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Contemporary Issues
in Africa’s
Development
Contemporary Issues
in Africa’s
Development:

Whither the African

Renaissance?

Edited by

Richard A. Olaniyan
and Ehimika A. Ifidon
Contemporary Issues in Africa's Development:
Whither the African Renaissance?

Edited by Richard A. Olaniyan and Ehimika A. Ifidon

This book first published 2018

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2018 by Richard A. Olaniyan, Ehimika A. Ifidon

and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-5275-0363-1

ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0363-2
 CONTENTS

List of Tables ............................................................................................ viii

List of Figures............................................................................................. ix

Preface ......................................................................................................... x

Part I: Introduction

Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2

Africa and the Challenges of Development in the 21st Century
Richard A. Olaniyan

Part II: The Social Dimension

Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 24

University Education and the Challenge of Functionality
Adebayo A. Lawal

Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 43

Persistent Malaria in Africa and the Poverty of Continental Response
Olukoya Ogen and Adeyemi Balogun

Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 66

Re-Encountering the Slave Trade? The Dimensions of Human Trafficking
O. Oko Elechi

Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 84

Addressing Gender Issues in Africa: Rhetoric or Reality?
Anyango E. Reggy and Lonzen W. Rugira

Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 108

Feeding the Millions: Understanding Africa’s Food Security Problem
Olutayo C. Adesina
vi Contents

Chapter Seven.......................................................................................... 128

Social and Political Responses to Environmental Problems
Olukoya Ogen

Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 152

The Problem of Energy Security in Africa: Prospects and Challenges
Lawrence I.N. Ezemonye, Emmanuel T. Ogbomida and Mike U. Ajieh

Part III: The Political Dimension

Chapter Nine............................................................................................ 174

Civil Society, Democratization and Development
Kehinde O. Olayode

Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 195

Sit-Tight Syndrome and Tenure Elongation in African Politics
Ayodeji Olukoju

Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 213

‘FrancAfrican’ Politics and Dictatorships in Francophone Africa
Jeremie K. Dagnini

Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 231

The Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Contemporary Africa
Emmanuel Onyeozili and O. Oko Elechi

Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 250

Of Ethnic Conflicts and Civil Wars: The Domestic and International
Dimensions of Insecurity
Kathleen O’Halleran

Part IV: The International Dimension

Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 280

The OAU, AU and the Response to Conflict: De-Linking Domestic
Jurisdiction and the Capacity to Intervene
Ehimika A. Ifidon

Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 298

Colonialism, the Post-Colonial State, and the Challenge of
(Dis)Integration in Africa
W. Alade Fawole
 Contemporary Issues in Africa's Development vii

Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 320

Africa and the International Politics of HIV/AIDS
Olufunke Adeboye

Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 345

Sino-African Relations in the Age of Chinese Capitalism
Terhemba Wuam

Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 366

Africa and its External Debt Problem
Adetunji O. Ogunyemi

Contributors ............................................................................................. 393

Name Index ............................................................................................. 395

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 7-1: Highlights of Some Critical Environmental Issues in African

Countries
Table 8-1: Energy Consumption by Type in Africa (%), 2001
Table 8-2: Energy Access Targets agreed by African Ministers for 2015
(%)
Table 8-3: Electricity Generation in Africa, 1997
Table 8-4: Regional Fossil Fuel Reserves (January 1999)
Table 18-1: Nigeria’s Public Debt, 1923-1951 (£)
Table 18-2: Africa’s International Market Loss (-)/Gain (+)
Table 18-3: Growth in Expenditure of Selected African States, 1950-58
Table 18-4: Nigeria: Revenue and Expenditure Balance
Table 18-5: Debt owed by Less Developed Countries ($ Billions)
Table 18-6: Emerging and Developing Countries External Debt, 1991-
2000 ($ Billions)
Table 18-7: Emerging and Developing Countries External Debt, 2001-
2010
Table 18-8: Ratio of External Debt to GDP (in % of GDP)
Table 18-9: Ratio of Debt to GDP in Emerging and Developing Countries,
2001-2010
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 8-1: Relationship between Energy and the Achievement of MDGs

Figure 8-2: Africa’s Oil and Gas Reserves
 PREFACE

The inspiration to embark on the writing of this book came from a course,
IS 390: International Studies, co-taught by the late Professor Lillian
Trager of the University of Wisconsin-Parkside and Professor Richard
Olaniyan of the Obafemi Awolowo University in the Spring Semester of
2006. Using an innovative method which provided a ‘virtual exchange’
experience in which UW-Parkside students were linked with students at
OAU in Nigeria in a weekly on-line discussion via the internet, the course
explored a wide range of contemporary issues and problems in Africa and
sought to understand them in their social, political, cultural and historical
contexts. Those issues are not dissimilar from the ones represented in the
following chapters.
There is no doubt that Africa has been quite a dynamic continent.
Unlike other continents where changes have occurred within a specific and
anticipated range, and, therefore been controllable, Africa has suffered
severe returns necessitating new beginnings. Nothing would seem to have
escaped this law-like and seemingly cyclical pattern of development: its
economies have oscillated between forms of state control and free-fall
models; its politics between militarization and democratization; and its
cultural life hanging somewhere between the African and conceptions of
the Western. The African condition is characterized by two distinct
features: economic crisis in an era of globalization; and political weakness
caused by centuries of oppression, exploitation, bad governance, and
marginalization. Africa is in a state of crisis, and diverse manifestations of
Africa’s destitution in critical areas demonstrate this. Consider the
following data:
• although endowed with abundant human and natural resources,
Africa remains the least developed and most indebted continent;
• more than thirty of the forty-seven countries considered least
developed are in black Africa, and 50% of the population living in
the region are considered among the world’s poorest, earning less
than a dollar a day;
• the continent suffers from infrastructural deficit: poor road
network, poor communication facilities; and poor access to
electricity and potable water;
 Contemporary Issues in Africa's Development xi

• Africa has the highest incidence of malaria and HIV/AIDS;

• the continent is the most conflict-ridden, war-torn, and politically
unstable, and suffers from problems of refugees and internally
displaced people;
• Africa depends heavily on food import, and her peoples’ calorie
intake is below the minimum recommended by the World Health
Organization;
• educationally backward, technologically unprepared, and with a
low level of industrialization, Africa remains an exporter of
primary commodities and natural resources;
• even though the continent constitutes 12% of the global population,
it contributes less than 1% of the world’s trade and services; and
• Africa suffers from deplorable environmental disasters consequences
of oil and mineral exploration, exploitation and spillage and
deforestation that destroy the ecosystem.

It is no wonder that only four African countries: Mauritius, Algeria, Libya

and Tunisia, fell within the 1-100 range in the Human Development Index
ranking for 2011 and 2015, while the seventeen bottommost countries in
the 2015 ranking are from Africa.1
What seems obvious is the fact that the issues thrown up by the
African situation have been recurrent: absence of good governance
whether democracy exists or not, political corruption, personalization of
state power, widespread diseases, persistent policy failure in education,
economy and infrastructural development and dependence on Western
(and now, Asian) expertise. Yet, the current form of these issues cannot be
said to be the same as they were some decades ago. Intervening factors in
the domestic and international environment, and in the intellectual and
policy environment, have caused mutations and transformations of a
qualitative character. What are the contemporary forms of these problems?
This is the central question that this collection of essays has responded to.
The making of this volume, in a sense, was not a guided process. There
was no seminar or workshop to identify or determine the focus, approach,
perspective or even documentation system that contributors should adopt
beyond advertising the general theme: Contemporary Issues in Africa.
What is clear from the contributions is the dismalness of the African
situation. Is this apparently “realistic, hard-headed analysis of African

1
UNDP, Human Development Report, 2011 (New York: UNDP, 2011), 126; and
Human Development Report, 2015 (New York: UNDP, 2015), 208-211.
xii Preface

conditions”2 not another exercise in Afro-pessimism? But is any other

analytical outcome possible?
Morgan Tsvangirai (Zimbabwe’s prime minister between 2009 and
2013) described the African condition as “a phase that Africa should
accept - mistaken policies, mistaken positions - but it’s a phase all the
same.”3 The view that the dismal African condition is a stage in the
historical development of the continent is an aspect of the now clearly
fictive African Renaissance, at least in its most recent and peculiarly South
African conceptualization. But what should have been attached as a
preface is a description of Africa’s golden age that has motivated a rebirth.
Has African existence in the past 200 years been anything but dismal?
Where is evidence of the African Renaissance? To claim, as Gilley has
done, that the African Renaissance is now over, and that across sub-
Saharan Africa since the early 2000s “tyranny, stagnation, and conflict are
on the rise again”4 is to suggest that the 1990s of civil wars, genocide,
economic decline and political instability represented the period of the
African Renaissance. Or is such an interpretation of Africa “based on
Western imagination rather than on objective facts about the African
condition”?5 The conceptualization of the African Renaissance is
idealistic, elitist and built on mere hope, and has come to constitute a
‘cargo cult mentality’. Why is it that this hope of African resurgence is not
shared by the masses of Africa, but rather situated “along the corridors of
power in the richest countries, and among the university elites”?6
Advertising the African Renaissance without pin-pointing its
manifestations, or proclaiming hope of African resurgence amidst much
suffering, poverty and insecurity, has become an instrument of political
legitimization and ideological correctness for Africa’s elite. The state that
is the source of the African crisis is unfortunately the hope for a true
African renaissance. But as van de Walle has rightly observed,

2
Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill, “Vision, politics, and Structure: Afro-
Optimism, Afro-Pessimism or Realism?”, in Hemmed In: Responses to Africa’s
Economic Decline, ed., Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1993), 2.
3
TIME, November 28, 2011, 108.
4
Bruce Gilley, “The End of the African Renaissance,” The Washington Quarterly,
33(4), 2010, 87.
5
Mabogo P. More, “African Renaissance: The Politics of Return,” African Journal
of Political Science, 7(2), 2002, 71.
6
Ama Mazama, “The African Century”, in Africa in the 21st century: Toward a
New Future, ed., Ama Mazama (New York: Routledge, 2007), xiii.
 Contemporary Issues in Africa's Development xiii

With a handful of exceptions, the postcolonial state in Africa has been

largely antidevelopmental. Parasitic, rent-seeking, and inept, it has been
simultaneously very coercive and extremely weak, forced to prey on the
economy and civil society - with devastating effect - just to survive. The
bureaucracy’s effectiveness has typically been undermined by a
patrimonial logic, in which state assets are routinely plundered for the
political advantage of the regime, and state-society relations have been
characterized by clientelism rather than citizenship. The state, powerless to
elicit respect or loyalty from the populace, has typically used threats and
coercion to achieve minimal - usually passive - acquiescence.7

But this is not a new condition. What the colonial state was, the post-
colonial state became. The recurrence of the African condition in its varied
forms in almost cyclical movements has become persistent. To
“understand a slow-moving society, trapped for centuries in a cycle of
poverty and tradition and disease and ignorance,” Mills has argued,
“requires that we study the historical ground, and the persistent historical
mechanisms of its terrible entrapment in its own history.”8 To therefore
speak of the logic of return within a cyclical framework is not a return
informed by knowledge of the past, but by a lack of it. “Those who cannot
remember the past,” Santayana’s warning rings true, “are condemned to
repeat it.”9 Whither the African Renaissance?
We must here express our deep appreciation of the unflinching support
and forbearance of the contributors. The publication of this book has taken
a much longer time than we ever anticipated. The delay was due, in part,
to inevitable changes we had to make at different times on the list of
contributors. Now, we are happy to share in their pride and joy that the
book is finally out.

7
Nicolas van de Walle, “Crisis and Opportunity in Africa,” Journal of Democracy,
6(2), 1995, 132-133.
8
C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University
Press. 1959), 155.
9
George Santayana, The Life of Reason (New York: Charles Scribner, 1906), 284.
 PART I:

INTRODUCTION
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