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 Ferret Medicine
VETERINARY MEDICINE

Johnson-Delaney
Ferrets are becoming increasingly popular as pets, rivalling rabbits as the third most favoured domestic pet after
dogs and cats. Ferret Medicine and Surgery discusses the veterinary aspects of this incredible little creature.

and Surgery
The book covers ferret medicine and common surgeries, providing a comprehensive reference for the veterinary
practitioner. Each chapter of disorders is designed to be inclusive and includes cross references to other chapters
throughout as well as some highlights of anatomy and physiology as a review.

The format allows easy access to information providing answers to problems that arise in practice. Thoroughly
illustrated with high-quality photographs and line drawings, the book is designed to provide quick, concise
information of immediate use to the practitioner.

K20327

Edited by
ISBN: 978-1-4987-0787-9
90000

9 781498 707879
Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

K24912_Covers3.indd All Pages 7/18/16 1:11 PM

 Ferret Medicine
and Surgery

K24912_Book.indb 1 08/07/16 11:50 am

 Ferret Medicine
and Surgery
CATHY A. JOHNSON-DELANEY, DVM
Kirkland, Washington, USA

K24912_Book.indb 3 08/07/16 11:50 am

 CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20160510

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0787-9 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be
made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal
to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use
by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their
knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid
advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly
urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their
websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a par-
ticular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or
her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If
any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any elec-
tronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of
payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at

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Cover image of Zeus, courtesy of Vondelle McLaughlin.

K24912_Book.indb 4 08/07/16 11:50 am

 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this book to my husband Michael; Williard ‘Skip’ Nelson DVM; the staff
and ferrets of the Washington Ferret Rescue & Shelter; and all of my beloved ferrets over the years:
Simon, Robbie, Buddy, Tichuk, Cinnamon, Cyrano, Jack, Surfer, John, D’Argo, Stark, Chiana, Aeryn,
Moya, Annabelle the one-kidney wonder, Mittens, Gandolf, Pete, Claudia, Myka, Lena and Jinks.

(Aeryn, Moya, Chiana)

K24912_Book.indb 5 08/07/16 11:50 am

 CONTENTS
vii

Introduction xxiii
Contributors xxv
Disclaimer xxvii
Abbreviations xxix

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

LABORATORY ANIMAL 2

CHAPTER 2 NORMATIVE DATA INCLUDING COAT COLOURS 3

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

NORMATIVE DATA 3
CLASSIFICATIONS 3
Nose patterns 4
Eye colours 5
Coat colours 7
Patterns 12

CHAPTER 3 APPLIED CLINICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 13

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 13
ADRENAL GLANDS 13
BRAIN 13
DENTAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 15
GASTROINTESTINAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 17
General physiology 17
Tongue 17
Salivary glands 17
Oesophagus 18
Stomach 18
Intestine 19
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER 20

K24912_Book.indb 7 08/07/16 11:51 am

 viii C on t e n t s

EXOCRINE PANCREAS AND BILIARY SYSTEM 21

HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR 21
INTEGUMENT 22
MUSCULOSKELETAL 23
SKULL 24
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT 24
RESPIRATORY TRACT 25
Upper respiratory tract 25
Lungs 25
Trachea 25
SPECIAL SENSES 26
Ear and hearing 26
Eye and vision 27
Nasal structure and olfaction 27
SPLEEN 28
THYMUS 28
THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS 28
URINARY TRACT 28

CHAPTER 4 FERRET BEHAVIOUR, HOUSING AND HUSBANDRY 31

Anna Meredith

INTRODUCTION 31
BEHAVIOUR 31
Locomotion 32
Ferret senses 34
Vocalisation 35
Grooming 35
Investigative behaviour 36
Social, play and aggressive behaviour 37
Sleeping 39
Feeding and stashing behaviour 39
Elimination behaviour and litter training 40
Reproductive and maternal behaviour 40
TRAINING AND DEALING WITH BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS 40
INTRODUCING NEW FERRETS 41
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANS AND OTHER SPECIES 42
HOUSING AND HUSBANDRY 42
Outdoor housing 43
Indoor housing 43
Nesting area 44
Litter tray 45
Toys and other enrichment 45
Bathing 45
Feeding 46

K24912_Book.indb 8 08/07/16 11:51 am

 C on t e n t s ix

CHAPTER 5 NUTRITION 47
Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 47
WATER 47
COMMERCIAL DIETS 48
FOOD CONSIDERATIONS 50
SPECIFIC NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS 51
MINERALS AND VITAMINS 54
Vitamin A 54
Vitamin D 54
Vitamin E 54
Vitamin K 55
Thiamine 55
Riboflavin 55
B6 (pyridoxine) 55
B12 55
Folic acid 55
Biotin 55
Niacin 55
Pantothenic acid 55
Choline 56
SELECTING A COMPLETE DIET FOR A PET FERRET 56
Maintenance diets 56
Unsuitable diets leading to nutritional disease 57
Switching to an optimal diet 58
High-fat supplements 59
High-carbohydrate supplements 59
Acceptable treats 60
PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES THAT REQUIRE SPECIAL NUTRITION 60
Growth 60
Breeding and gestation 60
Lactating and weaning 61
Feeding ferret kits 61
Illness 61
Islet cell disease and dietary management 62
Geriatric ferrets 63
Neoplasia 64

CHAPTER 6 REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY 65

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 65
PHOTOPERIODS AND EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION 65
BREEDING 67
WHELPING 69

K24912_Book.indb 9 08/07/16 11:51 am

 x C on t e n t s

LACTATION 69
WEANING 70

CHAPTER 7 MEDICAL HISTORY 71

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 71

CHAPTER 8 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 75

John R. Chitty

INTRODUCTION 75
TRANSPORT 75
HANDLING AND RESTRAINT 76
EXAMINATION 80
Thorax 81
Abdomen 82
Head 82
CHECKLIST 84

CHAPTER 9 FERRET PREVENTIVE CARE 85

John R. Chitty and Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 85
REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL 85
Deslorelin implants 87
VACCINATION 88
CDV 88
Rabies 89
ROLE OF HEALTH CHECKS AND ROUTINE TESTS 89
PET PASSPORTS (EUROPE) 90
PARASITE CONTROL 90
Internal 90
External 91
BIOSECURITY 92
FERRET HOME HEALTH KIT 92

CHAPTER 10 CLINICAL TECHNIQUES 95

John R. Chitty

INTRODUCTION 95
INJECTION TECHNIQUES 95
Subcutaneous 95
Intramuscular 96
Intraperitoneal 97

K24912_Book.indb 10 08/07/16 11:51 am

 C on t e n t s xi

ORAL DOSING TECHNIQUES 97

Liquid drugs 97
Tablets 97
VENIPUNCTURE 98
Restraint 98
Samples 98
Sites 99
INTRAVENOUS CATHETERISATION 102
INTRAOSSEOUS CATHETERISATION 102
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 103
SALIVA COLLECTION 103
IMAGING 104
Ultrasound 104
Radiography 104
Endoscopy 105
Electrocardiography (ECG) 106
BONE MARROW BIOPSY 107
ABDOMINOCENTESIS 107
Indications 107
Procedure 107
URINE COLLECTION 108
Urethral catheterisation 108
Expression of urine 108
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) COLLECTION 108
BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE (BAL) 109
EAR CLEANING 109
TEETH CLEANING 110
NAIL TRIM 110

CHAPTER 11 EMERGENCY CARE 113

John R. Chitty and Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 113
TRIAGE 113
EUTHANASIA 114
BASIC NEEDS 114
SEDATION 115
FLUID THERAPY 115
TREATMENT OF SHOCK 115
EMERGENCY DRUG DOSES 117
SPECIFIC SYNDROMES 118
Collapse 118
Dyspnoea 119
Dysuria 119
Hindlimb weakness and spinal damage 120

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 xii C on t e n t s

Hypersalivation and pawing at the mouth 120

Hyperthermia 121
Seizure/syncope 121
Vomition (acute, haemorrhagic) 121
Toxicities 122
Vaccine reaction 123
CRITICAL NUTRITION 124

CHAPTER 12 DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 127

Yvonne R.A. van Zeeland and Nico J. Schoemaker

INTRODUCTION 127
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 127
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR DISEASE 128
Echocardiography 128
Radiography 131
Electrocardiography 132
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC DISEASE 135
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 137
ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE 139
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY 139
DIROFILARIASIS (HEARTWORM DISEASE) 142
ENDOCARDITIS 146
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY 146
MYOCARDITIS 148
NEOPLASIA 150
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY 151
VALVULAR DISEASE (ACQUIRED) OR ENDOCARDIOSIS 151
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND PERICARDITIS 152
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS AND CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES 153
HYPERTENSION 156

CHAPTER 13 DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND LIVER 159

David Perpiñán and Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 159
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 159
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 159
VOMITING AND DIARRHOEA 159
Vomiting 159
Diarrhoea 160
OTHER CLINICAL SIGNS 160
BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS 161
COCCIDIOSIS 163

K24912_Book.indb 12 08/07/16 11:51 am

 C on t e n t s xiii

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS 164
EPIZOOTIC CATARRHAL ENTERITIS (ECE, FRECV) 165
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS 166
GASTRIC DILATATION VOLVULUS (GDV) 167
GASTRIC HAIR BALLS/TRICHOBEZOARS 168
GASTROENTERITIS BY HELICOBACTER MUSTELAE 170
GASTROINTESTINAL FOREIGN BODIES 173
GIARDIASIS 176
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) 176
MEGAOESOPHAGUS 178
PROLIFERATIVE BOWEL DISEASE 179
RECTAL PROLAPSE 180
ROTAVIRUS 181
SYSTEMIC DISEASES PRODUCING GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS 182
Disseminated idiopathic myofasciitis (DIM) 183
Lymphoma 183
Other neoplastic conditions 183
Aleutian disease 183
Ferret systemic coronaviral disease 184
Pancreatitis 184
Gastric and intestinal ulceration 184
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER 184
Gallbladder disease 184
Hepatic lipidosis 185
Hepatitis 186
NEOPLASIA 187
Hepatocellular 187
Biliary 189

CHAPTER 14 DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 191

Nico J. Schoemaker and Yvonne R.A. van Zeeland

INTRODUCTION 191
DISEASES OF THE ADRENAL GLAND 191
Hyperadrenocorticism/hyperandrogenism 191
OTHER ANOMALIES RELATED TO THE ADRENAL GLAND 204
Hypoadrenocorticism 205
DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS 207
Insulinoma 207
OTHER FORMS OF PANCREATIC NEOPLASIA 211
DIABETES MELLITUS 211
DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND 213
Hypothyroidism 213
Thyroid neoplasia 214

K24912_Book.indb 13 08/07/16 11:51 am

 xiv C on t e n t s

DISEASES OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND 215

Hypoparathyroidism 215
Pseudohypoparathyroidism 215
REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINE DISEASES 216
Persistent oestrus and hyperoestrogenism 216

CHAPTER 15 DISORDERS OF THE EARS AND EYES 219

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

EARS 219
AURAL HAEMATOMA 219
DEAFNESS 220
EAR MITES 221
OTITIS EXTERNA, MEDIA, INTERNA 222
NEOPLASIA 223
TRAUMA TO PINNAE 225
EYES 225
CATARACTS 225
CONGENITAL OCULAR DEFECTS 226
CORNEAL DERMOIDS 226
MICROPHTHALMIA 226
CONJUNCTIVITIS 226
DISTICHIASIS 228
ENTROPION 228
EXOPHTHALMOS 228
GLAUCOMA 229
KERATITIS 230
LYMPHOMA OF GLANS NICTITANS, ADNEXA, CONJUNCTIVAL TISSUE 231
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM 233
PYOGRANULOMATOUS PANOPHTHALMITIS DUE TO CORONAVIRUS 234
RETINAL DISEASE 234
TRAUMA 234
UVEITIS 235

CHAPTER 16 DISORDERS OF THE HAEMIC, IMMUNOLOGICAL AND LYMPHATIC

SYSTEMS 237
Samantha Swisher and Angela M. Lennox

INTRODUCTION 237
ALEUTIAN DISEASE 237
ANAEMIA 239
FERRET HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME 242
FERRET SYSTEMIC CORONAVIRUS 243
LYMPHOMA/LYMPHOSARCOMA 245
DISORDERS OF THE SPLEEN 253

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 C on t e n t s xv

CHAPTER 17 DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 259

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 259
ATAXIA, POSTERIOR PARESIS 259
CHONDROSARCOMA 260
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS 261
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE 262
DISSEMINATED IDIOPATHIC MYOFASCIITIS 262
FRACTURES 264
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE 267
L-CARNITINE DEFICIENCY WEAKNESS 268
LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA AND LEUKAEMIA OF THE BONE 268
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 269
NEOPLASIA (SPINAL TUMOURS, BONE TUMOURS) OTHER THAN
LYMPHOMA 270

CHAPTER 18 DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 273

Susan E. Orosz and Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 273
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION 273
Mentation 273
Posture and gait 273
Postural reactions 274
Cranial nerve examination 276
Spinal reflex examination 277
Palpation and pain perception 280
Muscle tone 280
NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES 281
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: BACTERIAL 281
Botulism 281
Listeriosis 281
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: FUNGAL 282
Blastomycosis 282
Cryptococcosis 282
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: PARASITIC 283
Toxoplasmosis 283
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: VIRAL 283
Aleutian disease 283
Canine distemper virus 284
Rabies virus 284
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE 285
NEOPLASIA 285
Chordoma 286
T-cell lymphoma 287

K24912_Book.indb 15 08/07/16 11:51 am

 xvi C on t e n t s

TOXICOSIS 287
TRAUMA 288

CHAPTER 19 DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND TEETH 289

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 289
DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS 291
Home dental prophylaxis 292
THE DENTAL EXAMINATION 293
DENTAL SURGERY 296
Endodontic procedures 296
Extraction 296
DENTAL DISEASES 296
Abscess 296
Calculus 299
Extrusion of canine teeth 300
Fractured teeth 300
Gingival hyperplasia 301
Gingivitis 302
Malocclusion 303
Periodontal disease 303
Tooth loss 305
Tooth necrosis 305
ORAL DISORDERS 306
Cleft palate, cleft lip 306
Oral neoplasia 306
Oral ulcers 308
Salivary microliths 308
Salivary mucocele 310
Tonsillitis 310

CHAPTER 20 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 311

Jenna Richardson and David Perpiñán

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW 311

EVALUATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 311
CANINE DISTEMPER 312
INFLUENZA 315
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA 316
MYCOPLASMOSIS 318
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 319
OTHER FUNGAL PNEUMONIAS 320
RESPIRATORY DISEASE SECONDARY TO CARDIAC DISEASE 320
HEARTWORM 321

K24912_Book.indb 16 08/07/16 11:51 am

 C on t e n t s xvii

OTHER RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS 322

Endogenous lipid pneumonia 322
Pleuropneumonia caused by Pseudomonas luteola infection 322
Other respiration conditions 323

CHAPTER 21 DISORDERS OF THE SKIN 325

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 325
ABSCESS/WOUNDS 325
ALOPECIA 326
Adrenal disease/hyperoestrogenism 326
Hypothyroidism 328
Seasonal alopecia 329
Starvation/malnutrition 329
Telogen defluxion 330
ATOPY 330
BLUE FERRET SYNDROME 331
BURNS 331
DERMATOPHYTOSIS 332
ECTOPARASITES 333
Otodectes cynotis 333
Sarcoptes scabiei 333
Ixodes ricinus 334
Fleas 334
Cuterebra (cuterebriasis) 334
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME (EM) 335
HYPERSENSITIVITY 336
NEOPLASIA 337
Apocrine scent tumours 337
Basal cell tumour 338
Cutaneous haemangioma 339
Cutaneous (epitheliotrophic) lymphoma 340
Leiomyosarcomas 340
Mammary gland tumours 341
Mast cell tumours 341
Preputial gland tumours 343
Sebaceous epithelioma 344
PYODERMA (BACTERIAL DERMATITIS) 344
VIRAL: CANINE DISTEMPER 345

CHAPTER 22 DISORDERS OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM 347

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT GENERAL NOTES 347

AGALACTIA 347

K24912_Book.indb 17 08/07/16 11:51 am

 xviii C on t e n t s

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES 348

DYSTOCIA 349
MAMMARY GLAND HYPERPLASIA 349
MASTITIS 350
METRITIS 350
NEOPLASIA 351
Ovarian 351
Testicular 351
Uterine 352
OESTRUS UNBRED APLASTIC ANAEMIA 353
PENILE LESIONS 354
POSTPARTURIENT HYPOCALCAEMIA 355
PREGNANCY TOXAEMIA 355
PREPUTIAL LESIONS 355
PROSTATIC LESIONS 356
PSEUDOPREGNANCY 356
PYOMETRA AND MUCOMETRA 357
VAGINITIS 358
URINARY TRACT 358
Aleutian disease 358
Cystitis and urolithiasis 359
Glomerulosclerosis and renal hypertension 360
Hydronephrosis 362
Preputial tumour 363
Prostate enlargement, prostatitis, prostate abscess, prostatic cysts 364
Neoplasia 364
Nephrocalcinosis 366
Nephrosis, nephritis 367
Pyelonephritis 367
Renal cysts 368
Renal failure 368
Urethral obstruction 370

CHAPTER 23 MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS 371

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 371
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 371
GYROVIRUS 372
HEPATITIS E 372
HISTOPLASMOSIS 373
MYCOBACTERIOSIS 374
PSEUDOMONAS LUTEOLA 375

K24912_Book.indb 18 08/07/16 11:51 am

 C on t e n t s xix

CHAPTER 24 ANALGESIA AND ANAESTHESIA 377

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 377
ANALGESIA 377
SEDATION AND ANAESTHESIA 379
Induction 380
Ventilation 383
POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 386
POSTANAESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS 386
POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA 386

CHAPTER 25 COMMON SURGICAL PROCEDURES 389

John R. Chitty and Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney

INTRODUCTION 389
SURGICAL PRINCIPLES IN THE FERRET 389
Suture care 390
Gloving up 390
CASTRATION 390
CRYPTORCHID 392
VASECTOMY 393
EXPLORATORY COELIOTOMY 395
NEPHRECTOMY 396
SPLENECTOMY 398
OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY 399
LEFT ADRENALECTOMY 401
RIGHT ADRENALECTOMY 403
INSULINOMA 405
CYSTOTOMY 406
PROSTATIC (PARAURETHRAL) CYST REDUCTION 407
GASTROTOMY/ENTEROTOMY 408
LYMPH NODE BIOPSY 409
SURGICAL BIOPSY 410
Skin mass 410
Abdominal organ or mass 410
LUMPECTOMY 412
Preputial masses 412
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY 413
Dislocation of the hip 413
Dislocation of the elbow 414
Long bone fractures 414
Stifle ligament damage 414
AMPUTATION 415

K24912_Book.indb 19 08/07/16 11:51 am

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