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Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to
Small Groundworks, Landscaping
and Gardening
Also available from Spon Press

Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book

(2008 edition) Hb: 978–0–415–42448–6

Spon’s External Works and Landscape Price Book

(2008 edition) Hb: 978–0–415–42444–8

Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Finishings: painting

and decorating, plastering and tiling (2007 edition)
Pb: 978–0–415–43443–0

Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Plumbing & Heating

(2006 edition) Pb: 978–0–415–38618–0

Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Electrical Works

(2006 edition) Pb: 978–0–415–38614–2

Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Minor Works,

Alterations and Repairs to Fire, Flood, Gale and Theft
Damage (2006 edition) Pb: 978–0–415–38213–7

Spon’s First Stage Estimating Price Book (2006 edition)

Pb: 978–0–415–38619–7

Spon’s House Improvement Price Book (2005 edition)

Pb: 978–0–415–37043–1

Information and ordering details

For price availability and ordering visit our website www.sponpress.com

Alternatively our books are available from all good bookshops.
Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide
to Small Groundworks,
Landscaping and Gardening
Second Edition

Bryan Spain
First published 2005 by Taylor & Francis
Second edition published 2008 by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Ave, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
First issued in hardback 2017
Copyright © 2005, 2008 Taylor & Francis
Publisher’s Note
This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy supplied
by the author.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or
omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
,6%1 SEN
,6%1 KEN
Contents
Preface vii

Introduction ix

Standard Method of Measurement/trades links xvii

Part One: Unit rates 1

Soft landscaping

Soil stabilisation 3
Excavation and filling 3
Seeding and turfing 10
Bare root trees 27
Container grown trees 36
Conifers 41
Shrubs 44
Climbers 55
Herbaceous plants 62
Hedging 75
Bedding plants 84
Maintenance work 85
by hand 85
by machine 87
Sundries 88

Part Two: Unit rates 91

Hard landscaping

Brick walling 93
Masonry 100
Precast concrete 105
Sub-bases 107
Beds and pavings 108
Fencing 114
Drainage 118
vi Contents

Part Three: Groundworks 129

Roads and sewers 131

House foundations 140

Part Four: Approximate estimating 155

Brick walling 157

Masonry 164
Kerbs and edgings 166
Beds and pavings 167
Drainage 170

Part Five: Tool and equipment hire 175

Tool and equipment hire 177

Part Six: Business matters 183

Starting a business 185

Running a business 200
Taxation 206

Part Seven: General construction data 217

General construction data 219

Part Eight: Plant names 231

English/Latin plant names 233

Latin/English plant names 240

Index 249
Preface
This is the second edition of Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Small
Groundworks, Landscaping and Gardening and is intended to provide
accurate cost data for small landscaping and ground works contractors
to prepare estimates and quotations more quickly and accurately.
A new section has been added dealing with groundworks covering the
construction of foundations for houses and roads and sewers that would
be required on small housing estates.
This need for speed and accuracy is vital for all contractors operating in
today’s competitive construction market. Most contractors have the skills
necessary to carry out the work together with the capacity for dealing with
the setbacks that are part of the normal construction process. But they
rarely have enough time to complete the many tasks that must be carried
out in order to trade profitably. This book aims to help contractors by
providing thousands of unit rates and, if used sensibly, can save them
valuable time in the preparation of their bids.
I have received a great deal of support in the research necessary for this
type of book and I am grateful to those individuals and firms who have
provided the cost data and other information. In particular, I am indebted
to Mark Loughrey of Loughrey & Co. Ltd, Chartered Accountants of
Hoylake (tel: 0151-632 3298 or [email protected]), who are
specialists in advising small construction businesses. Their research for
the information in the business section is based on tax legislation in force
in December 2006.
Although every care has been taken in the preparation of the book,
neither the Publisher nor I can accept any responsibility for the use of the
information provided by any firm or individual. Finally, I would welcome
any constructive criticism of the book’s contents and suggestions that
could be incorporated into future editions.

Bryan Spain
[email protected]
April 2007
Introduction

This edition of Spon’s Estimating Costs Guide to Small Groundworks,

Landscaping and Gardening follows the layout, style and contents of
other books in this series. The contents of the book cover unit rates,
project costs, repairs, tool and equipment hire, general advice on business
matters and other information useful to those involved in the
commissioning and construction of landscaping and external works. The
unit rates section presents analytical rates for work up to about £50,000 in
value and the business section covers advice on starting and running a
business together with information on taxation and VAT matters.

Materials

In the domestic construction market, contractors are not usually able to

purchase materials in large quantities and cannot benefit from the
discounts available to larger contractors. An average of 10% to 15%
discount has been allowed on normal trade prices.

Labour

The hourly labour rates for craftsmen and general operatives are based
upon the current wage awards. These are set at:

Craftsman £15.00
General operative £12.00

These rates include provision for NIC Employers’ contribution, CITB levy,
insurances, public and annual holidays, severance pay and tool
allowances where appropriate.

Headings

The following column headings have been used.

Unit Labour Hours Materials O & P Total

£ £ £ £

m2 0.20 3.00 2.20 0.78 5.98

x Introduction

Unit

This column shows the unit of measurement for the item description:

nr number
m linear metre
m2 square metre
m3 cubic metre.

Labour

In the example shown, 0.20 represents the estimated time estimated to

carry out one square metre of the described item, i.e. 0.20 hours.

Hours

The entry of £3.00 is calculated by multiplying the entry in the Labour

column by the labour rate of £15.00.

Materials

This column displays the cost of the materials required to carry out one
square metre of the described item, i.e. £2.20.

O & P (Overheads and profit)

This has been set at 15% and is deemed to cover head office and site
overheads including:

• heating
• lighting
• rent
• rates
• telephones
• secretarial services
• insurances
• finance charges
• transport
• small tools
• ladders
• scaffolding etc.

Total

This is the total of the Hours, Materials and Overheads and Profit
columns.
 Introduction xi

Contracting

Tradesmen and small contractors can act as main contractors (working for
a client direct) or as a subcontractor working for another contractor.
Although a contract exists between a subcontractor and a main contractor,
there is no contractual link between a subcontractor and an Employer.
In general terms this means that the subcontractor cannot make any
claims against the Employer direct and vice-versa. It also means that the
subcontractor should not accept any instructions from the Employer or his
representative because this could be taken as establishing a privity of
contract between the two parties,
A subcontractor must be aware of his role in the programme because if
he causes a contractor to overrun the completion date for the main
contract he may become liable for the full amount of liquidated damages
on the main contract plus the cost of damages that the contractor and
other subcontractors may have suffered.
A well-organised subcontractor will keep a full set of daily site records,
staffing levels, plant on site, weather charts and such like. It also cannot
be over emphasised that any verbal instructions that the subcontractor
receives, should be confirmed immediately to the contractor in writing with
the name of the person who issued them.
This procedure is extremely important because it may eventually save
the subcontractor considerable expense if someone tries to lay the blame
for delays to the contract at his door. It is also important that instructions
should only be taken from the contractor and he should be informed if
another party attempts to do so.

Contractor’s discount

Most sub-contracts allow for a discount to the contractor of 2½ % from

the subcontractor’s account. This means that the subcontractor must
add this discount to his prices by adding 1/39th to his net rates.

Payment and retention

Payment is normally made on a monthly basis. The subcontractor should

submit his account to the contractor who then incorporates it into his own
payment application and passes it on to the Architect or Employer’s
representative for certification of payment. When the subcontractor
receives his payment it will be reduced by 5% retention.
This money is held by the Employer and will be released in two parts.
The first part, or moiety, is paid at the completion of work and, in the
subcontractor’s case, this may be either when he has finished his work or
when the contractor has completed the contract as a whole (known as
practical completion) depending upon the contract conditions. The second
part is released at the end of the defects liability period.
xii Introduction

This money is held by the Employer and will be released in two parts.
The first part, or moiety, is paid at the completion of work and, in the
subcontractor’s case, this may be either when he has finished his work or
when the contractor has completed the contract as a whole (known as
practical completion) depending upon the contract conditions. The second
part is released at the end of the defects liability period.

Defects liability period

This is the period of time (normally 12 months) during which the

sub-contractor is contractually bound to return to the job to rectify any
mistakes or bad pieces of workmanship. This could either be twelve months
from when he completes his work or twelve months from when the main
contract is completed depending upon the wording of the sub
contract.

Period for completion

Usually, a sub-contractor will be given a period of time in which he must

complete the work and he must ensure that he has the capability to do the
work within that period. Failure to meet the agreed completion date could
have serious consequences.
Under certain circumstances, however, particularly with nominated
sub-contracts, the sub-contractor may be requested to state the period of
time he requires to do the work. If this is the case, then careful thought
must be given to the time inserted. Too short a time may put him at financial
risk but too long a time may prejudice the opportunity of winning the
contract.

Damages for non-completion

A clause is usually inserted within each sub-contract stating that the

sub-contractor is liable for the financial losses that contractor suffers due
to the sub-contractor’s non-completion of work on time. This will include
the amount of liquidated and ascertained damages contained within the
main contract, together with the contractor’s own direct losses and the
direct losses of his other sub-contractors. As can be seen, the potential
cost to the sub-contractor can be large so he must take care to expedite
the work with due diligence to avoid incurring these costs.

Variations

All sub-contracts contain a clause allowing the sub-contract work to be

varied without invalidating it. The sub-contractor will normally be paid any
additional cost he incurs in carrying out variations.
 Introduction xiii

Insurances

The subcontractor is responsible for insuring against injury to persons or

property and against loss of plant and materials. These insurances could
be taken out for each individual job, although it is more common to take
out blanket policies based on the turnover the firm has achieved in the
previous year.

Extensions of time

The subcontractor will normally be entitled to a longer period of time to

complete the work if he is delayed or interrupted by reasons beyond his
control (known as an extension of time). Most sub-contracts list the
reasons and in some cases the sub-contractor may also be entitled to
additional monies as well as an extension of time.

Domestic sub-contracts

In domestic sub-contracts the contractor would obtain competitive

quotations from various subcontractors of his own choice and these may
be based on a bill of quantities, specification and drawings, or schedules
of work. Accompanying the enquiry should also be a form of sub-contract
that the subcontractor will be required to complete.

There are several points that may affect costs and which the
subcontractor should bear in mind. These are

1. Whether the rates and prices are to include for any

th
contractor’s discount (normally expressed as plus 1/39 to
allow 2½%).

2. Whether the contractor is to supply any labour or plant to

assist the subcontractor in either carrying out any of the work
or in off-loading materials.

3. What facilities (if any) the contractor will provide for the
subcontractor such as mess rooms, welfare facilities, office
accommodation and storage facilities.

4. Whether the contractor is to dispose of the subcontractor’s

rubbish.

Contracting

Often a subcontractor will find himself working under a private contract,

written or implied. This usually takes the form of working for a domestic
householder or a small factory owner and the following procedures usually
apply in this type of work.
xiv Introduction

Estimate

The initial approach would usually come from a purchaser, e.g. ‘How much
will it cost to have my garden landscaped?’ At this stage, he may only
want an approximate cost in order to see if he can afford to have the work
carried out as opposed to a quotation which is a firm offer to do the work.
Therefore, a brief description of the work to be carried out together with an
approximate price will suffice.
However, it should be made clear that the price is an estimate and does
not constitute an offer that may be accepted by the purchaser. The
estimate may be based on a telephone conversation only, e.g. ‘It will cost
about £4,000 to £ 5,000 to landscape your garden’, or it could be based on
a brief visit to the house. In either case, little time should be spent on an
estimate and it is generally wise to express it as a price range.

Quotation

A quotation is generally seen as an offer to do the work for the price

quoted, and could constitute a simple contract if accepted. It follows that
some time and effort should be spent in compiling a quotation to save
arguments at a later stage. One should always remember that the
contractor is the expert and must use his expertise in order to guide the
purchaser and should discuss the work with him in full. He should tell the
purchaser exactly what he is getting for the price and also what he is not.

This may mean going in to some detail such as what will happen to the
surplus excavated materials, how access will be gained, how long the job
will take and similar items.
The contractor should also find out from the purchaser exactly what
restrictions (if any) will be placed upon him. For instance, will the
purchaser keep the drive clear of cars to allow a skip to be used and will
the contractor only be allowed entry to the premises on certain days
and/or at certain times? These factors, should be ascertained in advance,
and the costs of complying with them should be made known to the
purchaser who may decide to take steps to change the restrictions.
Once the contractor has considered all the relevant factors then the
formal written quotation can be produced. It should state precisely what
the purchaser is getting for his money, including when and how long the
job will take and contain all the salient points of discussions that have
taken place.
After a quotation has been submitted then all that needs to be done is
for the purchaser to accept it. Although a verbal acceptance would
constitute a binding agreement, it is always more satisfactory if the
acceptance is made in writing.
 Introduction xv

Payments

There is much debate on how and when payments should be made in

domestic situations. Ideally from a contractor’s point of view to be paid in
advance would be the most advantageous, but the chances of the
purchaser wishing to do this are remote.
On the other hand, it may cause undue financial hardship to a recently
self-employed contractor to have to buy all the materials himself and not
get paid until all the work is completed. Whatever payment policy is
adopted it must be agreed with the purchaser in advance and form part of
the written quotation.
Possible alternatives are

1. Being paid when the work is complete. This is

probably the best method from a public relations
aspect and contractors who can complete a job in a
few days should have no difficulty in adopting this
policy.

2. Being paid before the work is done. This is only

really feasible where the contractor concerned is of
unquestionable reputation or is well known to the
purchaser.

3. Being paid for materials as they are bought and

delivered with the balance paid when the work is
complete. This could be a practical solution for
smaller contractors, but the purchaser will probably
want proof of the material costs, so careful handling
of invoices is necessary.

4. Some form of stage payments that usually take the

form of agreed percentages of the quotation price
or agreed parts of the quotation price paid after
stages of the work have been carried out.

Pricing and variations

It is important that some method of recording, pricing and being paid for
variations is agreed at the outset and this is particularly relevant when
dealing with private clients. Unforeseen additions, more than any other
item, are the main cause of disputes and are often avoidable.
The risk of this type of dispute can be reduced by ensuring that the
original quotation is as detailed as possible. The detailed specification of
the materials could be contained within the descriptions or done
separately. A quotation broken down in this way is detailed enough to
enable the purchaser to ascertain that he is not being overcharged for any
variations that may occur and yet is not so detailed that the purchaser is
going to question the price of every detail.
xvi Introduction

Also, if the purchaser should wish to change anything himself then there
are no arguments on what was included in the original quotation.
If variations occur, it must be established who should pay for them. There
are three main types of variations.

1. Those instructed by the purchaser.

2. Those that should have been included in the

original quotation.

3. Those that are necessary due to events that could

not have been foreseen.

The liabilities for 1 and 2 are relatively straightforward. If the purchaser

says he wants a different paving flag to his original choice, then he must
bear the additional cost. Conversely, if the contractor forgot to include the
cost of the sub-base in his quotation then it is only fair that he bears the
cost.
Item 3 is more difficult. If it is the purchaser who is receiving the benefit
of the variations and if they were not foreseeable, then it would be logical
to assume that it is the purchaser who should bear the cost. An example
would be where the excavation to a patio revealed old foundations
underneath, the contractor would expect to be paid the extra cost for
removing them.
Other instances may not be as clear cut as this example and it may
become necessary to arrive at a cost-sharing arrangement if genuine
doubt exists. Variations should preferably be agreed in advance before the
work is carried out. They should be recorded and signed by both parties
and, wherever possible, priced in detail and agreed.
Standard Method of
Measurement/trades links

The contents of this book are presented under trade headings and the
following table provides a link to the Standard Method of Measurement
(SMM7).

External works

R12 Drainage below ground

Q40 Fencing
Q10 Concrete kerbs and edgings
Q20 Hardcore/granular sub-bases
Q25 Slab/brick pavings
Part One
UNIT RATES

Soft landscaping

Soil stabilisation

Excavation and filling

Seeding and turfing

Bare root trees

Container grown trees

Conifers

Shrubs

Climbers

Herbaceous plants

Hedging

Bedding plants

Maintenance

Sundries
 Soil stabilisation 3

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

SOIL STABILISATION

Biogradable unseeded
erosion control mats
2400mm wide fixed with
pins to prepared ground

Eromat Light m2 0.05 0.75 2.56 0.50 3.81

Eromat Standard m2 0.05 0.75 2.63 0.51 3.89
Eromat Coco m2 0.05 0.75 2.65 0.51 3.91

Biogradable seeded
erosion control mats
2400mm wide fixed with
pins to prepared ground

Covamat Standard m2 0.05 0.75 2.92 0.55 4.22

Covamat Special m2 0.05 0.75 3.14 0.58 4.47
Covamat Coco m2 0.05 0.75 3.14 0.58 4.47

EXCAVATION AND FILLING

Excavation by hand

The following rates are

based on excavating in
firm ground. The following
adjustments should be
made for other conditions:

stiff clay + 50%

soft chalk + 100%

Remove undergrowth
and site vegetation m2 0.15 2.25 - 0.34 2.59
4 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Cut down trees, grub up

roots and remove

girth, 600–1500mm nr 20.00 300.00 - 45.00 345.00

girth, 1500 – 3000mm nr 44.00 660.00 - 99.00 759.00

Cut down hedge, grub up

roots and remove

height, 1500mm m 2.00 30.00 - 4.50 34.50

height, 3000mm m 2.80 42.00 - 6.30 48.30

Excavate topsoil or turf

and lay aside for re-use

150mm thick m2 0.35 5.25 - 0.79 6.04

200mm thick m2 0.45 6.75 - 1.01 7.76
250mm thick m2 0.60 9.00 - 1.35 10.35

Excavate to reduce levels

depth not exceeding

250mm thick m3 2.20 33.00 - 4.95 37.95

500mm thick m3 2.40 36.00 - 5.40 41.40

Excavate trenches depth

not exceeding

250mm thick m3 2.40 36.00 - 5.40 41.40

500mm thick m3 2.50 37.50 - 5.63 43.13
1000mm thick m3 2.60 39.00 - 5.85 44.85
1500mm thick m3 2.80 42.00 - 6.30 48.30
 Excavation and filling 5

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Excavate pits depth not

exceeding

250mm thick m3 2.60 39.00 - 5.85 44.85

500mm thick m3 2.70 40.50 - 6.08 46.58
1000mm thick m3 2.80 42.00 - 6.30 48.30
1500mm thick m3 2.90 43.50 - 6.53 50.03

Extra for excavating through

rock m3 10.00 150.00 - 22.50 172.50

concrete m3 8.00 120.00 - 18.00 138.00
brickwork m3 6.00 90.00 - 13.50 103.50

Disposal by hand

Load surplus excavated

material into barrows,
wheel and deposit in
temporary spoil heaps,
skip or lorry

distance, 25m m3 1.20 18.00 - 2.70 20.70

distance, 50m m3 2.00 30.00 - 4.50 34.50

Load surplus excavated

material into barrows,
wheel and spread and level
on site

distance, 25m m3 1.40 21.00 - 3.15 24.15

distance, 50m m3 2.20 33.00 - 4.95 37.95
6 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Filling by hand

Surplus excavated material

deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 1.20 18.00 - 2.70 20.70

100mm thick m2 0.20 3.00 - 0.45 3.45
150mm thick m2 0.35 5.25 - 0.79 6.04
200mm thick m2 0.50 7.50 - 1.13 8.63

Imported sand deposited

and compacted in layers

over 250mm thick m3 1.20 18.00 33.91 7.79 59.70

100mm thick m2 0.20 3.00 3.91 1.04 7.95
150mm thick m2 0.35 5.25 5.86 1.67 12.78
200mm thick m2 0.50 7.50 7.82 2.30 17.62

Imported hardcore
deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 1.20 18.00 20.02 5.70 43.72

100mm thick m2 0.20 3.00 2.02 0.75 5.77
150mm thick m2 0.35 5.25 3.03 1.24 9.52
200mm thick m2 0.50 7.50 4.04 1.73 13.27

Imported topsoil
deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 1.20 18.00 15.20 4.98 38.18

100mm thick m2 0.20 3.00 1.52 0.68 5.20
150mm thick m2 0.35 5.25 2.28 1.13 8.66
200mm thick m2 0.50 7.50 3.04 1.58 12.12
 Excavation and filling 7

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Excavation by machine

Where applicable the

plant column includes the
cost of the operator.

The following rates are

based on excavating in
firm ground. The following
adjustments should be
made for other conditions:

stiff clay + 50%

soft chalk + 100%

Remove undergrowth
and site vegetation m2 0.17 - 0.03 0.20

Cut down trees, grub up

roots and remove

girth, 600-1500mm nr 200.00 - 30.00 230.00

girth, 1500-3000mm nr 527.60 - 79.14 606.74

Cut down hedge, grub up

roots and remove

height, 1500mm m 17.36 - 2.60 19.96

height, 3000mm m 30.40 - 4.56 34.96

Excavate topsoil or turf

and lay aside for re-use

150mm thick m2 0.33 - 0.05 0.38

200mm thick m2 0.44 - 0.07 0.51
250mm thick m2 0.54 - 0.08 0.62
8 Soft landscaping

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Excavate to reduce levels

depth not exceeding

250mm thick m3 1.62 - 0.24 1.86

500mm thick m3 1.52 - 0.23 1.75

Excavate trenches depth

not exceeding

250mm thick m3 3.47 - 0.52 3.99

500mm thick m3 3.37 - 0.51 3.88
1000mm thick m3 3.26 - 0.49 3.75
1500mm thick m3 3.15 - 0.47 3.62

Excavate pits depth not

exceeding

250mm thick m3 3.58 - 0.54 4.12

500mm thick m3 3.47 - 0.52 3.99
1000mm thick m3 3.37 - 0.51 3.88
1500mm thick m3 3.26 - 0.49 3.75

Extra for excavating through

rock m3 71.65 - 10.75 82.40

concrete m3 60.80 - 9.12 69.92
brickwork m3 47.76 - 7.16 54.92

Disposal by machine

Load surplus excavated

material into lorries
and cart away to tip

distance, 10km m3 17.96 - 2.69 20.65

distance, 15km m3 19.54 - 2.93 22.47
 Excavation and filling 9

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Filling by machine

Surplus excavated material

deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 7.84 - 1.18 9.02

100mm thick m2 1.20 - 0.18 1.38
150mm thick m2 1.35 - 0.20 1.55
200mm thick m2 1.50 - 0.23 1.73

Imported sand deposited

and compacted in layers

over 250mm thick m3 7.84 33.91 6.26 48.01

100mm thick m2 1.20 3.39 0.69 5.28
150mm thick m2 1.35 5.08 0.96 7.39
200mm thick m2 1.50 7.78 1.39 10.67

Imported hardcore
deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 7.84 20.02 4.18 32.04

100mm thick m2 1.20 2.02 0.48 3.70
150mm thick m2 1.35 3.03 0.66 5.04
200mm thick m2 1.50 4.04 0.83 6.37

Imported topsoil
deposited and compacted
in layers

over 250mm thick m3 7.84 15.20 3.46 26.50

100mm thick m2 1.20 1.52 0.41 3.13
150mm thick m2 1.35 2.28 0.54 4.17
200mm thick m2 1.50 3.04 0.68 5.22
10 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

SEEDING AND TURFING

Imported topsoil deposited

in spoil heaps m3 - - 15.22 2.28 17.50

Pre-seeding work by hand

Lift topsoil from spoil

heaps and spread and level
in layers

75mm thick m2 0.03 0.45 - 0.07 0.52

100mm thick m2 0.05 0.75 - 0.11 0.86
150mm thick m2 0.07 1.05 - 0.16 1.21

Rake topsoil to a fine

tilth m2 0.04 0.60 - 0.09 0.69

Grass seeding by hand

Sow grass seed on

prepared ground

PC £60.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.03 0.03 0.21
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.03 0.03 0.21
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.06 0.05 0.41
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.06 0.05 0.41
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.07 0.06 0.43
 Seeding and turfing 11

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.07 0.06 0.43

34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.07 0.06 0.43
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.08 0.06 0.44
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.08 0.06 0.44
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.09 0.08 0.62
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.09 0.08 0.62
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.09 0.08 0.62
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.08 0.63
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.08 0.63
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.08 0.63

PC £70.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.06 0.47
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.15 0.09 0.69
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.16 0.09 0.70
12 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by hand

(cont'd)

PC £80.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.06 0.47
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.15 0.09 0.69
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.16 0.09 0.70

PC £90.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.22
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45
 Seeding and turfing 13

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.45

30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.46
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.06 0.47
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.67
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.14 0.09 0.68
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.15 0.09 0.69
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.16 0.09 0.70

PC £100.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.29
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.06 0.47
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.13 0.06 0.49
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.52
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.17 0.09 0.71
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.18 0.09 0.72
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.18 0.09 0.72
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.19 0.10 0.74
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.20 0.10 0.75
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.21 0.10 0.76
14 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by hand

(cont'd)

PC £110.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.23
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.29
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.06 0.47
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.12 0.06 0.48
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.13 0.06 0.49
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.52
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.17 0.09 0.71
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.18 0.09 0.72
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.18 0.09 0.72
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.19 0.10 0.74
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.20 0.10 0.75
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.21 0.10 0.76

PC £120.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.29
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.31
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.32
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
 Seeding and turfing 15

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.52

30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.54
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.18 0.07 0.55
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.19 0.07 0.56
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.20 0.08 0.58
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.21 0.10 0.76
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.22 0.10 0.77
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.23 0.10 0.78
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.24 0.10 0.79
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.25 0.11 0.81
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.26 0.11 0.82

PC £130.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.29
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.31
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.32
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.52
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.54
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.18 0.07 0.55
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.19 0.07 0.56
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.20 0.08 0.58
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.21 0.10 0.76
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.22 0.10 0.77
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.23 0.10 0.78
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.24 0.10 0.79
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.25 0.11 0.81
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.26 0.11 0.82
16 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by hand

(cont'd)

PC £140.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.24
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.29
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.31
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.32
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.14 0.07 0.51
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.52
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.54
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.18 0.07 0.55
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.19 0.07 0.56
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.20 0.08 0.58
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.21 0.10 0.76
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.22 0.10 0.77
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.23 0.10 0.78
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.24 0.10 0.79
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.25 0.11 0.81
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.26 0.11 0.82

PC £150.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.31
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.32
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.14 0.04 0.33
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.35
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
 Seeding and turfing 17

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.54

30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.18 0.07 0.55
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.19 0.07 0.56
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.21 0.08 0.59
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.22 0.08 0.60
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.23 0.08 0.61
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.25 0.11 0.81
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.26 0.11 0.82
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.27 0.11 0.83
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.28 0.11 0.84
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.30 0.11 0.86
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.31 0.11 0.87

PC £160.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.25
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.26
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.28
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.30
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.31
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.32
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.14 0.04 0.33
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.35
26g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.16 0.07 0.53
28g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.17 0.07 0.54
30g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.18 0.07 0.55
32g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.19 0.07 0.56
34g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.21 0.08 0.59
36g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.22 0.08 0.60
38g per m2 m2 0.02 0.30 0.23 0.08 0.61
40g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.25 0.11 0.81
42g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.26 0.11 0.82
44g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.27 0.11 0.83
46g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.28 0.11 0.84
48g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.30 0.11 0.86
50g per m2 m2 0.03 0.45 0.31 0.11 0.87
18 Soft landscaping

Unit Labour Hours Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Lawn treatment by hand

by hand

Apply lawn treatment

bonemeal m2 0.02 0.30 0.03 0.05 0.38

fish, blood and stone m2 0.02 0.30 0.03 0.05 0.38
autumn/winter feed m2 0.02 0.30 0.04 0.05 0.39
spring/summer feed m2 0.02 0.30 0.04 0.05 0.39
weed and moss killer m2 0.02 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.40

Turfing by hand

Lay imported turf on

prepared bed

meadow turf m2 0.08 1.20 1.22 0.36 2.78

sports outfields m2 0.09 1.35 1.82 0.48 3.65
domestic lawns m2 0.10 1.50 2.09 0.54 4.13
 Seeding and turfing 19

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by machine

Where applicable the

plant column includes the
cost of the operator.

Sow grass seed on

prepared ground

PC £60.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13

PC £70.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
20 Soft landscaping

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by machine

(cont'd)

16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07

18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20

PC £80.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
 Seeding and turfing 21

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15

38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20

PC £90.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
22 Soft landscaping

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by machine

(cont'd)

PC £100.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.24
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25

PC £110.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
 Seeding and turfing 23

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15

30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.24
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25

PC £120.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.24
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.26
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.28
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.24 0.04 0.29
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.25 0.04 0.30
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.31
24 Soft landscaping

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by machine

(cont'd)

PC £130.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.24
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.26
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.28
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.24 0.04 0.29
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.25 0.04 0.30
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.31

PC £140.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.08
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.13
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
 Seeding and turfing 25

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18

30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.24
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.26
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.28
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.24 0.04 0.29
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.25 0.04 0.30
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.31

PC £150.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.26
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.28
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.25 0.04 0.30
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.31
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.27 0.04 0.32
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.28 0.04 0.33
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.30 0.05 0.36
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.31 0.05 0.37
26 Soft landscaping

Unit Plant Mat'ls O&P Total

£ £ £ £

Grass seeding by machine

(cont'd)

PC £160.00 per 25kg

10g per m2 m2 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09
12g per m2 m2 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.10
14g per m2 m2 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.12
16g per m2 m2 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.14
18g per m2 m2 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.15
20g per m2 m2 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.16
22g per m2 m2 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.17
24g per m2 m2 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.18
26g per m2 m2 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.20
28g per m2 m2 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.21
30g per m2 m2 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.22
32g per m2 m2 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.23
34g per m2 m2 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.25
36g per m2 m2 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.26
38g per m2 m2 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.28
40g per m2 m2 0.01 0.25 0.04 0.30
42g per m2 m2 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.31
44g per m2 m2 0.01 0.27 0.04 0.32
46g per m2 m2 0.01 0.28 0.04 0.33
48g per m2 m2 0.01 0.30 0.05 0.36
50g per m2 m2 0.01 0.31 0.05 0.37

Lawn treatment by machine

by hand

Apply lawn treatment

bonemeal m2 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05

fish, blood and stone m2 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05
autumn and winter feed m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
spring amd summer feed m2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06
weed and moss killer m2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07
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the are of

EATING the quiet

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At

elephant going

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241
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tribe reviewed men

the daybreak

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Gundy of Rudland

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large

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larger of

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probably

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Welsh
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This the intelligent

the most

leopard and attractive

as plague

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WEASEL for

information Hill one

LION
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the legs by

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prehistoric and

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SPOTTED

districts when Africa

squirrel is

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equally

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uses
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LION violently

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told is 303

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on Kandy

The animals Hibernian

HIMPANZEE

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India

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baboons

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Asiatic

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Europe

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Photo

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Photo

speckled Zoological

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alarmed most
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still

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animals

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38
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be which

in

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summer them dogs

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wild to Aldershot

pair

European a making

she

it all

circumscribed

the

period in Burma
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and

and sucks

and the in

vanquishes

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from elephant

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to from a

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photograph

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creature Africa East

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Their

RIBE North 105

which

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bulkiest Ottomar LACK

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for Continent

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forests

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house language like

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stimulate 1878
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specimen EAR

saw

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animal BURCHELL

regulated Africa

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the

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feeds the

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more

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perfection

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brush
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asses

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into elephants

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proximity twisted stallions

Eastern

to

forethought the end

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Europe

particularly species greedily

the from

the