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208 Representations of Elementary Abelian p-Groups and Vector Bundles

 C A M B R I D G E T R AC T S I N M AT H E M AT I C S

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Representations of Elementary Abelian
p-Groups and Vector Bundles

DAV I D J . B E N S O N
University of Aberdeen
 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107174177
DOI: 10.1017/9781316795699

c David J. Benson 2017
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First published 2017
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Benson, D. J. (David J.), 1955–
Title: Representations of elementary abelian p-groups and vector bundles /
David J. Benson, University of Aberdeen.
Description: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, [2017] |
Series: Cambridge tracts in mathematics ; 208 |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016046127 | ISBN 9781107174177 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Abelian p-groups. | Abelian groups. | Vector bundles.
Classification: LCC QA180 .B46 2017 | DDC 512/.25–dc23
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accurate or appropriate.
 Contents

Preface page xi
Introduction xiii

1 Modular Representations and Elementary Abelian Groups 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Representation Type 1
1.3 Shifted Subgroups 3
1.4 The Language of π-Points 5
1.5 The Stable Module Category 6
1.6 The Derived Category 8
1.7 Singularity Categories 10
1.8 Cohomology of Elementary Abelian p-Groups 12
1.9 Chouinard’s Theorem, Dade’s Lemma and Rank Varieties 15
1.10 Carlson’s L ζ Modules, and a Matrix Version 18
1.11 Diagrams for Modules 20
1.12 Tensor Products 24
1.13 Duality 26
1.14 Symmetric and Exterior Powers 28
1.15 Schur Functions 29
1.16 Schur Functors 31
1.17 Radical Layers of k E 33
1.18 Twisted Versions of k E 35

2 Cyclic Groups of Order p 38

2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Modules for Z/ p 38
2.3 Tensor Products 39
2.4 Gaussian Polynomials 41
2.5 Generalised Gaussian Polynomials and a Hook Formula 42

v
vi Contents

2.6 λ-Rings and Representations of S L(2, C) 45

2.7 The Representation Ring of Z/ p 47
2.8 Symmetric and Exterior Powers of Jordan Blocks 50
2.9 Schur Functors for S L(2, C) and Z/ p 52
3 Background from Algebraic Geometry 54
3.1 Affine Space and Affine Varieties 54
3.2 Generic Points and Closed Points 55
3.3 Projective Space and Projective Varieties 57
3.4 Tangent Spaces 59
3.5 Presheaves and Sheaves 60
3.6 Stalks and Sheafification 62
3.7 The Language of Schemes 63
3.8 Sheaves of Modules 64
3.9 Coherent Sheaves on Projective Varieties 65
3.10 Cohomology of Sheaves 69
4 Jordan Type 72
4.1 Nilvarieties 72
4.2 Matrices and Tangent Spaces 75
4.3 A Theorem of Gerstenhaber 76
4.4 Dominance Order and Nilpotent Jordan Types 78
4.5 Generic and Maximal Jordan Type 83
4.6 Tensor Products 86
5 Modules of Constant Jordan Type 89
5.1 Introduction and Definitions 89
5.2 Homogeneous Modules 94
5.3 An Exact Category 98
5.4 Endotrivial Modules 101
5.5 Wild Representation Type 103
5.6 The Constant Image Property 106
5.7 The Generic Kernel 110
5.8 The Subquotient Rad−1 K(M)/Rad2 K(M) 112
5.9 The Constant Kernel Property 114
5.10 The Generic Image 116
5.11 W -Modules 118
5.12 Constant Jordan type with One Non-Projective Block 119
5.13 Rickard’s Conjecture 120
5.14 Consequences and Variations 123
5.15 Further Conjectures 127
6 Vector Bundles on Projective Space 129
6.1 Definitions and First Properties 129
6.2 Tests for Vector Bundles 131
 Contents vii

6.3 Vector Bundles on Projective Space 134

6.4 The Tangent Bundle and the Euler Sequence 136
6.5 Homogeneity and Uniformity 136
6.6 Monads and Subquotients 138
6.7 The Null Correlation Bundle 139
6.8 The Examples of Tango 140
6.9 Cohomology of Projective Space 141
6.10 Differential Forms and Bott’s Theorem 142
6.11 Simplicity 143
6.12 Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem 146

7 Chern Classes 149

7.1 Chern Classes of Graded Modules 149
7.2 Chern Classes of Coherent Sheaves on Pr−1 151
7.3 Some Computations 154
7.4 Restriction of Vector Bundles 155
7.5 Chern Numbers of Twists and Duals 157
7.6 Chern Roots 159
7.7 Power Sums 160
7.8 The Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch Theorem 166
7.9 Chern Numbers and the Frobenius Map 169

8 Modules of Constant Jordan Type and Vector Bundles 172

8.1 Introduction 172
8.2 The Operator θ 173
8.3 The Action of θ on Fibres 174
8.4 The Functors Fi and Fi, j 176
8.5 Twists and Syzygies 181
8.6 Chern Numbers of Fi (M) 183
8.7 The Construction: p = 2 185
8.8 The Construction: p Odd 187
8.9 Proof of the Realisation Theorem 189
8.10 Functoriality 192
8.11 Tensor Products 192
8.12 Negative Tate Cohomology 194
8.13 The BGG Correspondence 195

9 Examples 199
9.1 Modules for (Z/2)2 199
9.2 Modules for (Z/ p)2 201
9.3 Larger Rank 203
9.4 Nilvarieties 204
9.5 The Tangent and Cotangent Bundles 205
9.6 The Null Correlation Bundle, p = 2 207
viii Contents

9.7 The Null Correlation Bundle, p Odd 208

9.8 Instanton Bundles 210
9.9 Schwarzenberger’s Bundles 212
9.10 The Examples of Tango 214
9.11 The Horrocks–Mumford Bundle 215
9.12 Automorphisms of the Horrocks–Mumford Bundle 218
9.13 Realising the Horrocks–Mumford Bundle 223
9.14 The Horrocks Parent Bundle and the Tango Bundle 226

10 Restrictions Coming from Chern Numbers 232

10.1 Matrices of Constant Rank 232
10.2 Congruences on Chern Numbers 235
10.3 Restrictions on Stable Jordan Type, p Odd 237
10.4 Eliminating More Stable Jordan Types 238
10.5 Restrictions on Jordan Type for p = 2 240
10.6 Applying Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch for p = 2: The
Case m = 0 244
10.7 Bypassing Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch 246
10.8 Applying and Bypassing Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch for
p = 2: The Case 1 ≤ m ≤ r − 3 246
10.9 Nilvarieties of Constant Jordan Type [ p]n for p ≥ 3 249
10.10 Nilvarieties with a Single Jordan Block 251
10.11 Babylonian Towers 253

11 Orlov’s Correspondence 255

11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Maximal Cohen–Macaulay Modules 257
11.3 The Orlov Correspondence 259
11.4 The Functors 261
11.5 An Example 263
11.6 The Bidirectional Koszul Complex 264
11.7 A Bimodule Resolution 267
11.8 The Adjunction 269
11.9 The Equivalence 269
11.10 The Trivial Module 270
11.11 Computer Algebra 272
11.12 Cohomology 272
11.13 Twisted Versions of k E 274

12 Phenomenology of Modules over Elementary Abelian p-Groups 276

12.1 Introduction 276
12.2 Module Constructions 278
12.3 Odd Primes Are More Difficult 280
12.4 Relative Cohomology 281
 Contents ix

12.5 Small Modules for Quadrics, p = 2 283

12.6 Small Modules for Quadrics, p Odd 285
Trying to Understand the Specht Module S (3 )
3
12.7 286
12.8 Modules with Small Loewy Length 287
12.9 Small Modules for (Z/ p)2 296
12.10 The Bound is Close to Sharp 299
Appendix A Modules for Z/ p 301
Appendix B Problems 308

References 312
Index 324
 Preface

The origins of this book lie in an extended visit that I made in the Spring of 2008 to
MSRI in Berkeley, California as the Simons Professor for the programme on Rep-
resentation Theory of Finite Groups and Related Topics. Jon Carlson and Julia
Pevtsova were there for a large part of this time, and Eric Friedlander passed
through town several times. Through numerous conversations and lectures, they
ignited my interest in the theory of modules of constant Jordan type. At first, I was
reluctant to be drawn in. But then I managed to prove one of the conjectures from
a paper of Carlson, Friedlander and Pevtsova [81], and I was hooked. This work
has been published [42] and appears here as Section 5.12.
After that initial success, I started working with Julia Pevtsova on the vector bun-
dles on projective space associated to modules of constant Jordan type. We refined
a previous definition of Friedlander and Pevtsova, and proved a realisation theo-
rem. This work has also been published [53] and appears here as Theorem 8.1.1,
Sections 8.2–8.9 and Section 10.2.
I wrote several other papers soon after that, and soon it was getting to the point
where I had so much material that it made sense to make a book based on the
resulting series of papers as well as a great deal of other unpublished work. This is
that book.
My thanks go to MSRI for its hospitality in 2008 and 2013 while parts of this
work were being written; David Eisenbud for sharing his knowledge of vector
bundles on projective spaces; Jon Carlson, Eric Friedlander and Julia Pevtsova
for numerous conversations; Serge Bouc, Radu Stancu and Jon Carlson for their
extensive feedback on earlier versions of the text; Jeremy Rickard for various
interesting comments and questions, and particularly for formulating Conjecture
5.13.1; Andrew Granville for helping me with some number theoretic questions,
and especially for formulating and supplying a proof of a statement similar to
Lemma 12.10.1. I’d also like to thank Jesse Burke, Jon Carlson, Claudia Miller,
Julia Pevtsova and Greg Stevenson for enlightening conversations and feedback
related to Chapter 11, and Mark Walker for giving a talk at a conference in Seattle
that stimulated my interest in Orlov’s correspondence.

xi
 Introduction

Let us begin with an example. Consider the following 30×30 matrices with entries
in an algebraically closed field k of characteristic two.
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a ⎟
⎜b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜c ⎟
⎜d ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜e ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ f ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ a f e ⎟
⎜ b f d ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ c e d ⎟
⎜ d c b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ e c a ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ f b a ⎟
⎜ d f a c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ e a ⎟
⎜ f a ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ d b ⎟
⎜ e f b c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ f b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ d c ⎟
⎜ e c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ f e b c a ⎟
⎜ f d b a c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ e d c c a b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ c b e d f ⎟
⎜ c a e d f ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b a f d f e ⎠
d e f a b c
d e f a b c

Blank entries are taken to be zero (there are two blank rows at the top and two blank
columns on the right). These matrices, for different values of a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ k,
all commute and square to zero. Furthermore, as long as a, b, c, d, e, f are not
all zero, the matrix has rank exactly 14. So the kernel modulo the image is a
two-dimensional vector space. This means that we have assigned to each point
(a : b : c : d : e : f ) ∈ P5 a vector space of dimension two. This gives us a

xiii
xiv Introduction

rank two algebraic vector bundle on projective 5-space, which happens to be the
indecomposable Tango bundle.
On the other hand, if we add the identity to the six matrices obtained by setting
one of the variables equal to 1 and the rest equal to 0, we obtain six commuting
matrices which square to the identity. In other words, we have a k E-module, where
E∼ = (Z/2)6 is an elementary abelian 2-group of rank six. This module has constant
Jordan type [2]14 [1]2 , meaning that the matrices above all have the same Jordan
canonical form with 14 blocks of length two and two blocks of length one.
This illustrates the connection between modules of constant Jordan type for ele-
mentary abelian p-groups and vector bundles on projective space in characteristic
p investigated in this book. Because the people studying these two subjects are
almost disjoint, I have tried to include plenty of introductory material. The reader
should feel free to skip this if appropriate.
So what are modules of constant Jordan type? Among all modules, they are
analogous to the vector bundles among the sheaves.
As Dade put it in [97], “There are just too many modules over p-groups!” More
explicitly, the group algebra of a finite p-group in characteristic p usually has wild
representation type, as we explain in Section 1.2. For a more general finite group,
the Sylow p-subgroup controls the representation type. It follows that in general we
do not hope to classify all the finite-dimensional indecomposable representations
of a finite group.
The theory of varieties for modules was developed by Carlson and others [24, 73,
74, 75] as a way of getting at module structure without making such a classification.
Many aspects of this theory are controlled by the elementary abelian p-subgroups.
So it makes sense to study modules for an elementary abelian p-group as a subject
in its own right. We concentrate on modules of constant Jordan type. For these
modules the variety gives essentially no information, so the theory supplements
the now well-established variety theory. Modules of constant Jordan type are still
wild whenever the representation type of the group is wild, as we show in Section
5.5. These modules are much more rigidly behaved than the general module, but
the theory is nonetheless surprisingly rich.
The formal definition of constant Jordan type is as follows. Let E =
g1 , . . . , gr  ∼
= (Z/ p)r be an elementary abelian p-group and let k be an
algebraically closed field of characteristic p. We set
X i = gi − 1 ∈ k E
p
for 1 ≤ i ≤ r, so that Xi = 0. If α = (λ1 , . . . , λr ) ∈ Ar (k), we define
X α = λ1 X 1 + · · · + λr X r ∈ k E.
If α = 0 then gα = 1 + X α is a unit of order p in k E.
A cyclic shifted subgroup of E is a subgroup of the group algebra k E of the form
E α = gα  for 0 = α ∈ Ar (k). A finitely generated k E-module is said to have
constant Jordan type if the Jordan canonical form of X α on M is independent of α
for 0 = α ∈ Ar (k).
 Introduction xv

We are far from understanding what Jordan types occur for a module M of
constant Jordan type. Of course if r = 1 then the problem is trivial. So let us
assume that r ≥ 2. We write [a1 ] . . . [at ] for a Jordan type with blocks of lengths
a1 , . . . , at , each of which is an integer between 1 and p. We often wish to ignore
Jordan blocks of length p, and the stable Jordan type is the same list with the length
p blocks omitted. The first important theorem in the subject is Dade’s lemma, from
his 1978 paper [98], which states that if the stable Jordan type is empty, in other
words if M has constant Jordan type [ p]n for some n ≥ 0, then M is projective. In
particular, n is divisible by pr−1 . Using this, it is not hard to show that a module
M of stable constant Jordan type [1] or [ p − 1] is endotrivial, in the sense that
M ⊗k M ∗ is trivial plus projective. Dade’s classification of endotrivial modules for
an elementary abelian p-group then implies that M is isomorphic to n (k) plus a
projective for some n ∈ Z.
In the paper of Carlson, Friedlander and Pevtsova [81], it is conjectured that for
r ≥ 2 and p ≥ 5 there is no module of stable constant Jordan type [2]. In other
words, there is no module with the property that every X α acts with Jordan blocks
all of length p except for a single block of length two. In Section 5.12 we prove the
more general statement that for r ≥ 2 and 2 ≤ a ≤ p − 2 there is no k E-module of
stable constant Jordan type [a]. This completes the analysis of modules of constant
Jordan type with one non-projective Jordan block. For larger stable Jordan types,
our knowledge is much more limited. The following conjectures appear in Sections
5.13 and 5.15. We continue to assume that E has rank r ≥ 2.

Conjecture (Rickard) If a k E-module of constant Jordan type has no Jordan

blocks of length j then the total number of Jordan blocks of length larger than
j (including the blocks of length p) is divisible by p.

In Section 5.13 we prove the cases j = 1 and j = p − 1 of Rickard’s conjec-

ture. The proof involves the notion of generic kernel for modules over rank two
elementary abelian groups, developed by Carlson, Friedlander and Suslin [82].

Conjecture (Suslin) If a k E-module of constant Jordan type has Jordan blocks of

length j then it also has to have Jordan blocks of length either j + 1 or j − 1. In
other words, there are no isolated lengths.

Conjecture (Carlson, Friedlander and Pevtsova) If M is a k E-module of stable

constant Jordan type [2][1] j then j ≥ r − 1.

In Section 10.4 we prove a weak version of the conjecture of Carlson, Friedlan-

der and Pevtsova, on modules of stable constant Jordan type [2][1] j . Namely we
prove that j ≥ r −2 if p is large enough. The proof of this uses the theory of Chern
classes for vector bundles on projective space, a subject which we discuss in detail
in Chapter 7.
xvi Introduction

When we talk of vector bundles, we are referring to algebraic vector bundles,

namely locally free sheaves of modules over the structure sheaf. In the case of
projective space Pr−1 , the only rank one vector bundles (line bundles) are twists
of the structure sheaf O(a). There are plenty of indecomposable vector bundles of
every rank at least r − 2 if r ≥ 3, but very little is known about vector bundles
whose rank s is in the range 2 ≤ s ≤ r − 3. The only values of r and s in this
range for which we know of indecomposable vector bundles are r = 5, s = 2
(Horrocks–Mumford), r = 6, s = 3 (Horrocks), and in characteristic two r = 6,
s = 2 (Tango). A vector bundle in this range with other values of r and s will be
referred to as a new low rank vector bundle on projective space.
Part of the point of Chapters 6 and 7 is to give an account of the theory of vector
bundles on projective space, leading quickly and efficiently to the definition of
Chern classes and a proof of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem in this case.
This will greatly facilitate the discussion of restrictions on Jordan type coming
from Chern classes.
If M is a k E-module of constant Jordan type, then we associate to M vector bun-
dles F1 (M), . . . , F p (M) on projective space Pr−1 in such a way that the rank of
Fi (M) is equal to the number of Jordan blocks of length i on a cyclic shifted sub-
group of k E. The way that projective space enters the game is that points in Pr−1
correspond to cyclic shifted subgroups of k E (up to a scalar). In some sense, Fi (M)
associates to each point of projective space the socle of the sum of the Jordan
blocks of length i of the restriction of M to the corresponding cyclic shifted sub-
group. The twists Fi (M), Fi (M)(1), . . . , Fi (M)(i − 1) associate to each point on
projective space the successive socle layers of the length i blocks of the restriction.
At this point, an interesting question arises. What vector bundles occur this way?
The answer to this question is quite different for p = 2 and p odd, as we shall see
in Section 8.9. For p = 2, given any vector bundle F of rank s on Pr −1 , there
exists a k E-module M of stable constant Jordan type [1]s such that F1 (M) ∼ = F.
The same construction with p odd only shows that given F, there is a k E-module
M of stable constant Jordan type [1]s such that F1 (M) ∼ = F ∗ (F), the pullback of F
−1
through the Frobenius map F on P . And indeed, it turns out that without pulling
r

back through the Frobenius map, there are restrictions coming from Chern classes.
In Section 10.3 we show that if M has stable constant Jordan type [1]s then the
Chern numbers c1 (F1 (M)), . . . , c p−2 (F1 (M)) are divisible by p.
Further congruences on Chern numbers come from the Hirzebruch–Riemann–
Roch theorem. For example, in Section 10.8 we prove the following. Let E ∼ =
(Z/2)r . If M is a k E-module of constant Jordan type [2]n [1]m and n is not con-
gruent to one of the integers 0, −1, . . . , −m modulo 2r−1 then F1 (M) is a vector
bundle on Pr−1 which is not a sum of line bundles. In particular, if r > 6 and
m ≤ r − 3 then F1 (M) is a new low rank vector bundle on projective space.
The Tango bundle example from the beginning of the introduction shows why the
restriction r > 6 is necessary.
 Introduction xvii

Finally, the last chapter is a bit more speculative. We investigate the general
question of how to construct small modules with interesting properties. The con-
structions are basically the same as those used to construct modules of constant
Jordan type, but we see that the applicability of the methods is much wider. Again,
p = 2 behaves quite differently from p odd. So, for example, we shall see that
a module of Loewy length p can have an arbitrary hypersurface as its variety if
p = 2 but only finite unions of hyperplanes can be realised when p is odd.
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