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BEGINNER’S
STEP-BY-STEP
CODING
COURSE
LEARN COMPUTER PROGRAMMING THE EASY WAY
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CONTRIBUTORS

Clif Kussmaul is Principal Consultant at Green Mango Dr. Tammy Pirmann is a computer science professor
Associates, LLC, where he designs and implements at the College of Computing and Informatics at Drexel
research projects, faculty development workshops, and University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is an
classroom activities. Formerly, he taught for 20 years at award-winning educator, recognized for her focus on
college level and worked full and part time in software equity in computer science education and for promoting
development and consulting. Craig was a Fulbright guided inquiry in secondary computing education. She
Specialist at Ashesi University and a Fulbright-Nehru was the co-chair of the Computer Science Teachers
Scholar at the University of Kerala. He has received Association’s Standards Committee and an advisor on
multiple grants from the US National Science Foundation, the K12 CS Framework.
Google, and other sources to support his work with
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL), Dr. Martin Goodfellow is a Lecturer in the
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), and other topics Computer and Information Sciences department
in computer science education. at the University of Strathclyde. He has also developed
educational computer science content and workshops
Sean McManus writes and cowrites inspiring coding for other organizations worldwide, including Google,
books, including Mission Python, Scratch Programming Oracle, CoderDojo Scotland, Glasgow Life, Makeblock,
in Easy Steps, Cool Scratch Projects in Easy Steps, and the BBC.
and Raspberry Pi For Dummies.
Jonathan Hogg is an audiovisual artist who has
Craig Steele is a specialist in computer science spent the last decade constructing works out of
education who helps people develop digital skills in combinations of software, electronics, sound,
a fun and creative environment. He runs Digital Skills light, wood, plastic, and metal. He often works
Education and is a founder of CoderDojo in Scotland, with young people, running creative and technical
which runs free coding clubs for young people. Craig workshops. Prior to art, Jonathan designed and
has run digital workshops with the Raspberry Pi developed software in the London finance industry.
Foundation, Glasgow Science Centre, Glasgow School He began his career researching and teaching
of Art, and the BBC micro:bit project. Computing at the University of Glasgow. The
only constant in all of this has been Python.
Dr. Claire Quigley studied Computing Science at
Glasgow University, where she obtained a BSc and David Krowitz learned to program in the early
PhD. She has worked in the Computer Laboratory at 1980s on a Commodore VIC-20 plugged into a
Cambridge University and at Glasgow Science Centre. portable black-and-white TV set. He has been studying
She is currently STEM Coordinator with Glasgow Life, and practicing computer programming ever since.
and lectures part time at the Royal Conservatoire of Nowadays, Dave spends his time building microservice
Scotland, working with BEd Music students. Claire architecture for businesses while expounding his love
has been involved in running CoderDojo Scotland since for object-oriented design patterns and software
its initial session in 2012. architecture. See dotpusher.com for more info.
CONTENTS FOREWORD

About this book

INTRODUCTION
10

12

What is programming? 16

Coding in the real world 18

Working as a software developer 20

Programming languages 22
SCRATCH
What is Scratch? 28 Logic and decisions 44

Scratch interface 30 Input 46

Sprites 32 Sending messages 48

Colored blocks and scripts 34 Using functions 50

Output using movement 36 PROJECT: Travel translator 52

Output using looks and sounds 38 PROJECT: Brain teaser 64

Managing program flow 40 PROJECT: Asteroid dodge 80

Manipulating data 42
PYTHON
What is Python? 94 Libraries 116

Installing Python 96 PROJECT: Team allocator 118

Using IDLE 98 Debugging 130

Variables in Python 100 PROJECT: Project planner 134

Data in Python 102 Objects and classes 156

Logic operators and branching 104 PROJECT: Budget manager 158

Input and output 106 Pygame Zero 176

Loops in Python 108 PROJECT: Knight’s quest 178

Functions 112
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
How the Web works 206 JavaScript debugging 280

Code editors 208 Object-oriented JavaScript 282

Exploring basic HTML 210 Libraries and frameworks 284

HTML forms and hyperlinks 212 Graphic user interfaces 286

Build a better website 214 PROJECT: Animating the web page 288

PROJECT: Build a web page 216 PROJECT: Responsive website 304

Cascading Style Sheets 234

CSS selectors 236 Other programming languages 344

CSS styling 238 GLOSSARY 348

Responsive layouts 240 INDEX 352

PROJECT: Styling the web page 242 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 360

What is JavaScript? 264

Variables and data types 266

Logic and branching 270

Input and output 272

Loops in JavaScript 274

Functions in JavaScript 278

 10 11

Foreword
If you’ve ever asked a teenager for help with your Starting at the absolute beginning, this guide will
computer, you probably have felt the crushing introduce the jargon and tools you’ll need to get
weight of self-doubt as you realize you understood programming in the most popular and versatile
less than half of what they just said. That same software languages. The pages are also peppered
“helpful teen” would most likely scoff at the idea of a with interesting facts about coding and careers,
book—made out of honest-to-goodness, old-fashioned together with step-by-step projects to get you going.
paper—on the subject of learning to code. “Just Even if you decide not to become the next Mark
Google it. There are loads of tutorials on YouTube!” Zuckerberg, the skills you’ll learn will be a great
they might say. asset when talking to technology professionals
But not everyone is high-bandwidth, multiscreen and will also help develop your own logic and
ready. Plus, when you are carefully stepping through problem-solving abilities.
the creation of your first lines of code, a physical page It was an ancient Greek philosopher who first noted
with your fingertip planted firmly on the next step can the irony “the only constant in life is change,” and
act as a valuable lifeline to the tangible world. this has never been more true than in the world of
If you’re reading this as a teenager yourself, computing. Maybe you’re looking for a different career
congratulations on discovering life beyond YouTube! or want to learn a new skill to support a hobby or
You’re about to find out that the creators of this guide passion project. Or perhaps you just want to be able
are exactly the kind of industry-defining professionals to talk to your tech-obsessed teenager in a language
whose content channels, blogs, and social media posts that will impress them!
you’d end up on if you did decide to Google “learning For those curious about coding, this guide is full of
to code.” straightforward information in easily digestible bites,
As a lifelong gamer and computing enthusiast, written by some of the leading educators and experts
I’ve been reporting on technology for almost a quarter in their field. There is jargon, but it’s jargon you’ll
of a century. In that time, I’ve witnessed seismic understand as you get to it. Is learning about coding
changes in the way we interact with the world. AI, essential? No. Will it help you understand and feel
big data, automation, e-commerce—all now intrinsic more comfortable in the world we now live in? I think
parts of our daily routines, even if we aren’t always so. Could it lead to a new and amazing career
aware of them. direction? Definitely, if that’s what you want.
Technology is no longer a niche topic. In fact, There is still a desperate shortage of technology
today, every industry could be considered a tech professionals in the workforce. Opportunities exist,
industry, which leads to a simple choice: get with but they are not going to come looking for you unless
it or get left behind. you speak at least a bit of their language.

Kate Russell
Technology reporter,
author, and gamer
About this book
How this book works grouped under Web Technologies. The book defines
Divided into three chapters, this book teaches the the basic concepts of each programming language and
fundamentals of five programming languages: Scratch, builds on them with the help of detailed projects that
Python, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript; the last three are you can try on your own.

Concepts
Each chapter contains the basic
programming concepts of the language.
These are explained with the help of
practical code examples that you can try
out to understand the concept better.

Illustrations help
you understand
and learn concepts

Projects
The projects in this book teach you how to YOU WILL LEARN
create games, planners, apps, and websites. Indicates the estimated
Each project starts with a brief overview of Time: time it will take to create
what you will learn in the project, how to 1 hour a project
plan the project, and what you will need to
create it. Simple step-by-step instructions Lines of code: 58 Indicates the estimated lines
guide you through the project and explain of code in a project. This
Difficulty level may vary depending on the
every aspect of the code, with the help of
detailed annotations. code editor being used

YOU WILL LEARN

This box highlights the concepts Indicates the difficulty level of a
being used in a project project, with one being the easiest

1.2
Projects are broken down into 1.1
smaller sections with clear steps
to make learning easier

available = 2500.00
budgets = {}

STEP-BY-STEP

Hacks and tweaks

The “Hacks and tweaks” section at the end
of each project provides tips on how to Hacks and tweaks
tweak existing bits of code, or add new
functionalities to it.
 12 13
Coding elements in the book Icons
The “Save” icon will remind you to save the program at a
Icons, color-coded windows with grids, and flowcharts particular point in the project. The “HTML,” “CSS,” and “JS”
that explain the program structure help you work your icons indicate which web file you need to write the code in.
way through the projects.

Python code windows

SAVE HTML CSS JS
Python uses two different windows—the shell window
and the editor window—for writing code. To differentiate
between the two, this book uses different colors. This will help Each block of the grid represents
you know which window you should type the code in. a single space in the code

>>> input = 2 def reset_game():

>>> score = input * 3 global score, charms
>>> print(score) score = 0
6 charms = 0

SHELL WINDOW EDITOR WINDOW

These chevrons appear only in Every indent (spaces at the start of a line)
the shell window. Type in the equals four empty grid blocks. All subsequent
code at the >>> prompt indents will be in multiples of four

Web languages code window

The code for all the web languages ...<ul id="topMenu" class="navbar-nav mr-auto">
is written in green-colored windows
in this book. A special visual element, <li class="nav-item">
a turnover arrow, is used to indicate
code being split over two lines. This <a class="nav-link" href=
element is not part of the actual code
and has only been introduced in the "index.html">Home</a>
book to help explain the flow of code
in a block. </li>

In this book, ellipses are used at the Gray code indicates an CODE WINDOW FOR The placement of the arrow
start of a line of code to indicate an existing line of code in WEB LANGUAGES indicates if a space needs to
extended indent, usually more than the program. It is used be added before it. In instances
eight grid blocks to identify the line below where there will be no space,
or above which the new no empty grid blocks are left
code must be added between the arrow and the code

DK website for code DK

The resource pack for the projects in this book (except the
“Hacks and tweaks” sections and the projects created in www.dk.com/coding-course
Scratch) have been hosted on www.dk.com/coding-course.
This includes code in its original format (.py, .html, .css, .js)
and images for all the games and websites. Go to this URL to download the
Coding Course Resource Pack
INTRODUCTION
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