Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 2020, 15/1: 133-170

MARITIME 4.0 AND EXPECTATIONS IN MARITIME

SECTOR
Dursun BALKAN *

Abstract

As the rapid development of communication and information technologies allows

real-time transmission of information, the world is increasingly becoming a
global society. In this context, the most developed countries are required to
develop their own strategies to encourage the industrial sector to stay up to date
and compete in a dynamic and volatile global market in order to maintain its
competitive capacity. For this reason, since the path of competitiveness through
technological differentiation in industrialization provides a wider and innovative
field of research, it reveals the result of a new phase of organization and
industrial technology that is beginning to change our relationship with industry,
society and human interaction in the business world at present standards. The
main target of this study is to reveal the effects of Industry 4.0 on the Maritime
sector using with the explanation of the historical development and conceptual
framework of today's high technology industry 4.0 and its expectations in
maritime sector in the light of the relevant literature. The whole worldwide
maritime applications and their reflections on all fields are also the scope of this
study. A qualitative descriptive analysis method was conducted to determine the
current situation of Maritime Sector which is including Industry 4.0 processes.
The findings of this study are Marine-related organizations should be reshaped to
meet the needs of the future. Measures and regulations related to the increasing
environmental protection sensitivity in the world will directly affect almost every
area of the sector. Also, the developing technologies, increasing customer
demand and intense competition; it will make the recently introduced Industry
4.0 implementation inevitable.

Keywords: Maritime Sector, Maritime 4.0, Industry 4.0, Maritime Expectations,

Maritime Development

* Dr., Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı, ORCID: 0000-0002-4024-9498

DOI: 10.17550/akademikincelemeler.660651 133

Geliş T./Received D.: 17.12.2019 Kabul T./Accepted D.: 29.04.2020
Dursun BALKAN

Denizcilik 4.0 ve Denizcilik Sektörünün

Beklentileri

Öz

Bilişim teknolojileri hızlı bir biçimde ilerlemesi, verilerin anlık bir biçimde
aktarılmasını sağladığından, insanlık hızlıca küresel bir toplum haline
dönüşmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerin bile değişken pazar şartlarında, rekabet
güçlerini korumak ve sanayi sektörünü güncel tutabilmeleri için tüm sektörleri
birbiriyle yarıştıracak farklı yol haritaları ortaya koyması gerekmektedir.
Sanayide çalışanlar, sanayinin genel yapısı ve toplumsal olarak etkileşimlerimiz
değiştiğinden, rekabetçiliğin beklenenden fazla inovatif ve farklı pazarlara
yönlendirebilme özelliği iş dünyasının da mevcut standartlarını ortaya
koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, günümüzün ileri teknoloji trendinin göstergesi olan
Endüstri 4.0'ın tarihsel gelişimi ve kavramsal çerçevesi ele alınarak ilgili literatür
ışığında denizcilik sektöründeki Endüstri 4.0 beklentileri incelenmiştir. Dünya
çapındaki denizcilik uygulamaları ve bunların tüm alanlara yansımaları da bu
çalışmanın kapsamı olarak ele alınmıştır. Endüstri 4.0 süreçlerini içeren
denizcilik Sektörünün mevcut durumunu belirlemek için nitel bir durum analizi
yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, geleceğin ihtiyaçlarını
karşılamak için denizcilikle ilgili kuruluşların yeniden şekillendirilmesi
gerektiğidir. Dünyada artan çevre koruma duyarlılığına ilişkin önlemler ve
düzenlemeler, sektörün neredeyse her alanını doğrudan etkileyecektir. Ayrıca
gelişen teknolojiler, artan müşteri talebi ve yoğun rekabet; yakın zamanda
piyasaya sürülen Endüstri 4.0 uygulamasını kaçınılmaz hale getirecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Denizcilik Sektörü, Denizcilik 4.0, Sanayi 4.0, Denizcilik

Beklentileri, Denizciliğin Gelişimi.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, production systems and technologies are in a rapid

change. This change leads to a change in the understanding of
classical production as well as physical change. Technology has been
the most important issue of modern production systems, and
businesses, governments and production policy makers play a major
role in the development or renewal of existing production
technologies. The rate of technological progress is also increasing.
Currently, 1.3 billion people in the world can not use electricity, 17
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percent of the total world population uses industry 2.0 technologies.

Similar things can be said For Industry 3.0. There are a large number
of people in the world who do not have access to the internet.
However, the spread rate of the internet is quite fast compared to
other technologies. For example, the spinning machine was able to
spread out of Europe after 120 years, and it took 15 years for the
internet to take its form. Considering the spread rate of the Internet,
the rate of spread of Industry 4.0 is estimated by a similar approach
(Alçın, 2016).

Traditional production systems include important advantages

such as international automation, scale economy, experience-based
information. In parallel with changing customer demands, mounting
new developing production technologies into production systems
becomes an increasingly important issue (Mehami et al., 2018).

Increase in labor costs increase in investment return period,

reduced qualified labor force, disruptions in the ecosystem, shift of
labor from manufacturing to service sector, labor-related bottlenecks
are triggering a new industrial revolution unlike the ongoing second
and third industrial revolution. The personalized demands of
customers, which are increasing day by day, are one of the reasons of
the new industrial revolution (Benesova & Tupa, 2017). The Fordist
production model supports mass production, the focus of each
machine on one job, uniform mass production. This approach is
inadequate for different product demands. In order to respond to
different customer demands, the functions of the machines in the
production system need to be increased. Flexible production systems
that adapt instantly to changes in production, enabling machines to
operate in different modes and reducing line change or calibration
times, need to be established (Fırat & Fırat, 2017).

The three-industrial revolution in history triggered

technological advances. The discovery of water and steam powered

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machines, business division and transition to mass production, the

introduction of software and Programmable Logic Control (PLC) into
production systems triggered the first three industrial revolutions.
Today, the new industrial revolution is triggering the rapid
development of the internet. The internet enables the establishment
of communication between people and machines (Bartodziej, 2016).
The widespread use of the internet ensures digitization in all areas.
Therefore, production systems are entering the process of
digitization. Digitalization is manifested not in selected sectors but in
all sectors. It is impossible for businesses to think independently of
the new technological developments and the digitization processes
that occur after the sector is located. Digitalization is not a matter of
choice for businesses, it will be a necessary step to be taken over time
(Saucedo-Martínez et al., 2018).

According to more than 2000 research companies, the level of

digitalization of companies is expanding quickly. Each firm can
become advanced institutions after this conversion process.
Digitalization process will include both physical and virtual
simultaneous display of products and imaginative administrations.
Also, firms which apply digitalism processes will work in accodance
with their computerized environments, contain the common
advances they construct with their clients and providers (Kagermann
et al., 2012). With the new industrial revolution, information and
communication technologies and their fields of use are developing
rapidly. Major developments in automation, sensor connections, data
transfers, manufacturing systems technologies are examples of
information and communication technologies. All of these
developments and changes in technology, including the idea and
approach is introduced as Industry 4.0 (Salkın et al., 2018).

Technological systems, which have been used in production in

recent years, change the industrial appearance. Beyond conventional
industrial systems, smart factories and smart machines reveal the
concept of Industry 4.0. The concept of Industry 4.0 is a series of
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technological developments that affect and change products and

processes, integrate the digital and physical world into production,
and enable intelligent products to be produced. As the industrial
appearance changes, product demands with smart products are
rapidly changing, and more functional and comprehensive products
are being demanded (Benesova & Tupa, 2017).

The reasons for the emergence of Industry 4.0 are not limited to
technological developments. Developed countries have lost their
competitive power against developing countries and have sought a
new production strategy because of the increase in social spending
along with aging populations. The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
which the United States and Germany put forward the first ideas,
includes the rationale for the establishment of smart factories before
manpower to increase production. Thus, with smart factory
installations, developed countries will be able to regain their lost
competitiveness (Bartodziej, 2016).

New emerging technologies also affect the education system.

The human factor plays an important role in future production
systems because only the personnel who are well trained in the logic
of new production systems can use these technologies. For this
reason, enterprises should pay attention to human resources
management and strategies and focus on the qualified development
of the workforce (Lezzi et al., 2018).

With new technologies, the increasing volume of data increases

demand for the cloud system. In terms of information technologies,
there will also be a need for specialized personnel who will
implement the cloud system in enterprises, and the experts who will
enable the integration of the cloud system engineers will be working
in the business cadre. In other words, after switching to the cloud
system, the understanding of computing personnel will change, and
they will need to be more qualified (Alçın, 2016). With Industry 4.0,

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new business environments are emerging where the machine-

human-product relationship between smart factories is established
with the internet and where the work is carried out on the internet
and the target productions are planned and executed efficiently by
robots (Salkın et al., 2018).

There are differences between traditional enterprises and

Industry 4.0 enterprises. The goal is to provide high quality products
or services to customers at low cost in traditional enterprises. In
addition, businesses are constantly aiming to increase their profits
and their respectability. In this context, various data are used to
understand current operational situations, to solve errors. Existing
errors are corrected after they are detected. Otherwise, in Industry
4.0 enterprises, besides using existing data and accumulating new
data, the system makes predictions to prevent possible production
errors and sends alarms to the management to resolve any errors.
Thus, the management becomes more knowledgeable about the
status of production lines and can solve the problem without error.
The Industry 4.0 system targets zero downtime during just-in-time
maintenance and production (Motyl et al., 2017; Saucedo-Martínez et
al., 2018).

According to McKinsey's research in 2015, companies don't

know modern developing advances consistently. McKinsey guided an
inquire about on 300 driving companies in production, 48% of these
firms were prepared for Industry 4.0, 78% of participating firms
were within the prepare of this unused handle (Baur & Wee, 2015;
Sung, 2018). It is well known that leading companies in developed
countries look positively and that new technologies are rapidly
integrated into production systems.

Maritime 4.0 programs are not more advanced than Industry

4.0 organizations. The industrial enterprises have already used high
levels of automation with Industry 4.0 and digitalization processes
are fairly minimum phase. The life cycles are considerably longer and
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more complex for industries which have more investment chance

than other. Also, innovation in Maritime researches is not same with
other sectors. The main difficulties that confront operations at ocean
cruel there will be critical contrasts. The digitalization methodologies
and the sort of specialized associations will be diverse since the
boundaries to appropriation are more noteworthy. It isn't fair that
any arrangement must survive the requests of a working life at
ocean. The openings for imaginative arrangements to enter the item
life cycle are less and the timescales more firmly.

Maritime 4.0 applications have started at first started in

Germany like Industry 4.0 initiatives and nearly 12 billion euros will
be contributed into the research and developments turnover of the
maritime industry. The sea industry has the yearly turnover of 18
billion euros, and approximately 80% of the value is included within
the maritime industry in Germany (BMWi, 2017). In Japan, the
Industry 4.0 thought had reported in 2014, however it is gotten to be
official in 2016, with the articulation of future German-Japanese
participation (BST, 2017). But, maritime researches are beginner
phase in Japan like France, Brazil, Finland, Spain, UK, Sweden,
Norway.

American organizations established the Industrial Internet

Consortium (IIC), and five of them begun with the expanding the
advertise estimate of the internet of the things within the
shipbuilding industry. The new ships are more technologically
progressed and complicated than any past era, speedier and way
better than ever some time recently. Moreover, the ships of the
modern era will final longer and be more versatile to changing the
wants all through their lives. Nowadays US shipbuilding, particularly
the Naval force, confronting a tidal wave of expanded requests; the
NNS (Newport News Shipyard) shipyard is on his way to the
Maritime 4.0 digitization handle. It is anticipated, that this approach
will produce 15 percent more taken a toll investment funds over the

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conventional shipbuilding strategies. (DM, 2017)

Industry 4.0 process has started with “Manufacturing

Innovation 3.0 Strategy” reports at Korea in 2015. Korea has
commenced a development center within the shipbuilding capital of
Ulsan in Busan in 2015 as portion of the modern alter within the
industrial innovation. Samsung Heavy Industries, Daewoo
Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering and Hyundai Heavy Industries
which is three main shipbuilders will support all the innovation
activities in this center (HHI, 2015).

The activity methodology construct “Made in China 2025”

coordinate motivation from Germany Industry 4.0. is published in
2015. The arrange is making the innovation centers from 15 to 40
between 2020 to 2025. Shipbuilding 4.0 within the Chinese
shipbuilding industry is called 5S, a ships operation cleverly benefit
framework that highlights Sea, Ship, System, Smart and Services. The
keen demo transport is highlighted need improvement in "Made in
China 2025” (Yuyang, 2014; Kennedy, 2015). This implies dispatch
status security appraisal, transport vitality proficiency checking,
investigation, evaluation and optimization, status, appraisal and
support optimization, ocean course, dispatch route and operational
control, all associated through Big Data (CSSC, 2015).

The advanced change of the Maritime 4.0 period begun within

the Adelaide Australian Naval force shipyard in Australia. 1.5 billion
Australian dollars for the design and engineering process and almost
100 million Australian dollars in information and technologies will be
invested for this digital transformation process to become the most
advantages Navy shipyard in the world (Hughes, 2016).

2. A General Review of Literature on the Impact of Industrial

Revolution

When we examine the general term "industrial revolution" in

detail, we see that it can be divided into three parts until the present
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day. The First Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century
with the use of steam-powered weaving looms (first mechanical
loom, 1784). It is assumed that the Second Industrial Revolution was
started with the start of mass production with the help of electrical
energy (First assembly line, 1870). The third industrial revolution is
carried out by the application of electronic equipment and
information technologies and by the automation of production (First
programmable logic control system, 1969). In addition, the Fourth
Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has recently been added to the
industry literature, which foresees intense cooperation with data and
the physical world and the internet connection between machine and
human (Camarinha-Matos et al,, 2017; Salkın et al.,2018).

In 2011, Industry 4.0 emerged as a state-of-the-art strategy

project, which was developed to “Maintain Germany's position as a
major production force in the world”. Basically, the İndustry 4.0
revolution is the concept that uses the Internet of Things (IoT),
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), data, machinery and people together
to effectively establish a fully integrated, automated and optimized
production base instead of a traditional one-hand managed
production system, and, in this context, aims to establish higher
productivity and closer production relationships between people and
machines (Motyl et al., 2017).

The world is rapidly becoming interconnected in a virtual and

physical environment. Technological advances have led to the rapid
development of computer and internet since the 1990s, and data
management in production becomes a problem for companies and
sectors. In all industries, customers demand manufacturers to
produce bespoke products at the cost of mass production. They also
intervene with last-minute changes to production (Wagner et al.,
2017).

Considering all this, industry 4.0 briefly promises to produce

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bespoke products at serial production cost, to establish a highly

flexible production structure that can adapt to changes quickly, to
establish closer and effective relationships between customers,
contractors, subcontractors and other stakeholders in the product
development process, to increase machine-human-compatible
operation with large data link, fully integrated, automatic and
optimized production flow (Pereira & Romero, 2017).

3. History of Industrial Revolution

The first place of industrial revolution is in England. The

First Industrial Revolution spread to Western European countries
and the United States immediately after Britain. With the
industrial revolutions, many approaches in production have
changed, new rules have been started to be applied, and the level
of development of the countries has been started to be
determined by looking at the levels of industrialization.
Industrialization can be defined as the transformation of nature
parallel to human needs (Aksoy, 2017).

Table 1: History of industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution Description
First Industrial Discovery of machines operating with
Revolution (1760-1830) water and steam energy
Discovery of electricity, division of
Second Industrial
labor and formation of mass
Revolution (1840-1973)
production logic
The establishment of automation
Third Industrial
systems, development of Information
Revolution (1974-2011)
Technology
Fourth Industrial Rapid transfer of cyber-physical
Revolution (2011-…) systems and information in production

Table 1 shows the dates of the realization of the four

industrial revolutions and the important events leading to the
emergence of the concept of industrial revolution. Examining the
four industrial revolutions that are important in the production
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industry as sub-headings will provide a step-by-step overview of

the revolutions in production.

The first industrial revolution (1760-1830), which was

considered as the first industrialization in production, began with
the emergence of the UK and the use of machines working with
water and steam energy in production. In the first industrial
revolution, which spread all over Europe and then the world just
after the United Kingdom, it was ensured that machines made
using water and steam energy were used instead of manpower. In
addition, factories have started to be opened for the first time
(Gabaçlı & Uzunöz, 2017; Wagner et al., 2017). The transition
from classical agriculture to industrial society started in these
years and with the Industrial Revolution, radical changes took
place in the society. It has also increased its production capacity
naturally, when it began to be used instead of manpower in
production (Burritt & Christ, 2016).

The second industrial revolution (1840-1973) is also called

the technology revolution. Raw materials and energy sources
began to change with this revolution. The replacement of steam
power with the discovery of electricity has led to the formation of
new systems while developing the production industry. Together
with electricity, assembly lines were established, and mass
production lines were created. Henry Ford was one of the
pioneers of the Second Industrial Revolution by starting to
implement the type of production bands that will generate mass
production in the automobile factory. The mass production lines
that started in the automotive sector have rapidly spread to other
sectors. Until the 1960s, mass production was called Fordism
(Wang et al., 2016). Today, less developed industries and the
second industrial revolution in countries are still going on in part
according to the level of development of the sector and countries.

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The use of electricity in factories instead of steam energy,

the use of crude oil as a source of energy instead of coal, and the
series production assembly lines were innovations introduced by
the Second Industrial Revolution into production systems. With
Fordist series production and Taylor production techniques,
productivity increases were achieved with the increase in
production speeds. The increase in productivity has led to the
increase in revenues and the increase in income has led to the rise
of the middle class (Berger, 2014; Wagner et al.,2016).

The third industrial revolution (1974-2011) is mass

production enables the delivery of uniform products to the
market. Since the second half of the 20th century, customer
production demands have started to change, and the logic of mass
production has changed. As computers, automation systems,
information and communication technologies started to be used
in production lines, production models were started to be
produced according to personal demands instead of mass
production (Gabaçlı & Uzunöz, 2014). Personalized customer
demands have led to the Third Industrial Revolution. Developing
technologies and the use of these technologies in production
systems are the main factors that start this process.

The third industrial revolution is thought to be the

foundation of satellite and wireless technology products, resulting
from the development and spread of information and
communication technologies. Solar, wind, underground and
hydrogen energies, zero emission transportation, green economy,
common relations between industries, globalization of industry
and trade are the main topics of this period (Glas & Kleemann,
2016; Kabaklarlı, 2016).

Fourth industrial revolution (2011 -....); every industrial

revolution has led to an increase in productivity and a great
acceleration in production. By today, Cyber-Physical Systems and
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Internet-based production of objects that are used in production

systems have led to a new industrial revolution. The Fourth
Industrial Revolution is called Industry 4.0 by most sources, and
unlike the third industrial revolution, it is seen that machine and
machine systems automatically perform production and manage
production processes without labor (Berger, 2014).

4. Development Process of Industry 4.0

There are some elements that trigger the emergence of

Industry 4.0. The high-level developments in Internet and
technology after industry 3.0 paved the way for the new industrial
revolution. In addition to technological developments, since the
1990s, the world's share of production has shifted from developed
countries to developing countries, population has increased in
developing countries, costs have increased in developed countries,
leading to a new revolution in production in western developed
countries (Benesova & Tupa, 2017).

The production sector is one of the main sectors of Europe's

economic growth. In Europe, 75 percent of exports and 80 percent
of all innovations are from industrial growth but the current growth
in Europe is evaluated in two different ways. While the developing
Eastern European countries and the German industry are constantly
growing, advanced Western European countries, such as England
and France, have been losing market share in the industry for the
past 20 years. In total, Europe has lost its market share in the last 20
years, while developing countries have doubled their industrial
market share to 40 percent today. Since Germany has seen that the
market share in the industry is constantly shifting to developing
countries, it has tried to produce strategies to protect and develop
its current market share for several years and has become the
leading country in the industry (Hermann et al,, 2016). When
examining Europe in terms of developed countries, it is clear that

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the share of the production market has fallen with globalization in

recent years, like other developed countries.

In 1997, the concept of the liquidity of production factors,

which was defined by Aron, was the idea that capitalists would
direct their investments to lower cost countries by thinking about
their production costs. In this case, the capital and information
resources of developed countries were transferred to developing
countries, while developing countries presented their raw materials
and labor force to the use of developed countries. The decline in
production costs triggered more production and began to globalize
with the idea of capitalism. Developing countries such as Brazil,
Argentina, Turkey, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and China
have begun to develop industries by combining the financial
strength they have gained from developed countries with the
knowledge they have learned in this process. In particular, countries
under the leadership of China, India and Brazil compete with
developed countries with this development opportunity, and even
establish dominance over them (Kağnıcıoğlu & Özdemir, 2017).

As well as the level of development, the population rates of

countries cause changes in production rates in the world in recent
years. China and India ensure that the population of the country is
far above the world average and labor costs are low. On the other
hand, Germany and developed European countries are unable to
compete with developing countries with aging populations. As a
solution to this, instead of body power, it tries to spread high-tech
automation systems (Wagner et al., 2017) Using high-tech
production systems is an important step towards the transition to
Industry 4.0.

All these developments show that developed countries need to

enter a new trend in order to regain their lost market shares in the
manufacturing industry. This trend is now Industry 4.0.
(Kagermann et al., 2012), industry-strong countries such as
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Germany believe that they can successfully implement Industry 4.0

applications. Because it will not be easy to implement industry 4.0
expertise issues such as the transition to automation systems, the
establishment of sensor-dependent production information
systems, the establishment of self-managing production systems,
and efficient operation in countries where the industry is not strong.

5. Industry 4.0 and Expectations in Maritime

Today, maritime transportation is responsible for the

transport of 90% of the international cargoes and is in a very
important position for the functioning of the global economy.
Especially in the intercontinental trade, it is not possible to realize
the economic and efficient realization of large amounts of import
and export of raw materials, food and other cargoes, except for
maritime transport. The low cost and high efficiency in maritime
transport has led to developments in the field of industry and
economy, especially in the Far East countries, allowing goods
produced at low costs to be consumed in the intercontinental
markets, enabling them to achieve global living standards (Papers in
Australian Maritime Affairs, 2002).

Bespoke products provide the basis for shipbuilding. It is

normal for shipyards, shipowners, and government agencies to wish
to add demands that could bring profound changes to the
construction contract, even for ship designs previously made. All of
this is not enough because customers expect the production of
bespoke products to be produced at the cost of mass production. At
the same time, returning shipyards to the ‘smart factory’ concept
will allow them to respond quickly to last-minute changes or
revisions (Motyl et al., 2017).

Ship Construction; it requires an integrated operation and

planning of many processes from procurement of equipment and
materials to design activities, subcontracting to class and legal

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organization activities. This integration can be achieved through

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). PLM; It is a data management
system that can integrate data, process, business systems and
ultimately people in an organization. PLM software enables efficient
and cost-effective monitoring and management of this data
throughout its life cycle, from the emergence of a product idea to its
design, production, service life and ultimately discard (Buhaug et al.,
2002).

IT integration, which can increase machine automation in

production, especially in activities that can be defined as automated
jobs, such as resource processes, and which can decide
independently, will reduce the error rate and make a more efficient
process possible. With the use of large data structure in ship design,
it is possible to produce a ship prototype quickly by iteration and
design optimization of order parameters from the existing ship
database, and accordingly, shipment of design documents to the
shipyard by using PLM structure and a shipbuilding process can be
possible as well (Lezzi et al., 2018).

Inventory and material management will enable the IoT

network with various transmitters to be included in the design
documents and parts lists, and material output and management
can be realized more efficiently throughout the construction
process. In addition, it will be possible to plan which equipment will
be supplied to the shipyard without coming from any central
decision-making mechanism by means of returns collected from
cyber physical systems from the key products to be determined
during the construction process. In both cases, the Just-Time
concept will be realized and the work in process will be reduced.
The main problems in the application of Industry 4.0 to shipbuilding
and shipyards are given below (Endresen et al., 2010):

• IT security problems, which is the principle of accessing all

kinds of personnel and machines to the data pool, which comes with
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a large data concept, involves cyber risk in itself. To overcome this,

robust internet security protocols and procedures must be
developed.

• From design to shipyard production workshops, from

material suppliers to subcontractors, from class organizations to
various regulatory authorities, the shipbuilding and maritime
process will require many organizations to work together and
exchange data. This will be a disadvantage as well as a great
advantage with the system's seating.

• Trained staff deficit,

• Probable strength of sector stakeholders to Industry 4.0.

• A large part of the workforce resource “smart factory”

concept and labor surplus status (social dimension).

5.1. Reshaping The Maritime Sector

One of the most troublesome issues in the maritime sector is

the fact that it faces conjunctural problems. These problems can be
macroeconomic changes, such as economic crises, political crises.
There is no direct action the sector can take to prevent them. All he
can do is reduce risk damage by implementing risk management
plans based on healthy risk assessments that are designed
beforehand when these occur. Risk management is a very sensitive
issue. Risk management needs to be “reshaping” of the organization
as necessary. This shaping covers the following areas (Dalrosen et
al., 2017):

• Management will react to different situations and have a

capacity to be built according to the concept of ‘strategic
management.

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• Flexible renewal of the organization to respond to different

situations.

• Critical personnel are competent and trained to respond to

different situations,

• Diversification of the fields of activity of the organization,

• Digitalization to enable the collection, storage and use of

large and diverse information (data).

• In this context, the following issues can be made by

companies operating in the maritime area (Balland et al., 2012):

• Formation of top management according to strategic

management concept,

• Financial, budgeting, organizational structure required for

crisis management,

• Maritime organizations; marina, port operation, marina,

shipyard business and other areas of activity, such as logistics and
similar areas of activity,

• Development of Management Information Systems,

transition to digital trade, and automation with high reliability.

The usage of new 5G technologies, block-chain systems and

dynamic clusters techniques are the specific applications of
reshaping maritime sector. 5G technologies will be modified all
sectors. The maritime industry become more safety with this
technological improvement. With improved communication
technology comes improved maritime communication. 5G is
expected to facilitate the roll out of smart drones that can return
real time monitoring of ships entering and leaving ports and
improve ship shore communications for ship traffic. In addition to
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providing a better connectivity for the internet of things sensors

that can assist in search and rescue efforts by providing real time
information and accurate positioning of downed or stuck vessels.
While autonomy can be a scary buzzword when talking about
industries that could be autotomized. In the shipping industry,
autonomous shipping could instead potentially save thousands of
lives. The oceans are not a place to make mistakes and sometimes
these vessels can never be safely recovered adding further to the
harmful rubbish we leave in our already suffering seas. Also, the
development of autonomous ships is still at the experimental stage,
5G technologies will provide a stronger base for the manufacture of
remote-controlled ships, remote-piloted ships and vessels powered
by artificial intelligence. Most importantly, advanced
communication technologies will improve the safety of commercial
shipping for the better, saving lives, preventing accidents and
putting less pollution into our already affected oceans. We are
already seeing a drop in the number of spills and total losses
experienced every year but considering many of the ships used
today are decades old and not the cleanest. There is still more the
industry can be doing to ensure an eco-friendlier method of
distribution. With a blockchain enabled shipping systems each
vessel has generating a highly automated, self-executable and
functional transportation system. The ships brain can be precisely
modified to robotize rationale-based occasions. A blockchain
enabler within the shipping can create multiple contracts in
numerous blockchain systems connected to a single chain and
improve them with restrictive energetic information not shared
inside the blockchain networks. Dynamic clustering is a vital portion
of bringing any industry to life. Development cherishes company
and the capacity to share encounters, thoughts and discover
common objectives are basic parts of any explore for arrangements.
There's a vitality and a buzz, and basic for numerous of the start-up
companies looking for to develop interior a cluster to end of the sea
and shipping economies.

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5.2. Marine Environment and Environmental

Sensitivity in The Maritime Sector

More than %70 of the earth's surface is cover by oceans and

seas with give minerals and nourishment, create oxygen, retain
nursery gasses and keep climate alter, decide temperatures and
climate designs, and support as interstates for sea-borne universal
exchange. The seas economy includes a maintainable economy for
the ocean-based marine environment, species and hereditary assets,
biological systems, related biodiversity and common assets at the sea
(UNCTAD, 2020). Climate actions, life below water, CO2 emissions
subjects are the main development goals which is based on marine
environment in United Nations environment program.

In international platforms, ongoing discussions are being held

to reduce and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions and new
measures are being taken. Of course, the maritime sector is also
affected. Maritime transport, which is an international activity, has
taken important steps in this regard and studies in this field are
continuing. Those operating in this sector have to be very careful
about this issue (Awoyomi et al., 2019).

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and preventing

dangerous climate change is one of the most important issues to
reduce CO2 emissions. In fact, maritime transport is the area where
carbon emissions are most efficient in commercial transportation.
Fuel is the most important cost in maritime transport, so reducing
CO2 emissions is important for maritime transport, which is around
2.6% (Rehmatulla et al,, 2017).

Environmental pollution is not just CO2 emissions. To reduce

the greenhouse effect that leads to climate change, hazardous
substances such as co, NMVOC, PM, CH4, N2, SOx and NOx (Nitrogen
and Sulphate Derivatives) must also be controlled. This condition
requires that not only ships, but all elements such as Port, shipyard,

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dismantling facilities and offshore platforms connected to the sea

should be constructed so as not to pollute the environment.
Therefore, both ship and other marine facilities need to be
considered in the planning and construction phase to meet these
qualities. Additional equipment, sea connections, filtration systems,
consumables to be made for the control of the emissions made to
the sea constitute an important expense item and they should be
considered at the beginning (Klimarx, 2019).

5.3 Traffic Density and Security of Navigation

85% of World Trade is made by sea. In 2015, the world sea

trade increased by an estimated 2% on a yearly basis, reaching a
total of 10.7 billion tons. The capacity of the world maritime trade
fleet has increased by more than twice compared to the beginning of
2003 and reached 50 700 commercial vessels and 1.67 billion DWT
by mid-2015. The growth of the world economy and, consequently,
the amount of the goods transported and the number of ships in the
world's oceans has increased due to the increase in traffic density,
AIS, ECDIS and satellite communications systems, facilitating
navigation if it provides the danger of cruising the seas still
continues. Advanced navigational aids provide great convenience in
recognition, promotion and evaluation, but a large number of
collected information makes it difficult for users to assess. There is a
need for systems that filter the most important and priority
information to the user. By associating the position-route speed
information collected by navigation systems (interface), it is
necessary to create a digital analysis capability that will analyze
them according to the current position and movements of the ship
and present the most appropriate information (Lee et al., 2018).

The term of “The Road Ahead” which is about the traffic or

navigation systems in maritime enter the literature with Industry
4.0 developments. Subsequently, to survey the marine activity

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security precisely each nation ought to select the foremost

reasonable evaluation show for their claim conduits. Because,
waterways of each nation have their possess characteristics like
geography, oceanography, shipping/fishing exercises and individual
characteristics of seafarers. The administrative and lawful systems
in the countries will be created to encourage a secure and capable
new innovation technologies with the road towards associated
independent shipping route frameworks to specialized cargo
vessels for costal and nearby activity. After using these Industry 4.0
technologies in navigation systems at vessels, also the risk of the
piracy problems at the seas will reduce.

5.4. Automation, Digitization and Internet of the

Things

In order to increase production speed and efficiency in

industry, reduce the use of manpower and reduce costs, automation
is made. The use of automation in ships, shipyards and ports has
increased greatly. However, automation requires a certain
technological investment and increases the dependency of
computer systems. Developments in the field of computer and
electronics require the renewal of automation systems from time to
time. In open end systems suitable for development and changes,
these changes are cheaper and easier to make (Balland et al., 2012).

Computer support was inevitable in the operations of both the

management operating systems and the machines used in the
enterprise. Digitalization is essential for providing this support
easily and inexpensively. Digitalization is the transfer of data or
operational processes that were previously created manually to a
computer or to a digital environment. With the power of the
computer, the process goes faster, and data access and resource
management are simplified. Information mining and Artificial
Intelligence have become a necessity in today's large enterprises.
Digitization is also essential for these applications (Eide et al.,
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2011).

As a result of the widespread use of the Internet, “Internet of

things” has emerged. This new approach can be described as a wide
network of communication in which physical objects are
interconnected with each other or larger systems. The purpose of
the system is to connect objects to objects, and object to people.
Especially in a very wide geography and 7 days 24 hours operation
of the sea transportation in this new concept should be considered
the benefit of absolute (Endresen et al., 2010).

In summary, in order to operate marine sector systems

consisting of Huge Ships, Ports and shipyards efficiently and
economically, it is now necessary to assimilate new developments
such as automation-digitization-information mining-artificial
intelligence-Internet of objects.

5.5. Financial Difficulties

The capacity of ports, shipyards and offshore platforms related

to ships and sea has grown. Today, ship prices are between 50 and
250 million dollars. The cost of a bulk cargo fleet of 20 ships is
between $ 1 and $ 2 billion. The cost of installation of a medium-
sized port varies according to the region but is over $ 1 -2 billion. It
is essential to have a financial source for such investments.
Traditionally, the maritime sector, especially the supply of ships is
carried out with loans. As a result of the growth of ships and the use
of high technology, it is no longer possible to provide ships with
small-scale loans. Lenders want to see at least 7-year strategic plans
of the companies in the provision of large amounts of loans. In other
words, in order to operate the financial system, the company that is
looking for credit has to be first switched to the strategic
management system. In order to switch to strategic management
system, companies need to gain the following skills in the light of
their recommendations at Freeman (2011):

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• Strategic Orientation (Determination of the objectives of the

company and management in this direction),

• Formulation of the Strategic Program (Progressively

identifying programs),

• Budgeting (Use of resources in accordance with strategic

plan, Accurate determination of possible income and expense table),

• Continuous Control (to ensure that the Strategic Plan is

implemented correctly,

• Company Structure and Working System (Establishing a

macro level organization and management system for full
implementation.

Exceptional powers of alter come in the sea with the Industry

4.0 phenomenon. Inactive cooperation moves toward dynamic
because of the equipment and its compounds costs are more than
before 2000. Also, conventional and elective budgetary firms are
getting to be progressively included within the possession and
operation of intermodal resources. But it has been a result of the
credibility problems with the advancement of worldwide exchange.
Shipping industry, whereas generally youthful compared to
standard resources, advanced out of the tall instability seen within
the sea markets and are outlined to assist oversee chance. This
hazard radiates from changes in cargo rates, bunker costs, vessel
costs, scrap costs and the more conventional ranges of intrigued
rates and outside trade rates. After all, the maritime sector don’t
overcome this liquidity problem.

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5.6. Collaboration, Cooperation and Community

Relations

In the 20th century, the concept of cooperation became very

strong and many organizations achieved significant success. Later,
the transfer of consortia began. Consortiums have enabled
companies with a common purpose in different business areas to
acquire the ability to collaborate with others, thus benefiting from
much larger projects. Shipbuilding industry, especially shipyard -
machine and auxiliary machine manufacturers - the company
established by the manufacturers of electronic systems has reduced
the cost while increasing the capacity and made the emergence of
much better products (Ketchum & Pourzanjani, 2014).

In the same way, the number of professional associations

bringing together spouses or similar professions has increased and
they have become stronger. In the meantime, the use of the internet
has introduced a concept called social media. Increasing
communication among people has also strengthened non-
governmental organizations. The resistance, protests and
publications created by some non-governmental organizations have
started to put big companies in serious trouble. Moreover,
globalization has given great importance to the relations of large
companies with society. Social reactions to environmental pollution
have made these companies very difficult. In this respect, the
maritime sector has now had to establish good relations with the
non-contact community. This has made it necessary for the Public
Relations Unit, which has not been active in maritime organizations
before (Dalrosen et al., 2017).

The Industry 4.0 digitalization progress change the maritime

industry all over the world. After that the digital and transformative
cooperations become more important. Conventional shipping
companies have matched up with innovation companies, and the

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result of these associations are imaginative and transformative

product with these relationships.

5.7. Organization

Activities outside technical and Commercial Management in

maritime business are defined as policy determination, planning,
strategy determination, accounting, tax affairs, finance; law,
publicity and marketing (Drewery, 2006). From these activities, tax
affairs, finance, law, Promotion and marketing functions were
carried out in the form of consulting and outsourcing in small
companies. Companies that are growing and whose financial values
are increasing should now create these activities in their own
bodies. In particular, in order to continuously monitor and control
the financial risk, which is always one of the most important risks in
a maritime company, the financial activity must be one of the most
sensitive areas within the company. Today, it is common for
companies that are outside the main field of activity of an
organization to carry out some activities that are more economical
than those that are specialized in this field to be carried out in the
form of outsourcing. Maritime business advertising, agency and
broker activities, electronic commerce (e-commerce), training, etc.
are appropriate activities for outsourcing, but in order to carry out
these activities in a healthy way, there is a need for a structure and
order to control outsourcing within the company (Eide et al., 2011).

Modern maritime operations include more sophisticated part

of the impact of the maritime industry. Each shipping plants serves
a special combination of requests, in a special physical setting,
beneath interesting commercial and organization imperatives.
Accomplishing a adjust between execution, efficiency, and fetched
adequacy requires a exhaustive, synchronous examination of all
issues in Maritime planning process and strategic development with
Industry 4.0 earnings. After using these organizational behaviors of
Industry 4.0, the maritime sector become more efficient, productive
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and powerful level.

5.8. Total Quality Management (TQM)

Customer satisfaction is vital for maritime transport, which is

a commercial activity. A Total Quality Management System is
needed to ensure customer satisfaction and ensure efficient,
operational and financial effectiveness. This system needs to be
supported by internal and external audit. Nowadays, it is inevitable
to use ISO 18001 standards related to Occupational Safety and
Health as well as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in the implementation of
TQM. In the new TQM concept, a risk assessment is required for
each process, which is necessary and necessary for making risk
management plans that are vital during crisis periods (Ekinci et al.,
2018).

There are many specific total quality management factors can

be improved at the maritime sector with Industry 4.0 applications.
Cargo demands, misplaced time occurrences due to disappointment
of apparatus, detentions/deficiencies amid vetting/psc reviews will
be zero with TQM methods. Also, the maritime sector will be
understanding the quality information systems much better,
reduced the operational costs minimum and transform the
turnaround time well using with TQM techniques.

5.9. Sustainable and Quality Manpower

High-tech systems used in ships, shipyards, harbors and other

marine facilities need to be equipped with the manpower to use
them efficiently. Germanist Lloyd and Fraunhofer CML (2014)
conducted a survey examining the problems of 100 large maritime
companies and found that 88 percent of respondents had the
biggest problem with staff (Sandberg, 2018). Due to the difficulties
of working on ships and offshore structures, it is quite difficult to
find volunteer young people, especially in developed countries. In

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BIMCO / ISF's Manpower Report-2016, the deficit in the number of

officers working on board was calculated as 97,000 in 2020 and
147,500 in 2025. Beyond that, modern systems in the maritime
industry require high-tech personnel to employ them at full
capacity. As an example, personnel using automation systems
should be capable of restoring the systems they control in the event
of a failure. For this purpose, in addition to the information given in
classical training programs, automation systems should be
subjected to additional training in order to know the working
principles and limitations. There is a need for people who are able
to follow the maritime developments and conduct scientific
research on these issues. For this purpose, it is necessary for the
universities providing maritime education to increase their research
skills and to open master programs in marine technologies and
applications (Han et al., 2019).

Quality manpower supply become the most vital figure driving

sustainability in maritime sector with Industry 4.0 sustainable
process. For producing of more useful and technical advanced ships
and harbour systems to meet this expanded request for seaborne
exchange, alongside modern necessities for controlling security will
request with well trained and educated personnel staff. So that, it is
simple to see why economic improvement needs economical sea
transportation framework and why maintainable shipping needs
feasible and quality labor supply.

6. Conclusions and Implications

If we define maritime trade according to economic concepts, it

is an effort that has a high capacity, low profit return, but its
demand is constantly increasing, indispensable and operates on a
global scale. Maritime sector is an area of activity which is
constantly under the influence of high technological developments
and where new technologies are widely applied, which requires
continuous cooperation and cooperation both in and out of Turkey.
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Marine tools, facilities and organizations that are responding almost

twice to the continuous growth of the world economy are in the
direction of continuous growth. Considering these determinations,
current trends and predictable needs of the future and the
predictions regarding maritime transport will be as follows:

• Marine-related organizations should be reshaped to meet the

needs of the future.

• Measures and regulations related to the increasing

environmental protection sensitivity in the world will directly affect
almost every area of the sector. Modification of ships and facilities in
accordance with the new regulations is a very difficult and
expensive task. For this reason, we should focus on the construction
of environmentally friendly ships, green harbors and shipyards.

• The limited resources on land, as a new resource, increase

the attempts to benefit from the sea and provide useful results.
Taking advantage of high technology, it is important to attach
importance to the development and dissemination of marine
technologies that play a key role in such activities.

• Increasing traffic density in the seas of the world requires

more comprehensive measures for navigation safety. There is a
need for more excellent navigational aids that are easy to use and
make it easier for users to make decisions.

• Automation, Digitization and Internet of Things are

inevitable for the management and operation of growing maritime
organizations. Furthermore, information mining and artificial
intelligence applications will be unavoidable especially in large
companies during the planning and execution phase.

• The most important problem during the establishment phase

of large-scale companies is financing. Strategic planning should also

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be focused on financing, restructuring according to strategic

management concept and structuring of the systems accordingly.
Finance is also one of the most important measures that an
organization has in terms of risk management.

• In organizations, the units such as finance, budgeting, public

relations and law, which were not given much importance before,
should be given importance. Reducing the cost of outsourcing offers
the opportunity to benefit from the organizations specialized in the
fields not related to the organization's own business. However,
companies need a mechanism to keep their activities under strict
control.

• In order for an organization to be able to work more

efficiently, to increase its operational and financial effectiveness and
to ensure the satisfaction of customers that are indispensable for
trade, it needs to establish a Total Quality Management System that
takes advantage of internal and external audits together. In the new
TQM concept, risk assessment is required for each process. Risk
management is essential to reduce the effects of economic crises
that our world has fallen into every 10 years. The most important
input of risk management will be the risk assessments made within
the scope of TQM.

• We live in an age when advanced technologies are constantly

affecting maritime trade and the reaction time is very short. It must
have the manpower to use these advanced systems, and to make a
quick and accurate profit. Today, the number of manpower is very
high. In order to create high quality manpower to be employed in
maritime trade, the training system needs to be arranged in a
dynamic way to meet the needs.

As a result, the industrial revolution of Maritime 4.0 is

presented with developing and troublesome technologies. Also,
main point of the future is digitalization in maritime sector
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researches. Openings for the sea industry to gotten to be more

secure and more effective whereas at the same time diminishing its
natural impression. This will make an imaginative exchanging
environment, connecting related angles such as the Advanced
Economy, Future Cities and modern exchanging frameworks such as
Blockchain. The longer-term workforce will have to be adjust to this
changing work environment, with changing working demeanors and
unused abilities brought approximately by unused innovative and
demographical changes. New jobs and employments will be made
moving the center of human assets to empower expanded
proficiency and throughput. With an expanded utilize of
Manufactured Insights and Mechanical frameworks comes an
expanded accentuation on the part of human-machine
collaboration; inquiring questions approximately how data can be
nourished back to the human client and how the framework can be
guaranteed to guarantee client believe within the Counterfeit
Insights. Modern aptitudes will require unused shapes of preparing
to keep up with the tall speed of alter. Education that can be
conveyed carefully and remotely while still keeping up the
association and part models of one to one training. Innovation can
be astonishing, it can be game-changing, but innovations on their
claim do nothing. It is the combination of individuals and innovation
that produces things happen to complete in the maritime industry.

7. Research Limitations and Directions for Further

Research

Developing technology, increasing customer demand and

intense competition; it will make the recently introduced Industry
4.0 implementation inevitable. The high efficiency it promises, the
production of bespoke products at the cost of mass production, and
the low cost and error-free production attracts the producers more
and more day by day. The application of the principles of Industry
4.0 to the shipbuilding sector is seen as essentially possible. It is a

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foreseeable fact that the current shipyard production structure and

the way of doing business with its stakeholders cannot change at
once. In this respect, it is important to allocate a certain initial
investment cost and consider the internet infrastructure and data
processing units as the most important part of production instead of
being seen as support for production. In addition, it is necessary to
create an infrastructure that will ensure the management of all
processes, from the idea of PLM-like product to its design and
discard, to ensure internet security, to train qualified personnel in
this matter.

As a last word, in a world where high competition conditions

exist, the maritime transport sector must continuously follow the
technological developments and reshape itself by taking into
consideration the needs of the future.

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