generosity appeared over the years to be
a weak form of conjugacy, and this is confirmed for Carter subgroups
also. More precisely, we will see in §3.3 below that an arbitrary group
of finite Morley rank contains at most one conjugacy class of generous
Carter subgroups. Using this conjugacy result by generosity, we rework
then the theory of Carter subgroups in connected solvable groups of fi-
nite Morley rank, which was well developed before the unipotence theory
mentioned above came into play.
In the present paper we are mostly concerned with conjugacy of certain
connected subgroups, except in the parenthetical §6.5 which deals with
nonnecessarily connected solvable groups of finite Morley rank. In §3.8
we will also compare the theory of Carter subgroups in groups of finite
Morley rank, which relies heavily on connectedness, to its analog in
finite group theory, where of course connectedness has no exact analog.
Concerning the conjugacy of certain connected subgroups of groups of
finite Morley rank, the most challenging conjectures are probably the
three following.

Conjugacy Conjectures In any group of finite Morley rank,

1.12 Borel subgroups are conjugate,
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