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Collection Highlights

Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives 7th

Edition Michael E. Kraft

International Public Health Policy and Ethics (2nd

Edition) Michael Boylan

Principles of Information Security 7th Edition Michael E.

Whitman

Fate s Dark Shadows Roadside Attractions 4 1st Edition

Abby Knox
An Analysis of Susan Sontag s On Photography 1st Edition
Nico Epstein

Handbook of Solution Focused Conflict Management 1st

Edition Fredrike Bannink

Connecting the Indian Ocean World 1st Edition Radhika

Seshan

Introduction to Human Nutrition 3rd Edition Susan A.

Lanham-New

Field Guide to Common Trees Shrubs of East Africa Najma

Dharani
Midlife and Snatching Crowns (The Seventh Path #3) 1st
Edition Leona Knight
International Security
Also by Michael E. Smith

EUROPE’S FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY: The Institutionalization of Cooperation

GOVERNING EUROPE’S NEIGHBOURHOOD: Partners or Periphery? (co-author/co-editor)
EUROPEAN SECURITY (editor)
EUROPE’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY: Capacity-Building, Experien-
tial Learning, and Institutional Change
International
Security
Politics, Policy, Prospects
2nd Edition

Michael E. Smith
© Michael E. Smith 2010, 2017
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition 2010
Second edition 2017
Published by PALGRAVE
Palgrave in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street,
London, N1 9XW.
Palgrave is a global imprint of the above companies and is represented
throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978–1–137–58293–5 hardback
ISBN 978–1–137–58292–8 paperback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
 For Olivia Rose
with hopes for a happy and secure future
Contents

List of Tables, Figures and Boxes x

List of Abbreviations xii
Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xx

Part I: Questions and Concepts

1 International Relations and International Security 3

International security: politics, policy and prospects 4
Theory and research design in international security 10
Evolution of the international security research agenda 13

2 Theory, Research and International Security: Continuity and

Change 17
International security studies in the interwar period 18
International security studies and the Cold War 22
International security studies after the Cold War 28
Globalization and human security 42
Summary 48

3 The Politics of International Security 50

The politics of international security: basic assumptions 52
The value–threat relationship and international security 59
Stakeholders and international security 63
Political debates about international security 67
The politics of policy effectiveness 72
Summary 76

Part II: The Traditional International Security Agenda

4 Interstate War 81
Interstate war and international security 82
Stakeholder factors 89
Interstate war as a policy problem 97
The politics of policy effectiveness 102
Summary 110
Further reading 112

vii
viii  Contents

5 Intrastate War 113

Intrastate war and international security 114
Stakeholder factors 121
Intrastate war as a policy problem 128
The politics of policy effectiveness 138
Summary 143
Further reading 144

6 Weapons Proliferation 146

Weapons proliferation and international security 146
Stakeholder factors 155
Proliferation as a policy problem 159
The politics of policy effectiveness 170
Summary 174
Further reading 175

7 Terrorism 177
Terrorism and international security 178
Stakeholder factors 184
International terrorism as a policy problem 191
The politics of policy effectiveness 201
Summary 207
Further reading 209

8 Cybersecurity and Cyberwar 210

Information, the internet and international security 211
Stakeholder factors 219
Cyberspace as a policy problem 225
The politics of policy effectiveness 234
Summary 236
Further reading 238

Part III: The New/Human Security Agenda

9 Organized Crime 241

Organized crime and international security 242
Stakeholder factors 247
International crime as a policy problem 254
The politics of policy effectiveness 264
Summary 268
Further reading 269

10 Economic Security 271

International economics and international security 272
Stakeholder factors 277
 Contents  ix

International economic security as a policy problem 284

The politics of policy effectiveness 292
Summary 297
Further reading 299

11 Environmental and Resource Security 300

The environment, natural resources and international security 301
Stakeholder factors 309
The environment and resource depletion as policy problems 315
The politics of policy effectiveness 324
Summary 328
Further reading 330

12 Public Health 332

Public health and international security 333
Stakeholder factors 340
International public health as a policy problem 344
The politics of policy effectiveness 352
Summary 358
Further reading 359

13 International Population Trends 360

International population trends and international security 360
Stakeholder factors 371
Population trends as a policy problem 376
The politics of policy effectiveness 383
Summary 387
Further reading 389

Conclusion: The Future of International Security Studies 391

The unsteady state of international security studies 393
The future international security research agenda 398
From international security to human security – and
back again? 404

Bibliography 408
Index 448
List of Tables, Figures and Boxes

Tables
2.1 Major approaches to international security studies 29
2.2 Competing theories relevant to international security
studies 36
4.1 Select major power wars 85
4.2 States ranked by military expenditures, 2014 88
4.3 Current major regional security arrangements 102
5.1 Types of war involving intrastate conflict 116
5.2 Highest probability of state failure, and failure observed 119
5.3 Lowest probability of state failure, and failure did
not occur 120
5.4 ‘Old’ and ‘new’ intrastate wars 123
5.5 Peace operations in intrastate wars, 1991–2014 136
6.1 Major chemical/biological weapons 150
6.2 States with known or suspected WMD capabilities
(post-Cold War) 153
6.3 Major nuclear-related arms control agreements 164
7.1 Major goals of terrorist organizations, with examples 189
7.2 US-designated foreign terrorist organizations, 2016 194
7.3 The demise of terrorist organizations 205
8.1 Evolution of major internet-related computer threats 214
8.2 Distribution of internet users 219
8.3 Major national authorities involved in
cybersecurity and cyberwar 228
9.1 Annual global costs of major criminal activities 243
10.1 The Group of 20 (G20), ranked by nominal 2014 GDP
in US dollars at official exchange rates 278
10.2 Public finance indicators of various G20 states 279
10.3 World’s largest commercial banks, ranked by ­
revenues, 2015 280
10.4 Highest foreign exchange reserves (including gold), 2015 288
10.5 Major financial crises after Bretton Woods 289
11.1 World energy sources 304
11.2 Daily water usage per capita 306
11.3 UN FCCC targets, various states 319
11.4 Renewable energy usage, various EU member states 321

x
 List of Tables, Figures and Boxes  xi

11.5 Changes in GHG emissions, 1990–2004, selected

Annex B states 328
12.1 Major deadly pandemics 334
12.2 Pandemic countermeasures 349
12.3 Antiviral stockpiles as a percentage of population 352
13.1 Total fertility rates, world and selected regions 363
13.2 World population projections 364
13.3 Top megacities, 2007 and 2025 365
13.4 Global distribution of refugees 367
13.5 Major refugee-hosting states, 2015 367
13.6 Comparative immigration statistics, selected states 381
13.7 Official resettlement quotas 382

Figures
2.1 Levels of analysis in international relations 23
3.1 Types of collective goods 56
5.1 Types of wars, 1946–2011 118
12.1 Estimated AIDS-related deaths 338

Boxes
2.1 EU member states, 2016 40
2.2 NATO member states, 2016 40
2.3 OECD member states, 2016 41
4.1 The 1991 Persian Gulf War 104
5.1 Humanitarian military intervention in Kosovo 138
6.1 The international campaign to ban landmines 168
7.1 Over 100 definitions of terrorism: a summary 179
7.2 Major international treaties pertaining to the subject of
international terrorism 199
7.3 Regional counter-terror agreements 200
7.4 9/11 and America’s ‘War on Terror’ 202
8.1 States most vulnerable to hacking attacks 217
8.2 Stuxnet and cyberwar 232
9.1 The ‘War on Drugs’ in South America 262
10.1 The 2008 global financial crisis 290
11.1 Protecting the ozone layer 322
12.1 Major pandemic phases 346
12.2 The SARS outbreak 354
13.1 Europe’s refugee crisis 384
List of Abbreviations

ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

ACMD UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
AFSJ EU Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ANZUS Australia–New Zealand–US Treaty
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ATF US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives
AU African Union
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BLWP Blinding Laser Weapons Protocol
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China
BWC Biological Weapons Convention
C4I Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and
Intelligence
CCW UN Conference/Convention on Certain Conventional
Weapons
CDC US Centers for Disease Control
CDO Collateralized Debt Obligation
CEMAC Economic and Monetary Union of Central African States
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CFE Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe
CFSP EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
CIA US Central Intelligence Agency
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSDP EU Common Security and Defence Policy
CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization
CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CW Conventional Weapon
CWC Chemical Weapons Convention
DDoS Distributed Denial-of-Service
DEA US Drug Enforcement Administration
DoD US Department of Defence
DoJ US Department of Justice
DoS Denial-of-Service
DoT US Department of the Treasury
DHKP/C Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (Turkey)
DHS US Department of Homeland Security

xii
 List of Abbreviations  xiii

DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo

EBA European Banking Authority
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
ELN National Liberation Army (Colombia)
EMA European Medicines Agency
ENP European Neighbourhood Policy
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy
ESSENCE Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification
of Community-Based Epidemics
ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Spain)
EU European Union
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization
FBI US Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC US Federal Communications Commission
FDI Foreign direct investment
FSB Financial Stability Board
FTO Foreign Terrorist Organization
G2 Group of Two
G3 Group of Three
G7 Group of Seven
G8 Group of Eight
G20 Group of 20
G77 Group of 77
GAR Global Alert and Response
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCHQ UK Government Communications Headquarters
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Country
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HMO Health Maintenance Organization
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HUJI-B Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
ICC International Criminal Court
ICE US Immigrations and Customs Enforcement Agency
xiv  List of Abbreviations

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IDP Internally Displaced Person
IEA International Energy Agency
IFI International Financial Institution
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
INF Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
Interpol International Criminal Police Organization
IO International Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
IoT Internet of Things
IPCC UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRA Irish Republican Army
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Information Technology
JEM Jaish-e-Mohammed
JTF Joint Task Force
LDC Less Developed Country
LOAC Law of Armed Conflict
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
M&A Mergers and Acquisitions
MAD Mutual Assured Destruction
MBD Million Barrels a Day
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MIRV Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle
MLAT Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
MNC Multinational Corporation
MOCG Mobile Organized Crime Group
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA US National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCA UK National Crime Agency
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NHS UK National Health Service
NORML National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana
Laws (US)
NSA US National Security Agency
NWS Nuclear Weapon State
NNWS Non-Nuclear Weapon State
NPT (Nuclear) Non-Proliferation Treaty
OAS Organization of American States
 List of Abbreviations  xv

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development
ONDCP US Office of National Counterdrug Policy
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
PIJ Palestinian Islamic Jihad
PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party
PLF Palestine Liberation Front
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PMC Private Military Contractor
POW Prisoner of War
R2P Responsibility to Protect
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
SOCA UK Serious Organised Crime Agency
START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
TNT Trinitrotoluene
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UN FCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
UNSC UN Security Council
US United States
USAMRIID US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
UV-B Ultraviolet-B rays
WHO World Health Organization
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
WTO World Trade Organization
WWI World War I
WWII World War II
XDR-TB Extreme Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
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