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New Developments
in Geometric
Function Theory
Edited by
Georgia Irina Oros
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Axioms

www.mdpi.com/journal/axioms
New Developments in Geometric
Function Theory
New Developments in Geometric
Function Theory

Editor
Georgia Irina Oros

MDPI ‚ Basel ‚ Beijing ‚ Wuhan ‚ Barcelona ‚ Belgrade ‚ Manchester ‚ Tokyo ‚ Cluj ‚ Tianjin
Editor
Georgia Irina Oros
Department of Mathematics
and Computer Science
University of Oradea
Oradea
Romania

Editorial Office
MDPI
St. Alban-Anlage 66
4052 Basel, Switzerland

This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal
Axioms (ISSN 2075-1680) (available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/axioms/special issues/Geometric
Function Theory).

For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as
indicated below:

LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number,
Page Range.

ISBN 978-3-0365-6345-9 (Hbk)

ISBN 978-3-0365-6344-2 (PDF)

© 2023 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon
published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum
dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
license CC BY-NC-ND.
Contents

About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Georgia Irina Oros

New Developments in Geometric Function Theory
Reprinted from: Axioms 2023, 12, 59, doi:10.3390/axioms12010059 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Richard D. Carmichael
Generalized Vector-Valued Hardy Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 39, doi:10.3390/axioms11020039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Hatun Özlem Güney, Georgia Irina Oros and Shigeyoshi Owa

An Application of Sălăgean Operator Concerning Starlike Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 50, doi:10.3390/axioms11020050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Gangadharan Murugusundaramoorthy and Teodor Bulboacă

Subclasses of Yamakawa-Type Bi-Starlike Functions Associated with Gegenbauer Polynomials
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 92, doi:10.3390/axioms11030092 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Alaa H. El-Qadeem and Ibrahim S. Elshazly

Hadamard Product Properties for Certain Subclasses of p-Valent Meromorphic Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 172, doi:10.3390/axioms11040172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Georgia Irina Oros, Gheorghe Oros and Ancut, a Maria Rus

Applications of Confluent Hypergeometric Function in Strong Superordination Theory
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 209, doi:10.3390/axioms11050209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Alhanouf Alburaikan, Gangadharan Murugusundaramoorthy and Sheza M. El-Deeb

Certain Subclasses of Bi-Starlike Function of Complex Order Defined by Erdély–Kober-Type
Integral Operator
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 237, doi:10.3390/axioms11050237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Feras Yousef, Ala Amourah, Basem Aref Frasin and Teodor Bulboacă
An Avant-Garde Construction for Subclasses of Analytic Bi-Univalent Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 267, doi:10.3390/axioms11060267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Sevtap Sümer Eker, Bilal Şeker, Bilal Çekiç and Mugur Acu
Sharp Bounds for the Second Hankel Determinant of Logarithmic Coefficients for Strongly
Starlike and Strongly Convex Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 369, doi:10.3390/axioms11080369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Luminiţa-Ioana Cotı̂rlă, Pál Aurel Kupán and Róbert Szász

New Results about Radius of Convexity and Uniform Convexity of Bessel Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 380, doi:10.3390/axioms11080380 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Richard D. Carmichael
Cauchy Integral and Boundary Value for Vector-Valued Tempered Distributions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 392, doi:10.3390/axioms11080392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Alina Alb Lupaş

On Special Fuzzy Differential Subordinations Obtained forRiemann–Liouville Fractional
Integral of Ruscheweyh and Sălă
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 428, doi:10.3390/axioms11090428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

v
Isra Al-Shbeil, Abbas Kareem Wanas, Afis Saliu and Adriana Cătaş
Applications of Beta Negative Binomial Distribution and Laguerre Polynomials on Ozaki
Bi-Close-to-Convex Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 451, doi:10.3390/axioms11090451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Samir B. Hadid and Rabha W. Ibrahim

Geometric Study of 2D-Wave Equations in View of K-Symbol Airy Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 590, doi:10.3390/axioms11110590 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Mohammad Faisal Khan, Shahid Khan, Saqib Hussain, Maslina Darus and Khaled Matarneh
Certain New Class of Analytic Functions Defined by Using a Fractional Derivative and
Mittag-Leffler Functions
Reprinted from: Axioms 2022, 11, 655, doi:10.3390/axioms11110655 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

vi
About the Editor
Georgia Irina Oros
Georgia Irina Oros teaches at University of Oradea, Romania, since 2004. She is Associate
Professor at Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
since 2013. She obtained her Ph.D. in 2006 in Geometric Function Theory at Babes, -Bolyai University,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania under the supervision of Prof. dr. Grigore S, tefan Sălăgean. Habilitation
Thesis defended in 2018 at Babes, -Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. She has over 100 papers
published in the field of Complex Analysis and Geometric Function Theory.

vii
 axioms
Editorial
New Developments in Geometric Function Theory
Georgia Irina Oros

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea,
RO-410087 Oradea, Romania; [email protected]

1. Introduction
This Special Issue aims to highlight the latest developments in the research concerning
complex-valued functions from the perspective of geometric function theory. Contributions
were sought regarding any aspect of subordination and superordination, different types of
operators specific to the research in this field, and special functions involved in univalent
function theory with the hope that new approaches would emerge regarding the introduc-
tion and study of special classes of univalent functions using operators and the classical
theories of differential subordination and superordination, as well as the newer adapted
theories of strong differential subordination and superordination and fuzzy differential
subordination and superordination. Authors were invited to submit their latest results
related to analytic functions in all their variety and also related to their applications in other
fields of research. Quantum calculus and its applications related to geometric function
theory were also expected to provide interesting outcomes. The presentation of the results
obtained by using any other technique that can be applied in the field of complex analysis
and its applications was also encouraged.
This Special Issue is devoted especially to complex analysis and was proposed as a
means to find new approaches using geometric function theory, to inspire further develop-
ment in this field.

2. Overview of the Published Papers

The present Special Issue contains 14 papers accepted for publication after a rigorous
reviewing process.
In the study [1], Richard D. Carmichael considers vector-valued analytic functions and
distributions with values in Banach or Hilbert space. It is proved that certain vector-valued
measurable functions generate the analytic functions using the Fourier–Laplace transform,
Citation: Oros, G.I. New
and conversely, measurable functions are generated from the analytic functions, and it
Developments in Geometric Function
is shown that the analytic functions are representable through the generated measurable
Theory. Axioms 2023, 12, 59. https://
functions. Certain specific properties are obtained for the analytic functions and measur-
doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010059
able functions, and it is proved that, under specified conditions, the analytic functions
Received: 28 December 2022 considered are in fact vector-valued Hardy functions, which immediately result in Cauchy
Accepted: 1 January 2023 and Poisson integral representations. The existence of boundary values of the analytic
Published: 4 January 2023 functions on the topological boundary is investigated, and problems to consider in future
research are suggested. Notably, the author is convinced that future studies can focus on
the integral representation, boundary values, and applications of the functions defined in
this paper.
Copyright: © 2023 by the author.
In another study [2], Hatun Özlem Güney, Georgia Irina Oros, and Shigeyoshi Owa
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
provide an application of the well-known Sălăgean differential operator for defining a
distributed under the terms and
new operator, through which a new class of functions is defined, which has the classes
conditions of the Creative Commons of starlike and convex functions of order α as special cases. The renowned Jack–Miller–
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Mocanu lemma is applied for obtaining interesting properties for the newly defined class
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ of functions. The new operator defined in this paper can be used to introduce other specific
4.0/).

1
Axioms 2023, 12, 59

subclasses of analytic functions, and quantum calculus can be also investigated in future
studies.
The research of Gangadharan Murugusundaramoorthy and Teodor Bulboacă pre-
sented in reference [3] involves the new subclasses of bi-univalent functions defined in
the open-unit disk, which are associated with the Gegenbauer polynomials and satisfy
subordination conditions. Coefficient estimates are established for the defined classes,
and the remarkable Fekete–Szegő problem is also considered. For particular values of
the parameters involved in the definition of the classes, the results obtained in this paper
provide new insights into the Yamakawa family of bi-starlike functions associated with the
Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials, which are left as an exercise to interested readers.
The authors of reference [4], Alaa H. El-Qadeem and Ibrahim S. Elshazly, study the
Hadamard product features of certain subclasses of p-valent meromorphic functions defined
in the punctured open-unit disc using the q-difference operator. Convolution properties
and coefficient estimates are also established regarding the new subclasses defined in this
study. The authors suggest that future researchers focus on the use of these subclasses in
studies involving the theories of differential subordination and superordination and also
the investigation of the Fekete–Szegő problem.
In the research presented in reference [5], Georgia Irina Oros, Gheorghe Oros, and
Ancut, a Maria Rus use the confluent hypergeometric function embedded in the theory of
strong differential superordinations. The form of the confluent hypergeometric function
and that of the previously defined Kummer–Bernardi and Kummer–Libera operators
are adopted by considering certain classes of analytic functions depending on an extra
parameter previously introduced related to the theory of strong differential subordination
and superordination. Strong differential superordinations are investigated, and the best
subordinates are given. The applications of the established theoretical results are illustrated
through two examples. As potential future studies, the authors suggest the use of the
dual notion of strong differential subordination for investigations concerning the confluent
hypergeometric function and the two operators used in the present study, which could
yield sandwich-type results if combined with the results contained in this paper.
The topic of introducing new subclasses of bi-starlike and bi-convex functions of a
complex order associated with the Erdély–Kober-type integral operator in the open-unit
disc is considered by Alhanouf Alburaikan, Gangadharan Murugusundaramoorthy, and
Sheza M. El-Deeb [6]. The estimates of initial coefficients are given, and Fekete–Szegő
inequalities are investigated for the functions in those classes. Several consequences of the
results are also highlighted as examples.
For the study presented in reference [7], Feras Yousef, Ala Amourah, Basem Aref
Frasin, and Teodor Bulboacă again consider certain new subclasses of bi-univalent func-
tions by exploiting the zero-truncated Poisson distribution probabilities and involving
Gegenbauer polynomials and the concept of subordination. Coefficient-related problems
are investigated, and the Fekete–Szegő functional problem is solved for those classes. The
authors suggest that the results offered in this paper would lead to other different new
results involving Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials.
Considering the importance of the logarithmic coefficients, in reference [8], Sevtap
Sümer Eker, Bilal Şeker, Bilal Çekiç, and Mugur Acu obtain the sharp bounds for the second
Hankel determinant concerning the logarithmic coefficients of strongly starlike functions
and strongly convex functions. The results presented here could inspire further studies that
focus on other subclasses of univalent functions and obtain the boundaries for higher-order
Hankel determinants.
New results on the radius of uniform convexity of two kinds of normalization of the
Bessel function Jν in the case of ν ∈ (−2, −1) are presented by Luminiţa-Ioana Cotîrlă,
Pál Aurel Kupán, and Róbert Szász in reference [9]. This study provides alternative proof
regarding the radius of convexity of order alpha. The authors also provide alternative
proof regarding the radius of convexity of order alpha and derive an interesting correlation
between convexity and uniform convexity.

2
Axioms 2023, 12, 59

The research presented by Richard D. Carmichael in reference [10] is connected to

the results obtained in reference [1]. A boundary value result concerning vector-valued
tempered distributions as the boundary values of vector-valued analytic functions is given
under the general norm growth on the analytic function, which is equivalent to the growth
of Tillmann. The second goal of this paper was to obtain a Cauchy integral representation
of the analytic functions by using the generally known structure of the spectral function
and the structure of the tempered distributional boundary value. The analytic function
used to obtain the boundary value was equated to the product of a polynomial and the
constructed Cauchy integral. This paper concerns theoretical mathematics; however, the
considered topics find applications in mathematical physics and the field of mathematics
involving physical problems.
New results are obtained concerning fuzzy differential subordination theory and are
highlighted by Alina Alb Lupas, [11]. A previously introduced operator defined by apply-
ing the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral to the convex combination of well-known
Ruscheweyh and Sălăgean differential operators is used for defining a new fuzzy subclass.
The convex property of this class is proved, and certain fuzzy differential subordinations
involving the functions from this class and the operator mentioned earlier are obtained.
The best fuzzy dominants are given for the considered fuzzy differential subordinations
in theorems, and interesting corollaries emerge when specific functions with remarkable
geometric properties are used as the best fuzzy dominants. Inspired by the research pre-
sented here, researchers can apply the operator used in this paper in future studies for the
introduction of other subclasses of analytic functions. The dual theory of fuzzy differential
superordination can also be used for obtaining similar results involving the operator and
the class defined in this paper.
Using beta-negative binomial distribution series and Laguerre polynomials, Isra Al-
Shbeil, Abbas Kareem Wanas, Afis Saliu, and Adriana Cătaş [12] investigate a new family
of normalized holomorphic and bi-univalent functions associated with Ozaki close-to-
convex functions. They provide estimates on the initial Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients and
discuss Fekete–Szegő type inequality for the functions in this family in the special case of
generalized Laguerre polynomials.
A symmetric–convex differential formula of normalized Airy functions in the open-
unit disk is developed by Samir B. Hadid and Rabha W. Ibrahim in reference [13]. The
equation is taken into account as a differential operator in the development of a class of
normalized analytic functions. Two-dimensional wave propagation in the earth–ionosphere
wave path using k-symbol Airy functions is used for the investigation. It is shown that the
standard wave-mode working formula may be determined by orthogonality considerations
without the use of intricate justifications of the complex plane.
The applications of fractional differential operators in the field of geometric function
theory are obtained by Mohammad Faisal Khan, Shahid Khan, Saqib Hussain, Maslina
Darus, and Khaled Matarneh in reference [14]. The fractional differential operator and the
Mittag–Leffler functions are combined to formulate and arrange a new operator of fractional
calculus. A new class of normalized analytic functions is introduced using the newly defined
fractional operator, and some of its interesting geometric properties are discussed in the
open-unit disk. The authors suggest that the operator introduced here can be utilized to
define other classes of analytic functions or to generalize other types of differential operators.

3. Conclusions
The 14 papers published as part of this Special Issue entitled “New Developments in
Geometric Function Theory” concern a broad range of subjects. Researchers interested in
different aspects of geometric function theory and its related topics would find interesting
insights and inspiring results, leading to increased reference to these contributions and the
propagation of this Special Issue to a large audience.

Acknowledgments: The guest editor of this Special Issue would like to thank all the authors who
decided to submit their works and have contributed to the success of this Special Issue, as well as

3
Axioms 2023, 12, 59

all the reviewers for their time, constructive remarks, and help in maintaining high standards for
the published materials. Special thanks are also given to the editors of Axioms and especially to the
Managing Editor of this Special Issue, Alex Zhang.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

References
1. Carmichael, R.D. Generalized Vector-Valued Hardy Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 39. [CrossRef]
2. Güney, H.Ö.; Oros, G.I.; Owa, S. An Application of Sălăgean Operator Concerning Starlike Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 50.
[CrossRef]
3. Murugusundaramoorthy, G.; Bulboacă, T. Subclasses of Yamakawa-Type Bi-Starlike Functions Associated with Gegenbauer
Polynomials. Axioms 2022, 11, 92. [CrossRef]
4. El-Qadeem, A.H.; Elshazly, I.S. Hadamard Product Properties for Certain Subclasses of p-Valent Meromorphic Functions. Axioms
2022, 11, 172. [CrossRef]
5. Oros, G.I.; Oros, G.; Rus, A.M. Applications of Confluent Hypergeometric Function in Strong Superordination Theory. Axioms
2022, 11, 209. [CrossRef]
6. Alburaikan, A.; Murugusundaramoorthy, G.; El-Deeb, S.M. Certain Subclasses of Bi-Starlike Function of Complex Order Defined
by Erdély–Kober-Type Integral Operator. Axioms 2022, 11, 237. [CrossRef]
7. Yousef, F.; Amourah, A.; Frasin, B.A.; Bulboacă, T. An Avant-Garde Construction for Subclasses of Analytic Bi-Univalent Functions.
Axioms 2022, 11, 267. [CrossRef]
8. Sümer Eker, S.; Şeker, B.; Çekiç, B.; Acu, M. Sharp Bounds for the Second Hankel Determinant of Logarithmic Coefficients for
Strongly Starlike and Strongly Convex Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 369. [CrossRef]
9. Cotîrlă, L.-I.; Kupán, P.A.; Szász, R. New Results about Radius of Convexity and Uniform Convexity of Bessel Functions. Axioms
2022, 11, 380. [CrossRef]
10. Carmichael, R.D. Cauchy Integral and Boundary Value for Vector-Valued Tempered Distributions. Axioms 2022, 11, 392. [CrossRef]
11. Alb Lupaş, A. On Special Fuzzy Differential Subordinations Obtained for Riemann–Liouville Fractional Integral of Ruscheweyh
and Sălăgean Operators. Axioms 2022, 11, 428. [CrossRef]
12. Al-Shbeil, I.; Wanas, A.K.; Saliu, A.; Cătaş, A. Applications of Beta Negative Binomial Distribution and Laguerre Polynomials on
Ozaki Bi-Close-to-Convex Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 451. [CrossRef]
13. Hadid, S.B.; Ibrahim, R.W. Geometric Study of 2D-Wave Equations in View of K-Symbol Airy Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 590.
[CrossRef]
14. Khan, M.F.; Khan, S.; Hussain, S.; Darus, M.; Matarneh, K. Certain New Class of Analytic Functions Defined by Using a Fractional
Derivative and Mittag-Leffler Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 655. [CrossRef]

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

4
 axioms
Article
Generalized Vector-Valued Hardy Functions
Richard D. Carmichael

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
[email protected]

Abstract: We consider analytic functions in tubes Rn + iB ⊂ Cn with values in Banach space or

Hilbert space. The base of the tube B will be a proper open connected subset of Rn , an open connected
cone in Rn , an open convex cone in Rn , and a regular cone in Rn , with this latter cone being an
open convex cone which does not contain any entire straight lines. The analytic functions satisfy
several different growth conditions in L p norm, and all of the resulting spaces of analytic functions
generalize the vector valued Hardy space H p in Cn . The analytic functions are represented as the
Fourier–Laplace transform of certain vector valued L p functions which are characterized in the
analysis. We give a characterization of the spaces of analytic functions in which the spaces are in fact
subsets of the Hardy functions H p . We obtain boundary value results on the distinguished boundary
Rn + i {0} and on the topological boundary Rn + i∂B of the tube for the analytic functions in the
L p and vector valued tempered distribution topologies. Suggestions for associated future research
are given.

Keywords: analytic functions; vector valued Hardy functions; boundary values

MSC: 32A26; 32A35; 32A40; 42B30

1. Introduction
Citation: Carmichael, R.D. In [1] and related work, we defined and analyzed vector-valued Hardy H p ( T B , X )
Generalized Vector-Valued Hardy
functions on tubes T B = Rn + iB ⊂ Cn with values in Banach space X . We showed that any
Functions. Axioms 2022, 11, 39.
Banach space X vector-valued analytic function on T B which obtained a X vector-valued
https://doi.org/10.3390/
distributional boundary value was a H p ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, function with values in
axioms11020039
Banach space X if the X vector-valued boundary value was a L p (Rn , X ), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞,
Academic Editor: Georgia Irina Oros function. We showed that the H p ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, functions admitted a representation
by the Poisson integral of L p (Rn , X ), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, functions if the values of the analytic
Received: 18 December 2021
functions were in a certain type of Banach space and then obtained a pointwise growth
Accepted: 17 January 2022
Published: 20 January 2022
estimate for the H p ( T B , X ) functions for this Banach space. In additional analysis, we
have obtained many general results concerning H p ( T B , X ) functions with values in Banach
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral space including representations as Fourier–Laplace, Cauchy, and Poisson integrals and the
with regard to jurisdictional claims in existence of boundary values.
published maps and institutional affil-
Previously, we defined generalizations of H p ( T B ) functions in the scalar-valued case
iations.
by using several more general growth conditions on the L p norm of the analytic functions.
Some of these scalar-valued results are contained in [2] (Chapter 5); other such results
in the scalar-valued case are contained in papers listed under the author’s name in the
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
references in [1,2]. In this paper, we build upon these scalar-valued generalizations of
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
H p ( T B ) functions by considering the vector-valued case of functions and distributions
This article is an open access article
with values in Banach or Hilbert space. The generalizations of the vector-valued analytic
distributed under the terms and functions in H p ( T B , X ), X being a Banach space, which we consider here are defined in
conditions of the Creative Commons Section 4 of this paper. Our results are obtained for the base B of the tube T B successively
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// being a proper open connected subset of Rn , an open connected cone in Rn , an open
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ convex cone in Rn , and a regular cone in Rn , with this latter cone being an open convex
4.0/). cone which does not contain any entire straight lines; as the base B of the tube T B is

5
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

specialized, increasingly precise results are obtained in the analysis. For B being a proper
open connected subset of Rn we show, for example, that the growth condition that defines
the functions which generalize the Hardy functions can, in certain circumstances, be
extended to the boundary of the base B of the tube T B . At the open convex cone stage in
our analysis we are able to show the equivalence of two types of vector-valued functions
which generate H p ( T B , X ) functions. In the cone setting for base B we show that certain
elements of the defined analytic functions are in fact H p ( T B ) functions which leads to the
representation of these functions as Fourier–Laplace, Cauchy, and Poisson integrals. In the
case that B is a regular cone we study the boundary values on the topological boundary
of the tube defined by the cone as points in B approach a point on its boundary through
circular bands within B. In general, our goal in this paper is to obtain results for the
functions defined in Section 4 treated as generalizations of H p ( T B , X ) functions and as
generalizations of the scalar-valued functions noted in [2] (Chapter 5) and in some of our
papers referenced in [2] and hence to generalize results concerning H p ( T B , X ) spaces and
concerning the scalar-valued functions noted in [2] (Chapter 5) and in certain references
of [2] to these new spaces of analytic functions. Additionally, our goal is to obtain additional
new results for the analytic functions of Section 4 which we accomplish.
As noted above, the vector-valued analytic functions considered in this paper are
defined in Section 4. In Section 5, we show that certain vector-valued measurable functions
generate the analytic functions by the Fourier–Laplace transform; conversely, in Section 6,
we generate the measurable functions from the analytic functions and show that the analytic
functions are representable through the generated measurable functions. As the base B of
the tube T B is made more specific the analytic functions and measurable functions obtain
more specific properties. In Section 7, we show that under specified conditions the analytic
functions considered are in fact vector-valued Hardy H 2 functions which immediately
results in Cauchy and Poisson integral representations. Section 8 concerns the existence
of boundary values of the analytic functions in vector-valued L p and in vector-valued S 0
topologies on both the distinguished boundary and the topological boundary of the tube.
Problems for future research are considered in Section 9, and conclusions are provided in
Section 10.

2. Definitions and Notation

Throughout, X will denote a Banach space, H will denote a Hilbert space, N will
denote the norm of the specified Banach or Hilbert space, and Θ will denote the zero vector
of the specified Banach or Hilbert space. We reference Dunford and Schwartz [3] for integra-
tion of vector-valued functions and for vector-valued analytic functions. For foundational
information concerning vector-valued distributions we refer to Schwartz ([4,5]).
The n-dimensional notation used in this paper will be the same as that in [1,2]. The
information concerning cones in Rn needed here is contained in [2] (Chapter 1). We recall
some very important notation and concepts of cones here that are necessary for this paper.
C ⊂ Rn is a cone (with vertex at 0 = (0, 0, ..., 0) ∈ Rn ) if y ∈ C implies λy ∈ C for all
positive scalars λ. The intersection of C with the unit sphere |y| = 1 is called the projection
of C and is denoted pr (C ). A cone C 0 such that pr (C 0 ) ⊂ pr (C ) is a compact subcone of C
which we will denote as C 0 ⊂⊂ C. The function

uC (t) = sup (−ht, yi), t ∈ Rn ,

y∈ pr (C )

is the indicatrix of C. The dual cone C ∗ of C is defined as

C ∗ = {t ∈ Rn : ht, yi ≥ 0 for all y ∈ C }

and satisfies C ∗ = {t ∈ Rn : uC (t) ≤ 0}. An open convex cone which does not contain any
entire straight lines will be called a regular cone. See [2] (Section 1.2) for examples of cones
in Rn . In this paper, we will be concerned with the distance from a point in a cone to the

6
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

boundary of the cone; for C being an open connected cone in Rn , the distance from y ∈ C
to the topological boundary ∂C of C is

d(y) = inf{|y − y1 | : y1 ∈ ∂C }.

For an open connected cone C ⊂ Rn , we know from [2] (p. 6, (1.14)) that

d(y) = inf ht, yi, y ∈ C,

t∈ pr (C ∗ )

and 0 < d(y) ≤ |y|, y ∈ C. Additionally, d(λy) = λd(y), λ > 0.

The L p (Rn , X ) functions, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, with values in X and their norm |h| p are noted
in [3] (Chapter III). The Fourier transform on L1 (Rn ) or L1 (Rn , X ) is given in [2] (p. 3). All
Fourier (inverse Fourier) transforms on scalar or vector-valued functions will be denoted
b = F [φ(t); x ] (F −1 [φ(t); x ]). As stated in [6] the Plancherel theory is not true for vector-
φ
valued functions except when X = H, a Hilbert space. The Plancherel theory is complete
in the L2 (Rn , H) setting in that the inverse Fourier transform is the inverse mapping of the
Fourier transform with F −1 F = I = F F −1 with I being the identity mapping.
As usual, we denote S(Rn ) as the tempered functions with associated distributions
being S 0 (Rn ) or associated vector-valued distributions being S 0 (Rn , X ). The Fourier
transform on S 0 (Rn ) and on S 0 (Rn , X ) is the usual such definition and is given in [4]
(p. 73).
Let B be an open subset of Rn and X be a Banach space. The Hardy space H p ( T B , X ),
0 < p < ∞, consists of those analytic functions f(z) on the tube T B = Rn + iB ⊂ Cn with
values in the Banach space X such that for some constant M > 0 and every y ∈ B
Z
(N (f( x + iy))) p dx ≤ M;
Rn

the usual modification is made for the case p = ∞.

3. Cauchy and Poisson Kernels and Integrals

Let C be a regular cone in Rn . C ∗ is the dual cone of C. The Cauchy kernel correspond-
ing to T C = Rn + iC is
Z
K (z − t) = e2πihz−t,η i dη, t ∈ Rn , z ∈ T C .
C∗

The Poisson kernel corresponding to T C is

K (z − t)K (z − t) |K (z − t)|2
Q(z; t) = = , t ∈ Rn , z ∈ T C .
K (2iy) K (2iy)

Referring to [2] (Chapters 1 and 4) for details, we know for z ∈ T C that K (z − ·) ∈

D(∗, L p ) ⊂ D L p , 1 < p ≤ ∞; and Q(z; ·) ∈ D(∗, L p ) ⊂ D L p , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where ∗ is
Beurling ( M p ) or Roumieu { M p }. These ultradifferentiable functions are contained in the
Schwartz space D L p = D( L p , Rn ). Because of the combined properties of the Cauchy and
Poisson kernels from [2], we know that the Cauchy and Poisson integrals
Z
h(t)K (z − t)dt, z ∈ T C ,
Rn

and Z
h(t) Q(z; t)dt, z ∈ T C ,
Rn
are well defined for h ∈ L p (Rn , X ), 1 ≤ p < ∞, and h ∈ L p (Rn , X ), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞,
respectively, for X being a Banach space.

7
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

We conclude this section with a boundary value calculation concerning the integral
which defines the Cauchy kernel. Our calculations here provide motivation and guidance
for boundary value results concerning the analytic functions considered in this paper which
we obtain subsequently. Let C be a regular cone and put
Z
K (z) = e2πihz,ti dt, z ∈ T C .
C∗

We know that K (z) is analytic in T C and is a bounded function of x ∈ Rn for y ∈ C.

Thus, K ( x + iy) ∈ S 0 (Rn ) as a function of x ∈ Rn for y ∈ C. Let IC∗ (t) denote the
characteristic function of C ∗ . We have the following result concerning points on the
boundary of C, ∂C.

Theorem 1. Let yo ∈ ∂C. We have

lim K ( x + iy) = F [ IC∗ (t)e−2π hyo ,ti ]

y→yo ,y∈C

in the strong topology of S 0 (Rn ).

Proof. For yo ∈ ∂C, choose a sequence of points {ym }, m = 1, 2, ..., in C which converges
to yo . We have

hyo , ti = lim hym , ti ≥ 0, t ∈ C ∗ .

ym →yo

Thus, e−2π hyo ,ti IC∗ (t) ∈ S 0 (Rn ) and F [e−2π hyo ,ti IC∗ (t)] ∈ S 0 (Rn ). Let φ ∈ S(Rn ) and
y ∈ C.

hK ( x + iy) − F [e−2π hyo ,ti IC∗ (t)], φ( x )i

= hF [(e−2π hy,ti − e−2π hyo ,ti ) IC∗ (t)], φ( x )i
= h(e−2π hy,ti − e−2π hyo ,ti ) IC∗ (t), φb(t)i.

Now

|(e−2π hy,ti − e−2π hyo ,ti ) IC∗ (t)φb(t)| ≤ (e−2π hy,ti) + e−2π hyo ,ti ) IC∗ (t)|φb(t)| ≤ 2|φb(t)|.

By the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we have

lim K ( x + iy) = F [ IC∗ (t)e−2π hyo ,ti ]

y→yo ,y∈C

in the weak topology of S 0 (Rn ). Since S(Rn ) is a Montel space we have this convergence
in the strong topology of S 0 (Rn ) also.

In Theorem 1, notice that 0 is on the boundary of C. Thus, for yo = 0,

lim K ( x + iy) = F [ IC∗ (t)]

y→0,y∈C

in the strong topology of S 0 (Rn ) in the conclusion of Theorem 1.

4. The Analytic Functions

As previously noted, we have studied vector-valued Hardy spaces in [1]; previous to
this analysis we had generalized scalar-valued Hardy spaces by placing a more general
bound on the L p norm of the scalar-valued analytic function. These main scalar-valued
generalizations are contained in [2] with other related work referenced in [2]. In the
scalar-valued generalizations, we obtained Fourier–Laplace transform representation of

8
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

the analytic functions and characterized the measurable function which generated this
representation along with related results.
Given our recent work in studying vector-valued Hardy spaces, we now desire to
study vector-valued generalizations of vector-valued Hardy spaces.
In this section, we introduce and define the vector-valued analytic functions that we
study here. Throughout this section, B will denote a proper open connected subset of Rn
unless stated otherwise; and, as previously stated, X will denote a Banach space with
norm N .
p
Definition 1. H A ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p < ∞, is the set of analytic functions f(z) on T B with values in
X such that
Z
|f( x + iy)| p = ( (N (f( x + iy))) p dx )1/p ≤ M(1 + (d(y))−r )s e2π A|y| , y ∈ B,
Rn

where r ≥ 0, s ≥ 0, A ≥ 0, and M = M (f, p, A, r, s) > 0.

p
Definition 2. R A ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p < ∞, is the set of analytic functions f(z) on T B with values in
X such that
|f( x + iy)| p ≤ M(1 + |y|−r )s e2π A|y| , y ∈ B,
where r ≥ 0, s ≥ 0, A ≥ 0, and M = M(f, p, A, r, s) > 0.

p
Definition 3. VA ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p < ∞, is the set of analytic functions f(z) on T B with values in
X such that
|f( x + iy)| p ≤ Me2πA|y| , y ∈ B,
were A ≥ 0 and M = M (f, p, A) > 0.

We consider situations and examples which help emphasize containment of these

spaces although the definitions of these sets of functions show the containment in many
cases. If B is an open connected cone we know from Section 2 that d(y) ≤ |y|, y ∈ B; thus,
p p
R A ( T B , X ) ⊆ H A ( T B , X ) in general in this case. For specific examples which help show
proper containment let us just consider scalar-valued analytic functions in half planes in
C1 . Let B = (0, ∞); thus, T (0,∞) = R1 + i (0, ∞). We have

e−2πiz
f (z) = ∈ R21 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ) ∩ H12 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ), y = Im(z) ∈ (0, ∞),
z (i + z )
as
|| f ( x + iy|| L2 (R1 ) ≤ π 1/2 (1 + y−1 )e2πy , y = Im(z) > 0;

but this f (z) is not in V12 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ). We have

e−2πiz
f (z) = ∈ V12 ( T (0,∞) , C1 )
i+z

but is not in H 2 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ). Of course f (z) = 1/(i + z) ∈ H 2 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ) and hence is

in all of V12 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ), R21 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ), and H12 ( T (0,∞) , C1 ). These examples help to see
the containment of the defined spaces and the Hardy functions for most of the specified
conditions on the base B of the tube T B in our analysis in this paper.
For our next set of analytic functions, we must remember properties of sequences
M p , p = 0, 1, 2, ..., with which ultradifferentiable functions and ultradistributions are
defined. These sequences and properties are discussed in [2] (Section 2.1). In this pa-
per, we are principally concerned with the properties ( M.1) and ( M.30 ) and with the
associated function

9
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

M∗ (ρ) = sup log(ρ p p!M0 /M p ), 0 < ρ < ∞.

p

With these facts in mind we define additional vector-valued analytic functions.

Definition 4. For B, being a proper open connected subset of Rn which does not contain 0,
p
H∗ ( T B , X ), 1 ≤ p < ∞, is the set of analytic functions f(z) on T B with values in X such that
∗ (w/ |y |)
|f( x + iy)| p ≤ K (1 + (d(y))−r )s e M , y ∈ B,

where r ≥ 0, s ≥ 0, w > 0, and K = K (f, p, r, s, w) > 0.

p p
With Definition 4 in place, we can now state definitions for R∗ ( T B , X ) and V∗ ( T B , X )
p p
from Definition 4 similarly as we did for R A ( T B , X ) and VA ( T B , X ) from Definition 1.
In the scalar-valued case, we have proved that the Cauchy integral of ultradistributions
U ∈ D 0 (∗, L p ), where ∗ is Beurling ( M p ) or Roumieu { M p }, is analytic in T C and satisfies
the growth of Definition 4 where C is a regular cone in Rn ; see [2] (Section 4.2). Addition-
ally, we have obtained boundary value results for scalar-valued functions of the type in
Definition 4 in [2] (Chapter 5).
p
Throughout this paper, results concerning H∗ ( T B , X ) and its subsets and associated
norm growth bounds are obtained under the assumption that the sequence of positive
numbers M p , p = 0, 1, 2, ..., from which the associated function M∗ (ρ) is defined, will
always be assumed to satisfy properties ( M.1) and ( M.30 ) in [2] (p. 13).

5. Measurable Functions Generating Analytic Functions

p
The results which we will prove in this paper are obtained for functions in H A ( T B , X )
p
of Definition 1 and for functions in H∗ ( T B , X ) of Definition 4 by very similar methods.
p
The results corresponding to H A ( T B , X ) however are somewhat more general in nature
p
than the corresponding ones for H∗ ( T B , X ). Thus, we will concentrate our proofs on the
p B
results corresponding to H A ( T , X ) and subsequently state the corresponding results for
p
H∗ ( T B , X ) which will be denoted by a * next to the result number.
We begin by obtaining properties on measurable functions which we will use to
p
generate analytic functions in H A ( T B , X ). Let B be a proper open connected subset of Rn
and let X be a Banach space. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and g(t) be a X valued measurable function
on Rn such that

|e−2π hy,ti g(t)| p ≤ M(1 + (d(y))−r )s e2π A|y| , y ∈ B, (1)

where r ≥ 0, s ≥ 0, A ≥ 0, and M = M(g, p, A, r, s) > 0 do not depend on y ∈ B.

Theorem 2. For B, being a proper open connected subset of Rn and X being a Banach space let
g(t) be a X valued measurable function on Rn such that (1) holds for y ∈ B and for 1 ≤ p < ∞.
We have Z
f( z ) = g(t)e2πihz,ti dt, z = x + iy ∈ T B , (2)
Rn

is a X valued analytic function of z ∈ T B .

Proof. Let yo ∈ B. Choose an open neighborhood N (yo ; r ), r > 0, and a compact subset
S ⊂ B such that yo ∈ N (yo ; r ) ⊂ S ⊂ B. Decompose Rn into a union of a finite number of
non-overlapping cones C1 , C2 , ..., Ck each having vertex at 0 and such that whenever two
points y1 and y2 belong to one of these cones the angle between the rays from 0 to y1 and
from 0 to y2 is less than π/4 radians; and hence hy1 , y2 i = |y1 ||y2 |cos(θ ) > |y1 ||y2 |21/2 /2
where θ is the angle between the two rays. There is a δ > 0 such that 0 < δ < r and
{y : |y − yo | = δ} ⊂ N (yo ; r ). Put e = 2π pδ/21/2 > 0. For each j = 1, 2, ..., k choose a fixed
y j such that yo − y j ∈ Cj and |y j − yo | = δ. For each j = 1, 2, ..., k let t ∈ Cj ; we have

10
Axioms 2022, 11, 39

hyo − y j , ti ≥ |yo − y j ||t|/21/2 , t ∈ Cj , j = 1, 2, ..., k.

Thus, for t ∈ Cj , j = 1, 2, ..., k,,

e|t| = (2π pδ/21/2 )|t| = 2π p|yo − y j ||t|/21/2 ≤ 2π phyo − y j , ti = −2π phy j − yo , ti.

Hence, for each j = 1, 2, ..., k, using (1) we have

Z
e−2π phyo ,ti ee|t| (N (g(t))) p dt
Cj
Z Z
−2π phyo ,ti −2π phy j −yo ,ti
≤ e e p
(N (g(t))) dt = e−2π phy j ,ti (N (g(t))) p dt
Cj Cj
Z
−2π hy j ,ti
≤ (N (e g(t))) dt ≤ M (1 + (d(y j ))−r )sp e2π pA|y j |
p p
Rn

and
Z k Z
e−2π phyo ,ti ee|t| (N (g(t))) p dt = ∑ e−2π phyo ,ti ee|t| (N (g(t))) p dt
Rn j =1 C j
k
≤ Mp ∑ (1 + (d(y j ))−r )sp e2π pA|yj | (3)
j =1

for arbitrary yo ∈ B. For p = 1 and the fact that (e|t|/2) ≤ e|t|, t ∈ Rn , we have from
(3) that
Z k
e−2π hyo ,ti ee|t|/2 N (g(t))dt ≤ M ∑ (1 + (d(y j ))−r )s e2π A|y j | . (4)
Rn j =1

For 1 < p < ∞, Hölder’s inequality, the identity ee|t|/2p = ee|t|/p e−e|t|/2p and (3) yield
Z
e−2π hyo ,ti ee|t|/2p N (g(t))dt ≤ ||e−e|t|/2p || Lq (Rn ) |e−2π hyo ,ti ee|t|/p g(t)| p
Rn
!1/p
k
≤ M||e−e|t|/2p || Lq (Rn ) ∑ (1 + (d(y j ))−r )sp e2π pA|yj | (5)
j =1

where 1/p + 1/q = 1. If |y − yo | < e/4π p, y = Im(z), 1 ≤ p < ∞, then for z = x + iy

N (g(t)e2πihz,ti ) = e−2π hy,ti N (g(t)) = e−2π hy−yo ,ti e−2π hyo ,ti N (g(t))
≤ e2π |y−yo ||t| e−2π hyo ,ti N (g(t)) ≤ e−2π hyo ,ti ee|t|/2p N (g(t)) (6)

for all t ∈ Rn . (4) and (5) now show that the right side of (6) is a L1 (Rn ) function which
is independent of y = Im(z) such that |y − yo | < e/4π p for all cases 1 ≤ p < ∞. Since
yo ∈ B is arbitrary we conclude from (6) that f (z) defined by (2) is a X valued analytic
function of z ∈ T B . Further, (6) proves that e−2π hy,ti g(t) ∈ L1 (Rn , X ), y ∈ B, for all cases
1 ≤ p < ∞ in addition to the fact that e−2π hy,ti g(t) ∈ L p (Rn , X ), y ∈ B, for each of the
specific cases for p, 1 ≤ p < ∞, because of the assumption (1). The proof is complete.

The exact same method of proof used for Theorem 2 yields the following result
p
corresponding to the growth for H∗ ( T B , X ).

Theorem 3. Let B be a proper open connected subset of Rn which does not contain 0 ∈ Rn , and let
X be a Banach space. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and g(t) be a X valued measurable function on Rn such that
∗ (w/ |y |)
|e−2π hy,ti g(t)| p ≤ M(1 + (d(y))−r )s e M , y ∈ B,

11
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