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Distributed Source Coding
Distributed Source Coding

Theory and Practice

Shuang Wang, Yong Fang, and Samuel Cheng


This edition first published 2017
© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to
apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.com.
The right of Shuang Wang, Yong Fang, and Samuel Cheng to be identified as the authors of this
work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the
prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in
print may not be available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks,
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best
efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding
that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor
the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for
ISBN: 9780470688991
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by Wiley
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Bottom molecular image: KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Gettyimages
Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v

Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgment xv
About the Companion Website xvii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Distributed Source Coding? 2
1.2 Historical Overview and Background 2
1.3 Potential and Applications 3
1.4 Outline 4

Part I Theory of Distributed Source Coding 7

2 Lossless Compression of Correlated Sources 9


2.1 Slepian–Wolf Coding 10
2.1.1 Proof of the SW Theorem 15
Achievability of the SW Theorem 16
Converse of the SW Theorem 19
2.2 Asymmetric and Symmetric SW Coding 21
2.3 SW Coding of Multiple Sources 22

3 Wyner–Ziv Coding Theory 25


3.1 Forward Proof of WZ Coding 27
3.2 Converse Proof of WZ Coding 29
3.3 Examples 30
3.3.1 Doubly Symmetric Binary Source 30
Problem Setup 30
A Proposed Scheme 31
Verify the Optimality of the Proposed Scheme 32
3.3.2 Quadratic Gaussian Source 35
vi Contents

Problem Setup 35
Proposed Scheme 36
Verify the Optimality of the Proposed Scheme 37
3.4 Rate Loss of the WZ Problem 38
Binary Source Case 39
Rate loss of General Cases 39

4 Lossy Distributed Source Coding 41


4.1 Berger–Tung Inner Bound 42
4.1.1 Berger–Tung Scheme 42
Codebook Preparation 42
Encoding 42
Decoding 43
4.1.2 Distortion Analysis 43
Pr(1 ) → 0 ∶ 44
Pr(1C ∩ 2 ) → 0 ∶ 44
Pr(1C ∩ 2C ∩ 3 ) → 0 ∶ 44
Pr(4 ) → 0 44
Pr(5 ), Pr(6 ) → 0 44
4.2 Indirect Multiterminal Source Coding 45
4.2.1 Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two Encoders 45
Forward Proof of Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two
Terminals 46
Converse Proof of Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two
Terminals 48
4.3 Direct Multiterminal Source Coding 54
4.3.1 Forward Proof of Gaussian Multiterminal Source Coding Problem
with Two Sources 55
Case 1: (1 − 2 ) ≤ 𝜌2 (1 − 1 ) 59
Case 2: (1 − 2 ) > 𝜌2 (1 − 1 ) 62
4.3.2 Converse Proof of Gaussian Multiterminal Source Coding Problem
with Two Sources 63
Bounds for R1 and R2 64
Collaborative Lower Bound 66
𝜇-sum Bound 67

Part II Implementation 75

5 Slepian–Wolf Code Designs Based on Channel Coding 77


5.1 Asymmetric SW Coding 77
5.1.1 Binning Idea 78
5.1.2 Syndrome-based Approach 79
Contents vii

Hamming Binning 80
SW Encoding 80
SW Decoding 80
LDPC-based SW Coding 81
5.1.3 Parity-based Approach 82
5.1.4 Syndrome-based Versus Parity-based Approach 84
5.2 Non-asymmetric SW Coding 85
5.2.1 Generalized Syndrome-based Approach 86
5.2.2 Implementation using IRA Codes 88
5.3 Adaptive Slepian–Wolf Coding 90
5.3.1 Particle-based Belief Propagation for SW Coding 91
5.4 Latest Developments and Trends 93

6 Distributed Arithmetic Coding 97


6.1 Arithmetic Coding 97
6.2 Distributed Arithmetic Coding 101
6.3 Definition of the DAC Spectrum 103
6.3.1 Motivations 103
6.3.2 Initial DAC Spectrum 104
6.3.3 Depth-i DAC Spectrum 105
6.3.4 Some Simple Properties of the DAC Spectrum 107
6.4 Formulation of the Initial DAC Spectrum 107
6.5 Explicit Form of the Initial DAC Spectrum 110
6.6 Evolution of the DAC Spectrum 113
6.7 Numerical Calculation of the DAC Spectrum 116
6.7.1 Numerical Calculation of the Initial DAC Spectrum 117
6.7.2 Numerical Estimation of DAC Spectrum Evolution 118
6.8 Analyses on DAC Codes with Spectrum 120
6.8.1 Definition of DAC Codes 121
6.8.2 Codebook Cardinality 122
6.8.3 Codebook Index Distribution 123
6.8.4 Rate Loss 123
6.8.5 Decoder Complexity 124
6.8.6 Decoding Error Probability 126
6.9 Improved Binary DAC Codec 130
6.9.1 Permutated BDAC Codec 130
Principle 130
Proof of SW Limit Achievability 131
6.9.2 BDAC Decoder with Weighted Branching 132
6.10 Implementation of the Improved BDAC Codec 134
6.10.1 Encoder 134
Principle 134
Implementation 135
viii Contents

6.10.2 Decoder 135


Principle 135
Implementation 136
6.11 Experimental Results 138
Effect of Segment Size on Permutation Technique 139
Effect of Surviving-Path Number on WB Technique 139
Comparison with LDPC Codes 139
Application of PBDAC to Nonuniform Sources 140
6.12 Conclusion 141

7 Wyner–Ziv Code Design 143


7.1 Vector Quantization 143
7.2 Lattice Theory 146
7.2.1 What is a Lattice? 146
Examples 146
Dual Lattice 147
Integral Lattice 147
Lattice Quantization 148
7.2.2 What is a Good Lattice? 149
Packing Efficiency 149
Covering Efficiency 150
Normalized Second Moment 150
Kissing Number 150
Some Good Lattices 151
7.3 Nested Lattice Quantization 151
Encoding/decoding 152
Coset Binning 152
Quantization Loss and Binning Loss 153
SW Coded NLQ 154
7.3.1 Trellis Coded Quantization 154
7.3.2 Principle of TCQ 155
Generation of Codebooks 156
Generation of Trellis from Convolutional Codes 156
Mapping of Trellis Branches onto Sub-codebooks 157
Quantization 157
Example 158
7.4 WZ Coding Based on TCQ and LDPC Codes 159
7.4.1 Statistics of TCQ Indices 159
7.4.2 LLR of Trellis Bits 162
7.4.3 LLR of Codeword Bits 163
7.4.4 Minimum MSE Estimation 163
7.4.5 Rate Allocation of Bit-planes 164
7.4.6 Experimental Results 166
Contents ix

Part III Applications 167

8 Wyner–Ziv Video Coding 169


8.1 Basic Principle 169
8.2 Benefits of WZ Video Coding 170
8.3 Key Components of WZ Video Decoding 171
8.3.1 Side-information Preparation 171
Bidirectional Motion Compensation 172
8.3.2 Correlation Modeling 173
Exploiting Spatial Redundancy 174
8.3.3 Rate Controller 175
8.4 Other Notable Features of Miscellaneous WZ Video Coders 175

9 Correlation Estimation in DVC 177


9.1 Background to Correlation Parameter Estimation in DVC 177
9.1.1 Correlation Model in WZ Video Coding 177
9.1.2 Offline Correlation Estimation 178
Pixel Domain Offline Correlation Estimation 178
Transform Domain Offline Correlation Estimation 180
9.1.3 Online Correlation Estimation 181
Pixel Domain Online Correlation Estimation 182
Transform Domain Online Correlation Estimation 184
9.2 Recap of Belief Propagation and Particle Filter Algorithms 185
9.2.1 Belief Propagation Algorithm 185
9.2.2 Particle Filtering 186
9.3 Correlation Estimation in DVC with Particle Filtering 187
9.3.1 Factor Graph Construction 187
9.3.2 Correlation Estimation in DVC with Particle Filtering 190
9.3.3 Experimental Results 192
9.3.4 Conclusion 197
9.4 Low Complexity Correlation Estimation using Expectation
Propagation 199
9.4.1 System Architecture 199
9.4.2 Factor Graph Construction 199
Joint Bit-plane SW Coding (Region II) 200
Correlation Parameter Tracking (Region I) 201
9.4.3 Message Passing on the Constructed Factor Graph 202
Expectation Propagation 203
9.4.4 Posterior Approximation of the Correlation Parameter using
Expectation Propagation 204
Moment Matching 205
9.4.5 Experimental Results 206
9.4.6 Conclusion 211
x Contents

10 DSC for Solar Image Compression 213


10.1 Background 213
10.2 Related Work 215
10.3 Distributed Multi-view Image Coding 217
10.4 Adaptive Joint Bit-plane WZ Decoding of Multi-view Images with
Disparity Estimation 217
10.4.1 Joint Bit-plane WZ Decoding 217
10.4.2 Joint Bit-plane WZ Decoding with Disparity Estimation 219
10.4.3 Joint Bit-plane WZ Decoding with Correlation Estimation 220
10.5 Results and Discussion 221
10.6 Summary 224

11 Secure Distributed Image Coding 225


11.1 Background 225
11.2 System Architecture 227
11.2.1 Compression of Encrypted Data 228
11.2.2 Joint Decompression and Decryption Design 230
11.3 Practical Implementation Issues 233
11.4 Experimental Results 233
11.4.1 Experiment Setup 234
11.4.2 Security and Privacy Protection 235
11.4.3 Compression Performance 236
11.5 Discussion 239

12 Secure Biometric Authentication Using DSC 241


12.1 Background 241
12.2 Related Work 243
12.3 System Architecture 245
12.3.1 Feature Extraction 246
12.3.2 Feature Pre-encryption 248
12.3.3 SeDSC Encrypter/decrypter 248
12.3.4 Privacy-preserving Authentication 249
12.4 SeDSC Encrypter Design 249
12.4.1 Non-asymmetric SW Codes with Code Partitioning 250
12.4.2 Implementation of SeDSC Encrypter using IRA Codes 251
12.5 SeDSC Decrypter Design 252
12.6 Experiments 256
12.6.1 Dataset and Experimental Setup 256
12.6.2 Feature Length Selection 257
12.6.3 Authentication Accuracy 257
Authentication Performances on Small Feature Length (i.e.,
N = 100) 257
Performances on Large Feature Lengths (i.e., N ≥ 300) 258
Contents xi

12.6.4 Privacy and Security 259


12.6.5 Complexity Analysis 261
12.7 Discussion 261

A Basic Information Theory 263


A.1 Information Measures 263
A.1.1 Entropy 263
A.1.2 Relative Entropy 267
A.1.3 Mutual Information 268
A.1.4 Entropy Rate 269
A.2 Independence and Mutual Information 270
A.3 Venn Diagram Interpretation 273
A.4 Convexity and Jensen’s Inequality 274
A.5 Differential Entropy 277
A.5.1 Gaussian Random Variables 278
A.5.2 Entropy Power Inequality 278
A.6 Typicality 279
A.6.1 Jointly Typical Sequences 282
A.7 Packing Lemmas and Covering Lemmas 284
A.8 Shannon’s Source Coding Theorem 286
A.9 Lossy Source Coding—Rate-distortion Theorem 289
A.9.1 Rate-distortion Problem with Side Information 291

B Background on Channel Coding 293


B.1 Linear Block Codes 294
B.1.1 Syndrome Decoding of Block Codes 295
B.1.2 Hamming Codes, Packing Bound, and Perfect Codes 295
B.2 Convolutional Codes 297
B.2.1 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 298
B.3 Shannon’s Channel Coding Theorem 301
B.3.1 Achievability Proof of the Channel Coding Theorem 303
B.3.2 Converse Proof of Channel Coding Theorem 305
B.4 Low-density Parity-check Codes 306
B.4.1 A Quick Summary of LDPC Codes 306
B.4.2 Belief Propagation Algorithm 307
B.4.3 LDPC Decoding using BP 312
B.4.4 IRA Codes 314

C Approximate Inference 319


C.1 Stochastic Approximation 319
C.1.1 Importance Sampling Methods 320
C.1.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 321
Markov Chains 321
xii Contents

Markov Chain Monte Carlo 321


C.2 Deterministic Approximation 322
C.2.1 Preliminaries 322
Exponential Family 322
Kullback–Leibler Divergence 323
Assumed-density Filtering 324
C.2.2 Expectation Propagation 325
Relationship with BP 326
C.2.3 Relationship with Other Variational Inference Methods 328

D 331
Multivariate Gaussian Distribution
D.1 Introduction 331
D.2 Probability Density Function 331
D.3 Marginalization 332
D.4 Conditioning 333
D.5 Product of Gaussian pdfs 334
D.6 Division of Gaussian pdfs 337
D.7 Mixture of Gaussians 337
D.7.1 Reduce the Number of Components in Gaussian Mixtures 338
Which Components to Merge? 340
How to Merge Components? 341
D.8 Summary 342
Appendix: Matrix Equations 343

Bibliography 345

Index 357
xiii

Preface

This book intends to provide fundamental knowledge for engineers and com-
puter scientists to get into the topic of distributed source coding, and is tar-
geted at senior undergraduate or first-year graduate students. It should also be
accessible for engineers with a basic knowledge of calculus and applied proba-
bility. We have included short chapters on information theory, channel coding,
and approximate inference in the appendix. The goal is to make the content as
self-contained as possible.
Excluding the appendix, the book is divided into three parts. First-time
readers who would like to get into applications quickly should work through
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7, and then go straight to Part III, the application
chapters. Chapters 4 and 6 are more advanced and may require more math
maturity from readers.
Distributed source coding is an active research area and the authors have not
been able to cover every aspect of it. We have included materials that are geared
more toward our own research interests. However, we have striven to include
the most interesting applications in this book.
xv

Acknowledgment

Book writing is a long endeavor. It is especially so in this case. This book


project grew out of several distributed source coding tutorials presented in
the US, Taiwan and Switzerland around 2009 by Dr. Vladimir Stankovic,
Dr. Lina Stankovic, and the third author. Many materials in this book reflect
the immense influence of these tutorials. Drs. Stankovic have been very kind
in offering extensive unconditional help and allowed us to include many of
their ideas and even their own words in this book. For this we wish to express
our most sincere and deepest gratitude.
The third author would also like to express special thanks to his Master and
PhD advisor, Dr. Zixiang Xiong, who taught him not just distributed source
coding, but also everything relating to research and academia.
Over the years, the authors have received help from many colleagues, friends,
and students, including Angelos Liveris, Costas Georghiades, Yang Yang, Zixin
Liu, Zongmin Liu, Qian Xu, Shengjie Zhao, Nikoloas Deligiannis, Xiaoqian
Jiang, Adrian Munteanu, Peter Schelkens, Andrei Sechelea, Feng Chen, and
Lijuan Cui. In particular, we would like to offer special thanks to Liyan Chen
and Xiaomin Wang for generating some of the figures. We could not possi-
bly include everyone in the list above, and we would like to ask for forgiveness
for any omission. Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge support from
the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI
K99HG008175), and the National Nature Science Foundation of China.
xvii

About the Companion Website

Don’t forget to visit the companion website for this book:

www.wiley.com/go/cheng/dsctheoryandpractice

There you will find valuable material designed to enhance your learning,
including:
• Example codes
Scan this QR code to visit the companion website
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