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DISCORDANT
MEMORIES
Alison Fields
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of
the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on
Library Resources, Inc. ∞
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
PA R T I I . Shaping Testimonies
C H A P TE R 3 . Language and Survival: Writing about Hiroshima 83
Notes 201
Index 229
Plates
11. Patrick Nagatani, Trinity Site, Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico,
1989 151
12. Patrick Nagatani, B-36/Mark 17 H-Bomb Accident (May 22,
1957) 152
13. Patrick Nagatani, Generation to Generation 153
ix
Figures
THIS PROJECT DEVELOPED over nearly fifteen years, and many people
helped to guide the final product. My research grew out of Gerald Vize-
nor’s 2005 course, The Atomic Bomb: Los Alamos to Hiroshima, which
I took as a doctoral student in American studies at the University of New
Mexico. Gerald became a cochair of my dissertation committee, and his
courses and consultation heavily influenced my thinking about trauma,
reconciliation, human rights, and the atomic bombings. My other dis-
sertation cochair was Amanda Cobb-Greetham, whose example as a
scholar and teacher greatly shaped my academic path. I am thankful for
Amanda’s continued mentorship and friendship throughout our shared
editorial work and now as colleagues at the University of Oklahoma. I
also benefited from working with committee members Rebecca Schrei-
ber and Joyce Szabo, particularly in shaping my work in visual culture
and art history.
Discordant Memories was supported and sustained by several special-
ized research and teaching opportunities. In 2010, I received a Univer-
sity of Oklahoma Junior Faculty Fellowship, which allowed me to travel
to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 2013, I served as a visiting scholar at
the Doel Reed Center for the Arts in Taos, New Mexico, to support the
course The Nuclear Bomb and the Land of Enchantment. In 2016, I
co-taught Nuclear Legacies, an OU Presidential Dream Course, with his-
tory professor Elyssa Faison. Guest lecturers in this course included Ran
Zwigenberg, Shinpei Takeda, Linda Hoaglund, and Will Wilson, who all
directly influenced this project. In 2018, I participated in the Tech and
the West symposium in conjunction with the Santa Fe Opera’s produc-
tion of Doctor Atomic. Each of these opportunities sparked new collabo-
rations and added layers to my consideration of the atomic bombings.
Finally, financial support was provided from the Office of the Vice
xi
xii
The memories about the bomb were not about some far-away place, a
long time ago. The memories live on, in Japan and in numerous differ-
ent countries in the world, just as the threat of nuclear weapons contin-
ues to live on for all human beings.
—Shinpei Takeda, visual artist and filmmaker
O N AU G U S T 1 3 , 2 0 1 5 ,
to coincide with the seventieth anniversary of
the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japanese visual artist
and filmmaker Shinpei Takeda and cultural anthropologist Ryuta Ima-
fuku led a group of thirty-three participants from the United States and
Japan on a “Monument to Antimonument” walking tour in Nagasaki.
Beginning at the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic
Bomb Victims and moving on to well-known sites of atomic destruction
including the Hypocenter Park, the Peace Park, and the Urakami (or
Immaculate Conception) Roman Catholic Cathedral, the tour con-
cluded at Takeda’s Antimonument exhibition at the Nagasaki Prefectural
Art Museum. The Antimonument title was selected not as a rejection of
monuments themselves, but rather as a call to move beyond distancing
representations of the past and toward engaging with traumatic histo-
ries in the present day. The expansive three-part Antimonument display
occupied three rooms; one room played Takeda’s 2011 documentary,
the bombings more than seventy years later. However, he recognizes that
these testimonies are challenging for both the speaker and the listener.
In line with his Antimonument philosophy, Takeda was dissatisfied
with the static nature of his exhibition space and wished to mobilize his
audience through the walking tour. During the tour, Takeda and Ima-
fuku provided minimal commentary and instead encouraged personal
reflection. Each participant received a tangled ball of dyed wool yarn,
of the same sort used in the Beta Decay installation, and was encour-
aged to unravel the yarn and wrap up objects, ranging from seashells to
pinecones, found along the way. The group moved at differing paces,
stopping together at only two sites before reaching the exhibition. At
the former house of Ms. Moto Watanabe, the group gathered at a stor-
age space where stained glass and the head of a damaged Virgin Mary
statue were recovered after Watanabe’s death in 2000. The artifacts were
thought to be from the Urakami Cathedral, located near the hypocenter
and destroyed in the bombing, then rebuilt in 1959.
At the next stop, the Nagasaki University School of Medicine, the
group examined glass jars containing the internal organs of atomic
bomb victims, and Imafuku commented on the legacies of U.S. medical
research in Japan.3 The walking tour did not privilege any one site, and
for Takeda the point was the process of moving between differing forms
of memory—from the center to the fringes, from realism to abstraction,
from the public to the private.4 Through this movement memories of the
bombing remain active, with the vitality to evolve over time.
Embedded in this walking tour were important considerations of
how memories of the atomic bombings are expressed. First, remem-
brances in Hiroshima and Nagasaki are site-specific, emanating from the
highly sacralized zones surrounding the bombs’ hypocenters and the
subsequent peace memorial parks. The testimonies of atomic bombing
survivors, or hibakusha, are tied to understandings of space, and often
begin by identifying the survivor’s distance from a bomb’s hypocenter.5
This distance largely determined the waves of radiation illness and death
that followed, with those closest to the hypocenter being most immedi-
ately affected, creating what Nagasaki doctor Tatsuichirō Akizuki called
“concentric circles of death.”6 These concentric circles of damage and
loss were physically mapped onto aerial photographs of the bombings’
aftermath, reflecting the distanced perspective of American bomber
pilots. As Lisa Yoneyama writes, this “gaze from above” mediated wit-
nesses’ memories and “subsumed diverse experiences and subjectivities
under the universal and anonymous identity of hibakusha.” 7 This univer-
sal identity, which emphasizes anti-nuclear global peace, is given form in
Hiroshima’s and Nagasaki’s memorial landscapes. As sites of memory,
which French historian Pierre Nora describes as places of origin where
“memory crystallizes and secretes itself,” these landscapes include mark-
ers at the hypocenters, peace memorial parks, and ruined structures.8
Visitors engage with the sites by following city-produced maps and guide-
books, or by taking memorial tours and peace walks.9 The Monument
to Antimonument walking tour was developed as an alternative to pre-
scribed forms of remembrance, providing a pathway out from the center
of bombing memories.
This effort to move from the center to the periphery is based on geog-
raphy, but also on conceptions of time. In the Antimonument catalogue,
Akira Nonaka, chief curator at the Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum,
reflects that monuments “can encourage the formation of collective
memories that give everyone a comfortably uniform, cookie-cutter
understanding of the events being commemorated.”10 Monuments asso-
ciated with the bombings reinforce abstract notions of global peace and
remembrance, providing viewers with a false sense of closure and dis-
connecting them from the ongoing realities of atomic trauma. Nonaka
points to Shomei Tomatsu, one of Japan’s most influential postwar pho-
tographers, who wrote in 1968, “Nagasaki has two times. There is 11:02,
August 9, 1945. And there is all the time since then. Both times must
not be forgotten.”11 Tomatsu’s statement stresses the need to remember
the bombings and their resulting devastation, but warns against isolating
these events in 1945. Instead, the lives of survivors and the memories of
the bombings evolve over time. Takeda writes, “In the hypocenter, 1945
is still frozen in a certain way, and by walking out of it, we came to 2015.
[The tour] was a collective act of updating the memory to the contempo-
rary senses.”12 Physical movement through space and reflection on time
gave memories of the bombings enhanced relevance in the present day.
Finally, the two organized stops on the Monument to Antimonument
walking tour—Ms. Watanabe’s house and Nagasaki University School of
Medicine—offered opportunities to reflect on the bodily trauma and
material remains left behind by the bombings. The School of Medicine’s
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